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Though youth living in disadvantaged neighborhoods experience greater risk for poor behavioral and mental health outcomes, many go on to show resilience in the face of adversity. A few recent studies have identified neural markers of resilience in cognitive and affective brain networks, yet the broader network organization supporting resilience in youth remains unknown, particularly in relation to neighborhood disadvantage. Moreover, most studies have defined resilience as the absence of psychopathology, which does not consider growing evidence that resilience also includes positive outcomes across multiple domains (e.g., social, academic). We examined associations between brain network organization and multiple resilience domains in a sample of 708 twins (7–19 years old) recruited from neighborhoods with above-average poverty levels. Graph analysis on functional connectivity data from resting-state and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to characterize features of intrinsic whole-brain and network-level organization, from which we explored associations with resilience in three domains: psychological, social, and academic. Fewer connections between a brain network involved in self-referential processing (i.e., default mode network) and the subcortical system were associated with greater social resilience. Further, greater whole-brain functional integration (i.e., efficiency) was associated with better psychological resilience among youth with relatively lower levels of cumulative adversity exposure. Alternatively, lower whole-brain efficiency and higher whole-brain robustness to disruption (i.e., assortativity) were associated with greater psychological and social resilience among youth with relatively higher levels of cumulative adversity. These findings advance support for multidimensional resilience models and reveal distinct neural mechanisms supporting resilience to neighborhood disadvantage across specific domains in youth. Public Significance Statement: The present study used brain imaging to examine how the organization of information flow throughout the brain relates to resilience to neighborhood disadvantage in youth. Results identified three domains of resilience (i.e., psychological, social, and academic), which showed unique associations with patterns of information flow across brain networks and the entire brain. This work bridges advancements in resilience theory with neuroscience to identify brain markers of resilience among youth marginalized by the socioeconomic status of their neighborhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychological study of resilience has increasingly underscored the need for children and families to access material and psychological resources to positively adapt to significant stress. Redistributive policies—policies that downwardly reallocate society's social and economic resources—can offer economically disadvantaged families sustained access to these resources and mitigate the harmful impacts of adversity. This conceptual article builds upon and integrates insights from psychological and policy research to develop a unifying multilevel resilience framework, which we call the Social Determinants of Resilience. We examine four U.S. redistributive policies that have been extensively studied for their effects on child and family outcomes as case studies: (1) Medicaid expansion; (2) the Earned Income Tax Credit; (3) childcare subsidies; and (4) Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Informed by a scoping review of each policy, we propose that redistributive policies promote children's resilience through three mechanisms by (1) increasing families' resource and service access; (2) reducing family stress; and (3) enhancing adaptive cognitions, emotions, behaviors, and interpersonal processes that protect against the development of psychopathology and promote positive mental health outcomes. Highlighting current evidence for these resilience mechanisms as well as gaps in knowledge, we conclude by setting a multidisciplinary research agenda that can leverage this conceptual framework to advance the science on how redistributive policies enable children and families to thrive. Public Significance Statement: Policies that support economically disadvantaged families such as Medicaid expansion, the Earned Income Tax Credit, childcare subsidies, and the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program mitigate adversity and promote children's resilience. This article proposes a conceptual framework for how psychological and policy research on resilience can be integrated to identify the mechanisms through which these policies promote the human capacity to thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prior research has explored the impact of psychopathic personality on leadership and follower behavior. Following Dunham and Pierce's (1989) leadership continuum model to evaluate the impact of damaging leadership, this study investigated the impact of leaders' psychopathic personality and its resultant demonstration of toxic behaviors on followers' job satisfaction. Moreover, it extended the limited research on gender as a moderating variable between psychopathic personality and leadership toxicity by testing a moderated mediation model. A quantitative survey of 319 followers from different organizations was conducted using an online platform. Findings revealed significant relationship between the leaders' psychopathic personality and their demonstration of toxic behaviors. Also, leaders' toxic behaviors were found to mediate between personality and job satisfaction. Furthermore, gender was found as a significant moderator between personality and toxic leadership behavior. However, in contrast with the studies in the Global North, leaders' psychopathic personality and their toxic leadership behaviors were perceived as stronger among females, regardless of the industry they worked in. These results open the discussion on the impact of culture and gender on leader psychopathology and toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychophysiology can help elucidate the structure and developmental mechanisms of psychopathology, consistent with the Research Domain Criteria initiative. Cross-sectional research using categorical diagnoses indicates that P300 is an electrocortical endophenotype indexing genetic vulnerability to externalizing problems. However, current diagnostic systems' limitations impede a precise understanding of risk. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) overcomes these limitations by delineating reliable dimensions ranging in specificity from broad spectra to narrow syndromes. The current study used a HiTOP-aligned approach to clarify P300's associations with a higher-order externalizing factor versus syndrome-specific manifestations within externalizing and internalizing spectra during middle and late adolescence. Participants from the Minnesota Twin Family Study's Enrichment Sample contributed psychophysiological and clinical data at age 14 (N = 930) and follow-up clinical data at age 17 (N = 913). Blunted target P300 at age 14 was selectively associated with externalizing as manifested at age 17 at the superspectrum level (rather than specific externalizing syndromes). Unlike in prior work, target P300 amplitude was positively associated with age 17 depressive symptoms (once controlling for standard stimuli). No association was observed with lifetime symptoms of childhood externalizing or depression evident by age 14. The results indicate that blunted target P300 elucidates specific risk for the development of late-adolescent/young-adult expressions of general externalizing, over and above symptoms evident by middle adolescence. Additionally, the findings speak to the synergistic utility of studying HiTOP-aligned dimensions using multiple measurement modalities to build a more comprehensive understanding of the development of psychopathology. General Scientific Summary: This study suggests that a brain response known to be reduced among people with substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder is associated with the serious behavioral dysregulation shared among these conditions in late adolescence and not with other forms of disruptive behavior evident by middle adolescence. These findings deepen our understanding of the neural signatures of risk for mental illness, how they transcend diagnostic boundaries, and how they change with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms involved in psychopathology has been hindered by the limitations of categorical nosologies. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is an alternative dimensional system for characterizing psychopathology, derived from quantitative studies of covariation among diagnoses and symptoms. HiTOP provides more promising targets for clinical neuroscience than traditional psychiatric diagnoses and can facilitate cumulative integration of existing research. We systematically reviewed 164 human neuroimaging studies with sample sizes of 194 or greater that have investigated dimensions of psychopathology classified within HiTOP. Replicated results were identified for constructs at five different levels of the hierarchy, including the overarching p-factor, the externalizing superspectrum, the thought disorder and internalizing spectra, the distress subfactor, and the depression symptom dimension. Our review highlights the potential of dimensional clinical neuroscience research and the usefulness of HiTOP while also suggesting limitations of existing work in this relatively young field. We discuss how HiTOP can be integrated synergistically with neuroscience-oriented, transdiagnostic frameworks developed by the National Institutes of Health, including the Research Domain Criteria, Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse's Phenotyping Assessment Battery, and how researchers can use HiTOP to accelerate clinical neuroscience research in humans and other species. General Scientific Summary: Clinical scientists have discovered that mental disorders are not discrete categorical entities, as assumed by traditional diagnostic models, but rather reflect variation on a number of symptom dimensions varying continuously in the general population. In response, clinical neuroscience research has increasingly studied associations of neural variables with dimensional assessments of psychopathology, which can be organized by the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Using HiTOP as our framework, we review findings from 164 neuroimaging studies with reasonably large samples, highlighting replicated results, and we provide suggestions and guidelines for future HiTOP-informed neuroscience research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical and methodological research on threat conditioning provides important neuroscience-informed approaches to studying fear and anxiety. The threat conditioning framework is at the vanguard of physiological and neurobiological research into core mechanistic symptoms of anxiety-related psychopathology, providing detailed models of neural circuitry underlying variability in clinically relevant behaviors (e.g., decreased extinction, heightened generalization) and heterogeneity in clinical anxiety presentations. Despite the strengths of this approach in explaining symptom and syndromal heterogeneity, the vast majority of psychopathology-oriented threat conditioning work has been conducted using Diagnostic and Statistical Manualof Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic categories, which fail to capture the symptom-level resolution that is afforded by threat conditioning indices. Furthermore, relations between fine-grained neurobehavioral measures of threat conditioning and anxiety traits and symptoms are substantially attenuated by within-category heterogeneity, arbitrary boundaries, and inherent comorbidity in the DSM approach. Conversely, the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a promising approach for modeling anxiety symptoms relevant to threat conditioning work and for relating threat conditioning to broader anxiety-related constructs. To date, HiTOP has had a minimal impact on the threat conditioning field. Here, we propose that combining the HiTOP and neurobehavioral threat conditioning approaches is an important next step in studying anxiety-related pathology. We provide a brief review of prominent DSM critiques and how they affect threat conditioning studies and review relevant research and suggest solutions and recommendations that flow from the HiTOP perspective. Our hope is that this effort serves as both an inflection point and practical primer for HiTOP-aligned threat conditioning research that benefits both fields. General Scientific Summary: Threat conditioning is a commonly used model for understanding and developing treatments for anxiety-related disorders and mental health problems. Threat conditioning studies commonly use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to define anxiety-related disorders, yet this system has notable limitations. Here, we discuss how an alternative system, the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, addresses these limitations and can further neuroscience-informed research on threat conditioning and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As clinical psychological science and biological psychiatry push to assess, model, and integrate heterogeneity and individual differences, approaches leveraging computational modeling, translational methods, and dimensional approaches to psychopathology are increasingly useful in establishing brain–behavior relationships. The field is ultimately interested in complex human behavior, and disruptions in such behaviors can arise through many different pathways, leading to heterogeneity in etiology for seemingly similar presentations. Parsing this complexity may be enhanced using "simple" tasks—which we define as those assaying elemental processes that are the building blocks to complexity. Using eyeblink conditioning as one illustrative example, we propose that simple tasks assessing elemental processes can be leveraged by and enhance computational psychiatry and dimensional approaches in service of understanding heterogeneity in psychiatry, especially when these tasks meet three principles: (a) an extensively mapped circuit, (b) clear brain–behavior relationships, and (c) relevance to understanding etiological processes and/or treatment. General Scientific Summary: Heterogeneity has been a major challenge in the study of psychopathology and clinical science. Here, we proposed that simple tasks, which allow scientists to assess elemental processes of complex human behavior, have great value toward this problem. To effectively leverage these tasks in understanding and embracing heterogeneity, we recommend they be used according to three key principles of utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual differences in reward functioning have been associated with numerous disorders in adolescence. Given relations with multiple forms of psychopathology, it is unclear whether these associations are disorder specific or reflective of shared variance across multiple disorders. In a sample of adolescents (N = 418), we examined associations between neural and self-reported indices of early reward functioning (age 12) with different levels of a hierarchical psychopathology model assessed later in adolescence (age 18). We examined whether prospective relationships between reward functioning are specific to individual disorders or better explained by transdiagnostic dimensions. We found modest results for prospective associations between reward indices and different dimensions of psychopathology, with most significant associations not surviving correction for multiple comparisons. We discuss the benefits and limitations of the modeling approach used to examine dimension-specific associations that future work can build on. Overall, more work is needed to better understand how reward functioning is specifically associated with different forms of and hierarchical levels of psychopathology. General Scientific Summary: Adolescent reward functioning is associated with numerous forms of psychopathology, leaving uncertainty whether the relationships are disorder specific or better explained by transdiagnostic factors. Here, we examined prospective relationships between early adolescent reward functioning and a psychopathology hierarchy measured later in adolescence. We found modest results and discuss implications that future work can build on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional mental health diagnoses rely on symptom-based classifications. Yet this approach can oversimplify clinical presentations as diagnoses often do not adequately map onto neurobiological features. Alternatively, our study used structural imaging data and a semisupervised machine learning technique, heterogeneity through discriminative analysis, to identify neurobiological subtypes in 9- to 10-year-olds with high psychopathology endorsements (n = 9,027). Our model revealed two stable neurobiological subtypes (adjusted Rand index = 0.38). Subtype 1 showed smaller structural properties, elevated conduct problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, and impaired cognitive performance compared to Subtype 2 and typically developing youth. Subtype 2 had larger structural properties, cognitive abilities comparable to typically developing youth, and elevated internalizing symptoms relative to Subtype 1 and typically developing youth. These subtypes remained stable in their neurobiological characteristics, cognitive ability, and associated psychopathology traits over time. Taken together, our data-driven approach uncovered evidence of neural heterogeneity as demonstrated by structural patterns that map onto divergent profiles of psychopathology symptoms and cognitive performance in youth. General Scientific Summary: This study identified neurobiological subtypes underlying high levels of general psychopathology. Smaller/thinner brains were associated with specific externalizing symptoms and cognitive deficits. Larger/thicker brains were associated with elevated internalizing symptoms and intact cognition. Neural characteristics, cognition, and psychopathology among the subtypes remained largely stable across a 2-year period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A primary goal of clinical neuroscience is to identify associations between individual differences in psychopathology and the brain. However, despite a significant amount of resources invested in this endeavor, few reliable neural correlates of psychopathology have been identified. A common suspect for this lack of success is the significant heterogeneity in symptoms observed in psychiatric disorders. However, this is not the only potential source of heterogeneity, as substantial heterogeneity is also observed in brain structure and function. Thus, for clinical neuroscience to identify reliable neural correlates of psychopathology, it will be necessary to better understand heterogeneity in both psychopathology and the brain. In this commentary, we suggest four shared principles that can help disentangle heterogeneity in both of these domains: (a) the brain and behavior should both be treated as complex measures, (b) a priori assumptions should be viewed with caution unless they can be replicated robustly in individuals, (c) complex models of individual differences require appropriate data to estimate them, and (d) the field would benefit from an increased focus on extensively measuring individuals, such as through the use of personalized models of psychopathology and neuroimaging data. Together, these shared principles can aid in better characterizing—and separating relevant and irrelevant—heterogeneity in measures of psychopathology and neuroimaging. General Scientific Summary: A primary goal of clinical neuroscience is to identify associations between the brain and psychopathology. To accomplish this goal, the field will have to adopt more comprehensive measures that are reliable within individuals, such as personalized models. Otherwise, clinical neuroscience will continue to be plagued by small effect sizes with limited clinical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A "natural kind" is a specific classification that identifies some structure of truth and reality, a delimited entity. Psychiatric disorders are not natural kinds. As one moves from physics and chemistry to biology and medicine, natural kinds degrade, and the boundaries of differentiating phenomena become less clear. Within psychiatry, the categorization of psychopathology has further ontological challenges, especially across development. We suggest that to identify and isolate clinical subgroups, it is critical to integrate external validators in an iterative process, with the goal of linking classification to treatments with maximal clinical benefit. General Scientific Summary: This commentary discusses the how the field of psychiatry conceptualizes and categories disorders. We reiterate that mental health difficulties are complex phenomena. We further suggest that clinical researchers increase attention on categorization based on response to treatments that effectively alleviate symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical heterogeneity is a significant factor to contend with when seeking to organize, understand, and treat psychopathology. In recent years, the field has prioritized efforts to minimize nonmeaningful heterogeneity and leverage meaningful heterogeneity to improve assessment and diagnostics, inform mechanistic understanding, and facilitate the development of novel treatments. Indeed, exciting developments such as the National Institute for Mental Health Research Domain Criteria and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology have provided powerful frameworks for facing clinical complexity. While these developments have spurred many advancements, the movement has yet to effectively harness the tremendous potential provided by the brain. Initial work incorporating brain data has focused on validating clinical observations with a biomarker rather than leveraging the brain to provide unique insight into meaningful clinical heterogeneity. To provide future guidance and examples of innovation in the area, we solicited articles from teams seeking to utilize brain research to manage clinical heterogeneity. The search resulted in a diverse illustration of how best to leverage brain data to greater mechanistic understanding and clinical utility. In this introduction, we consider this work and discuss strategies through which brain data can best be used to provide unique insight into clinical heterogeneity. As the science of psychopathology continues to grapple with the promise and costs inherent in utilizing this powerful and complex array of methodologies, it will be important to leverage unique insights from brain science. This special issue provides a useful guide for new and upcoming work and a catalyst for moving the field forward. General Scientific Summary: Clinical heterogeneity presents a significant scientific barrier to identifying mechanisms within disorders, within symptom dimensions across disorders, and in risk or etiology of a disorder, but advancements in brain research have significant potential to supplement and improve ongoing efforts to address heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–3 (MMPI-3; Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2020a) was developed to expand the content coverage of the MMPI-2–Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF; Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008/2011) and to update the test's norms to better represent the U.S. population. Because most MMPI-3 items were carried over from the MMPI-2-RF, most MMPI-3 scales can be either fully scored or prorated from the MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF item pool. We describe development of a procedure for deriving MMPI-3 scores from MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF protocols and examine the psychometric properties of prorated MMPI-3 scores across various samples. Following Tarescavage et al. (2016), who developed a method for prorating most MMPI-2-RF scores from the original MMPI, prorated MMPI-3 scales had to meet three criteria: (a) sufficient representation in the MMPI-2-RF item pool, (b) association with the full-length corresponding MMPI-3 scale at r ≥.90 in multiple samples, and (c) comparable T score means and standard deviations in multiple samples. These criteria resulted in the exclusion of the three MMPI-3 non-content-based Validity Scales, as well as nine Specific Problems Scales, yielding 16 MMPI-3 scales that can be fully scored and 24 for which psychometrically comparable prorated score estimates can be derived from responses to the MMPI-2 or MMPI-2-RF item pools. Evidence of the psychometric functioning of the resulting scale scores and their comparability with the full versions of these scales across samples is presented and discussed. This procedure provides a means to study 40 of the 52 MMPI-3 scales using archival data obtained with older versions of the inventory. Public Significance Statement: The MMPI-3 is the most recent edition of the MMPI instruments, which have long been among the most widely used personality assessment tools worldwide. The present study developed and evaluated a method for deriving MMPI-3 scores from responses to previous versions of the inventory, providing a means for researchers to study 40 of the 52 MMPI-3 scales using archival data obtained with older versions of the test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research on ultra-processed food addiction (FA) has utilized the self-report Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) measures to identify individuals who experience indicators of substance-use disorders with respect to their consumption of ultra-processed foods. Studies using the YFAS have provided insight into the clinical utility of FA as both a distinct construct and an indicator of more severe psychopathology among individuals with eating disorders. However, the absence of clinician-administered assessment tools for FA has been identified as a barrier to the evaluation of FA as a novel clinical syndrome. Thus, the present study reflects the development of the Food Addiction Symptom Inventory (FASI), a clinician-administered assessment of FA, adapted from the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth editon modules for diagnosing substance-use disorders. The psychometric properties of the FASI and its concordance with the YFAS 2.0 were evaluated in a cross-sectional study of adults (n = 53) with binge-type eating disorders. The FASI performed appropriately on indices of reliability and validity. Concordance between the FASI and YFAS 2.0 was established for the symptom scores (r =.53, p <.001), and >70% agreement was achieved for FA categorization. Using the FASI, 80% of individuals with bulimia nervosa and 91.7% of those with binge eating disorder were identified as exhibiting FA. While the YFAS 2.0 and FASI both lead to similar assessments of FA symptoms, the FASI provides an essential approach for clinician-guided identification of this phenotype, which may be particularly important when participants have high levels of dietary restraint or limited insight into the impact of their eating behavior. Public Significance Statement: The Food Addiction Symptom Inventory is the first clinician-guided interview for assessing addictive-like responses to ultra-processed foods. The Food Addiction Symptom Inventory parallels the most widely validated approach for diagnosing substance-use disorders and is critical for advancing research on whether ultra-processed food addiction is a distinct and meaningful clinical syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental science aims to explain development across the lifespan. Jerome Kagan observed that the same behavior can occur for different reasons, and differing behaviors can occur for the same reason. To help account for persistence, desistence, and transformation of behavior across development, Kagan introduced various types of continuity and discontinuity of forms and functions of behavior. This framework provides opportunities for identifying explanatory mechanisms in behavior development. However, misconceptions remain in applying the concepts that Kagan introduced. Much of the literature assumes developmental continuity in constructs without examining whether assumptions are supported, leading to faulty developmental inferences. For instance, the use of the same measure across time to assess development assumes that the behavior occurs for the same reason across time (homotypic continuity). In addition, just because one behavior predicts a different behavior at a later time does not necessarily indicate that age-differing behaviors occur for the same reason (heterotypic continuity). This review aims to advance conceptualizations of continuity and discontinuity from a contemporary perspective with aims to improve mechanistic understanding of behavior development across the lifespan. To better align behaviors, functions, and mechanisms, research should (a) examine (dis)continuity of individual behaviors rather than merely syndromes, (b) identify the function(s) of the given behavior(s), and (c) identify the cognitive and biological processes that underlie the behavior–function pairs. Incorporating examples from research on development of humans and nonhuman animals, I discuss challenges from work that has followed Kagan's ideas and ways to advance understanding of continuity and discontinuity across development. Public Significance Statement: Research in developmental science has paid insufficient attention to types of developmental continuity and discontinuity. To advance understanding of development across the lifespan, research should (a) examine (dis)continuity of individual behaviors rather than merely syndromes, (b) identify the function(s) of the given behavior(s), and (c) identify the cognitive and biological processes that underlie the behavior–function pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: By studying Mainland Chinese immigrant women who married Hong Kong men, this study examined the association between their perceived discrimination and psychological distress after the 2019–2020 social movement in Hong Kong. Additionally, this study examined the indirect effects of individual coping strategies (tolerance of uncertainty) and couples' coping strategies (common dyadic coping), guided by the cultural and developmental psychopathology framework. Method: Ninety-nine Mainland Chinese immigrant women who married Hong Kong men participated in this cross-sectional survey. Results: We found a positive association between perceived discrimination and psychological distress (r =.50, p <.01). Reduced uncertainty tolerance and low levels of common dyadic coping both showed indirect effects on the discrimination–psychological distress association. Tolerance of uncertainty had a larger indirect effect than common dyadic coping. Conclusions: Focusing on the psychological adjustment of immigrant women facing discrimination, our findings underscore the importance of preserving individual- and couple-level resources. Public Significance Statement: Guided by the cultural and developmental psychopathology framework, this study identified two indirect effects (reduced tolerance of uncertainty and impaired common dyadic coping) on the discrimination–psychological distress association among Mainland Chinese immigrant women married to Hong Kong men. Our findings highlight the importance of both individual and couples' resources to facilitate these immigrant women's mental health, which can inform future intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion-related impulsivity—the engagement in impulsive reactions specifically in response to emotions—is considered a transdiagnostic factor underlying psychopathology. The reflexive responding to emotion (RRE) model of emotion-related impulsivity (Carver et al., 2008) suggests that sensitivities to reward and threat in combination with control over emotion are factors that result in internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. In the current study, we adapt the trait-based RRE model to momentary states by evaluating how within-person fluctuations in affect combine with perceptions of momentary emotional control to predict impulsive, rash action and inaction in daily life. Participants (college students and adults recruited from the community: N = 197) completed 8 days of ecological momentary assessment, where we assessed current affect, perceptions of momentary emotional control (via distress intolerance and willpower), and urges for rash action and inaction (5,353 momentary prompts completed). We also assessed subsequent engagement in rash action and inaction. Using multilevel modeling, we found that when people feel greater positive affect and lower negative affect, they also report greater subjective willpower and lower distress intolerance, replicating past ecological momentary assessment findings. Furthermore, we found that momentary perceptions of momentary emotional control moderated the relationship between (a) affect and urges for rash action and (b) affect and engagement in rash action at follow-up. Findings support a dynamic model of the RRE model, confirming that perceptions of momentary emotional control are relevant for both rash action and inaction, particularly when occurring alongside shifts in affect. General Scientific Summary: The tendency to respond impulsively to emotion is associated with a broad range of psychopathology. To better understand when and for whom emotion-related impulsivity is problematic, we investigated how fluctuations in people's ability to manage emotions are linked to rash behavior throughout the day. Our findings highlight how momentary shifts in affect and emotional control play an important role in people's engagement in rash behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Depressive symptom dynamics, including change trajectories and symptom variability, have been related to therapy outcomes. However, such dynamics have often been examined separately and related to outcomes of interest using two-step analyses, which are characterized by several limitations. Here, we show how to overcome these limitations using location-scale models in a dynamic structural equation modeling framework. Method: We introduce location-scale modeling in an accessible manner to pave the way for its use in research integrating within-person dynamics and intervention-related change in psychopathology, and we illustrate this modeling approach in a large-scale internet-based intervention for depression (N = 1,656). Using eight data points sampled across about 8 weeks, we predicted improvement across the intervention (50% symptom reduction) as a function of early change and symptom variability. Results: Early symptom change was associated with a more likely improvement across therapy. Variability of symptoms beyond change trajectories during the intervention was associated with less likely improvement. Conclusions: Location-scale models, and dynamic structural equation modeling more generally, are well suited to modeling how patterns of symptom change during psychotherapy are related to important (e.g., therapy) outcomes. Our illustrative application of location-scale modeling showed that symptom variability was associated with less overall improvement in depressive symptoms. However, this finding requires replication with more intensive sampling of symptoms before final conclusions can be drawn on when and how to distinguish maladaptive from adaptive variability during psychotherapy. What is the public health significance of this article?: During psychotherapy, multiple mechanisms of change should work simultaneously and in concert. As this study highlights, it is important to examine multiple types of symptom dynamics during psychotherapy simultaneously to understand the processes and ultimately the causes of therapeutic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress generation posits that (a) individuals at-risk for psychopathology may inadvertently experience higher rates of prospective dependent stress (i.e., stressors that are in part influenced by their thoughts and behaviors) but not independent stress (i.e., stressors occurring outside their influence), and (b) this elevated dependent stress, in some measure, is what places these individuals at-risk for future psychopathology. In recognition of 30 years of stress generation research, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using frequentist and Bayesian approaches (102 articles with 104 eligible studies, N = 31,541). Generally strong support was found for psychopathology predicting dependent stress (e.g., dsOverall psychopathology = 0.36–0.52, BF10 = 946.00 to 4.65 × 1018). Moderator analyses for dependent stress revealed larger effects for briefer assessments periods, shorter follow-ups, and self-report measures than for interviews. Among risk factors, depressogenic cognitive styles (ds =.26–.50, BF10 = 47.50 to 1.00 × 105) and general interpersonal vulnerability (ds =.26–.44, BF10 = 2.72 to 2708.00) received the strongest support as stress generation mechanisms, and current evidence is modest for protective factors predicting dependent stress. Overall, larger effects were generally found for prospective prediction of dependent stress than independent stress. Evaluations of mediation in the research literature were relatively few, limiting the current review to qualitative analysis of the mediation component of stress generation. General support was found, however, for dependent stress as a mediator for psychopathology and associated risk factors in relation to subsequent psychopathology. The current review ends with recommendations for future research and integration of stress generation within minority stress frameworks. Public Significance Statement: Stress generation is the process by which individuals' characteristics, behaviors, and psychopathology inadvertently generate stress in their lives. This systematic review and meta-analysis of 102 studies provides a comprehensive evaluation on the prospective association between (a) psychopathology, (b) biopsychosocial risk factors, (c) protective factors, and (d) sociodemographic characteristics in relation to dependent and independent stress. We found robust effects for associations between overall dependent stress and (a) overall psychopathology, particularly depression, and (b) cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities. Some supportive evidence was found, however, for small associations with independent stress. In short, there is robust evidence that psychopathology predicts future dependent stressors and that these stressors may in turn lead to further psychopathology. Prevention and intervention efforts aimed at addressing and preventing dependent stressors may be critical to reduce psychopathology. Findings further our understanding of stress generation in the development, maintenance, and recurrence of mental health problems across development, with key future research directions discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretically, purpose serves as a basic dimension of healthy psychological functioning and an important protective factor from psychopathology. Theory alone, however, is insufficient to answer critical questions about human behavior and functioning; we require empirical evidence that explores the parameters of purpose with respect to measurement, prediction, and modification. Here, we provide empirically supported insights about how purpose can operate as a beneficial outcome (e.g., marker of well-being), a predictor or mechanism that accounts for benefits that a person derives (such as from an intervention), or a moderator that offers insight into when benefits arise. Advancing the study of purpose requires careful consideration of how purpose is conceptualized, manipulated, and measured across the lifespan. Our aim is to help scientists understand, specify, and conduct high-quality studies of purpose in life. Public Significance Statement: This article reviews and synthesizes what is known about the nature and benefits of human beings possessing and working toward a purpose in life. We detail the various ways that a purpose can serve a person and the specific ways that psychologists and other mental health professionals can study and target this highly desirable psychological resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement tools from which valid interpretations can be made are critical for assessing early emerging depressive symptoms, as depressive symptoms in childhood are associated with increased risk for early-onset depressive disorder, recurrence, suicidality, and other psychopathology. The Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRS) is a widely used self-report scale assessing youth depressive symptoms. The relatively few studies investigating the DSRS' latent structure have yielded mixed results, and measurement invariance (MI) based on sex and age has not been examined. We examined the factor structure and MI of the DSRS across sex and age in a community sample of 6–9-year-olds (N = 352; Mage = 7.57 years, SD =.70). Consistent with the largest prior structural study of the DSRS, a two-factor structure, with factors reflecting elevated negative affect (NA) and low positive affect (PA), showed strong model fit. Although this structure was consistent across sex and age (i.e., configural invariance), loadings of DSRS items varied across sex and age (i.e., metric noninvariance). Allowing the loadings of items contributing to noninvariance to vary across groups improved model fit. Implications for the clinical and research utility of the DSRS and suggestions for future research are discussed. Public Significance Statement: We examined factors underlying children's responses on the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRS) and the structure of scores across sex and age. DSRS items reflect low positive affect and high negative affect. Although this was consistent across sex and age, how much individual items related to these factors differed across sex and age. As a result, we may not be able to meaningfully compare scores across sex and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth of parents who are experiencing psychopathology are more likely to develop emotional concerns, and these mental health symptoms can have a deleterious impact on parents' mental health. However, the relationship between the presentation of specific symptoms in parents and youth is infrequently examined. Symptom network analysis is an analytic approach that is increasingly being used to better understand the relationship of symptoms within and between disorders and can also be used to examine symptom relations within a dyad. The present study used symptom network analysis to examine bidirectional relationships among depressive and anxiety psychopathology in a transdiagnostic sample of treatment-seeking youth and their primary caregiver. Parental anhedonia and child worthlessness exhibited the greatest centrality within the network, suggesting that these may act as risk and maintenance factors for parent–child psychopathology and may be important intervention targets. Findings support the use of symptom network analysis to inform an understanding of the complex relationships among parent and child depressive and anxiety symptoms. Future research should consider the use of network analytic methods to examine the temporal relationships between parent and child psychopathology and to inform joint parent–child interventions for those with internalizing concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given prior literature focused on the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease framework, there is strong rationale to hypothesize that reducing depression in the prenatal period will cause improvements in offspring cardiometabolic health. The current review outlines evidence that prenatal depression is associated with offspring cardiometabolic risk and health behaviors. We review evidence of these associations in humans and in nonhuman animals at multiple developmental periods, from the prenatal period (maternal preeclampsia, gestational diabetes), neonatal period (preterm birth, small size at birth), infancy (rapid weight gain), childhood and adolescence (high blood pressure, impaired glucose–insulin homeostasis, unfavorable lipid profiles, abdominal obesity), and into adulthood (diabetes, cardiovascular disease). In addition to these cardiometabolic outcomes, we focus on health behaviors associated with cardiometabolic risk, such as child eating behaviors, diet, physical activity, and sleep health. Our review focuses on child behaviors (e.g., emotional eating, preference for highly palatable foods, short sleep duration) and parenting behaviors (e.g., pressuring child to eat, modeling of health behaviors). These changes in health behaviors may be detected before changes to cardiometabolic outcomes, which may allow for early identification of and prevention for children at risk for poor adult cardiometabolic outcomes. We also discuss the methods of the ongoing Care Project, which is a randomized clinical trial to test whether reducing prenatal maternal depression improves offspring's cardiometabolic health and health behaviors in preschool. The goal of this review and the Care Project are to inform future research, interventions, and policies that support prenatal mental health and offspring cardiometabolic health. Public Significance Statement: Prenatal depression is pervasive and is associated with poorer offspring development and health. The current review synthesizes evidence of biological and behavioral pathways by which prenatal depression may influence offspring cardiometabolic health. We outline an ongoing study that tests whether reducing prenatal maternal depression improves offspring cardiometabolic health and health behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has reported effects of socioeconomic status on neurobehavioral development as early as infancy, including positive associations between income and brain structure, functional connectivity, and behavior later in childhood (Ramphal, Whalen, et al., 2020; Triplett et al., 2022). This study extends this literature by investigating the relation of maternal prenatal social disadvantage (PSD) to neonatal amygdala and hippocampus functional connectivity and whether socioeconomic-related alterations in functional connectivity subsequently predict behavior at age 12 months in a large, socioeconomically diverse sample (N = 261 mother–infant dyads). PSD was assessed across gestation; neonatal magnetic resonance imaging was completed within the first weeks of life; and infant internalizing and externalizing symptoms were evaluated using the Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment at age 12 months. The results showed that PSD was significantly related to neonatal right amygdala and left hippocampus functional connectivity with prefrontal and motor-related regions. Social disadvantage-related right amygdala and left hippocampus functional connectivity with these regions was subsequently related to infant externalizing and internalizing symptoms at age 12 months. Building off an emerging literature exploring prenatal impacts on neonatal functional connectivity, this study further emphasizes the important role of the maternal environment during gestation on infant brain function and its relationship with externalizing and internalizing behavior in the first years of life. The results suggest that the prenatal socioeconomic environment may be a promising target for interventions aimed at improving infant neurobehavioral outcomes. Public Significance Statement: This study suggests that mothers' prenatal social disadvantage (PSD) impacts the brain function of their infants in the weeks shortly after birth. Additionally, the study reports a link between infant brain function shortly after birth and infant behavior 1 year later. The study results suggest that mother's PSD may be a promising target for interventions that improve infant health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are numerous studies examining differences in the experience of disorders and symptoms of psychopathology in adolescents across racial or ethnic groups and sex. Though there is substantial research exploring potential factors that may influence these differences, few studies have considered the potential contribution of measurement properties to these differences. Therefore, this study examined whether there are differences across racial or ethnic groups and sex in the measurement of psychopathology, assessed in mother-reported behavior of 9–11 year old youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study sample using updated Child Behavior Checklist scales (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). Tests of measurement invariance of the CBCL utilized the higher order factor structure identified by Michelini et al. (2019) using this same Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development cohort. The dimensions include internalizing, somatoform, detachment, externalizing, and neurodevelopmental problems. The configural model had a good-to-excellent fit on all subscales of the CBCL across racial or ethnic groups and sex. The metric and scalar models fit just as well as the configural models, indicating that the scales are measuring the same constructs across racial or ethnic groups and sex and are not influenced by measurement properties of items on the CBCL, although some high-severity response options were not endorsed for youth in all racial or ethnic groups. These findings support the use of the CBCL in research examining psychopathology in racially or ethnically diverse samples of youth. Public Significance Statement: The Child Behavior Checklist is a widely used measure of youth psychopathology; thus, it is necessary to examine if the measure functions the same across different groups of people. The present study provides support for measurement invariance of the Child Behavior Checklist across sex and racial or ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triarchic model posits that distinct trait constructs of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition underlie psychopathy. The triarchic model traits are conceptualized as biobehavioral dimensions that can be assessed using different sets of indicators from alternative measurement modalities; as such, the triarchic model would hypothesize that these traits are not confined to any one item set. The present study tested whether the triarchic model dimensions would emerge from a hierarchical-structural analysis of the facet scales of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment (EPA), an inventory designed to comprehensively index psychopathy according to the five-factor personality model. Study participants (Ns = 811, 170) completed the EPA and three different scale sets assessing the triarchic traits along with criterion measures of antisocial/externalizing behaviors. Bass-ackwards modeling of the EPA facet scales revealed a four-level structure, with factors at the third level appearing similar to the triarchic trait dimensions. An analysis in which scores for the Level-3 EPA factors were regressed onto corresponding latent-trait dimensions defined using the different triarchic scale sets revealed extremely high convergence (βs =.84–.91). The Level-3 EPA factors also evidenced validity in relation to relevant criteria, approximating and sometimes exceeding that evident for the Level-4 EPA factors. Together, these results indicate that the triarchic trait constructs are embedded in a psychopathy inventory designed to align with a general personality model and effectively predict pertinent external criteria. Public Significance Statement: The present work tested the hypothesis that the triarchic model constructs would be present in alternative questionnaire inventories (in this case, the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment [EPA]), revealed by a specific type of analysis called "bass-ackwards modeling." Furthermore, the three triarchic model factors showed equivalent or sometimes increased external validity compared to extracting the four traditional factors from the EPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood externalizing psychopathology is heterogeneous. Symptom variability in conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and callous–unemotional (CU) traits designate different subgroups of children with externalizing problems who have specific treatment needs. However, CD, ODD, ADHD, and CU traits are highly comorbid. Studies need to generate insights into shared versus unique risk mechanisms, including through the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this study, we tested whether symptoms of CD, ODD, ADHD, and CU traits were best represented within a bifactor framework, simultaneously modeling shared (i.e., general externalizing problems) and unique (i.e., symptom-specific) variance, or through a four-correlated factor or second-order factor model. Participants (N = 11,878, age, M = 9 years) were from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. We used questionnaire and functional magnetic resonance imaging data (emotional N-back task) from the baseline assessment. A bifactor model specifying a general externalizing and specific CD, ODD, ADHD, and CU traits factors demonstrated the best fit. The four-correlated and second-order factor models both fit the data well and were retained for analyses. Across models, reduced right amygdala activity to fearful faces was associated with more general externalizing problems and reduced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity to fearful faces was associated with higher CU traits. ADHD scores were related to greater right nucleus accumbens activation to fearful and happy faces. Results give insights into risk mechanisms underlying comorbidity and heterogeneity within externalizing psychopathology. General Scientific Summary: Decreased amygdala reactivity to fearful emotion faces may represent a general neural risk marker for externalizing psychopathology. Decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reactivity to fearful faces may be a specific neural marker for callous–unemotional traits, while increased right nucleus accumbens activation to happy faces may relate specifically to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, over and above externalizing psychopathology severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this rapid review was to investigate the effectiveness of transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP) in treating people with borderline personality disorder. This research was carried out considering the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline and recommendations of the Cochrane Review Groups. A total of 240 articles were assessed, of which 119 duplicates were initially excluded. Subsequently, 101 articles were removed after "title screening" and "abstract screening." Finally, the remaining 20 articles were evaluated using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement checklist and Jadad Scale, leading to the inclusion of 13 articles in the final analysis. Most of the selected articles were randomized clinical trials. There were no male participants in five articles, and most participants were female in other articles (except for one case). The duration of treatment was 1 year in most of the articles (total range: 11–36 months), with the treatment being performed twice a week in most cases. The review showed that TFP was effective in various domains such as object relations, treatment, psychodynamics, neurology, psychopathology, and other psychological variables. Therefore, it is concluded that TFP can be used efficiently in the treatment of people with borderline personality disorder. Public Significance Statement: This rapid review investigates the effectiveness of transference-focused psychotherapy in treating patients with borderline personality disorder can help psychotherapists improve their services quality to this group of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the factor structure and the measurement invariance of the Coparenting Relationship Scale (CRS) across 10 countries based on the seven-factor coparenting model (i.e., Coparenting Agreement, Coparenting Closeness, Exposure to Conflict, Coparenting Support, Endorsement of Partner's Parenting; Division of Labor) proposed by Feinberg (2003). The results of research on coparenting from numerous countries have documented its foundational importance for parent mental health, family relationship quality, child development, and psychopathology. Yet, a cross-country perspective is still lacking. Such a perspective can provide insight into which dimensions of coparenting are universally recognized and which are especially prone to variation. A unique multinational data set, comprised of 15 individual studies collected across 10 countries (Belgium, Brazil, China, Israel, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Switzerland, Turkey, USA) in nine languages was established (N = 9,292; 51.1% mothers). Measurement invariance analyses were conducted. A six-factor structure (original seven factors minus Division of Labor) of the measure was consistent across the different contexts and measurement invariance was achieved at the configural level. There was no support for metric or scalar invariance. These findings provide a basis for the CRS to be used across countries and should inspire future quantitative and qualitative research in cross-country coparenting research to understand what aspects are universal and what aspects of coparenting are linked to specific material, relational, or ideational conditions that underlie high-quality coparenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by developmental models examining the legacy of childhood caregiving environments, we examined the longitudinal pattern of associations between harsh parenting and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms across late childhood to late adolescence. Participants included 199 youth (48.7% female, 65.3% White, 32.2% Black, 2.5% biracial) and their mothers and fathers from a diverse range of socioeconomic backgrounds. The study utilized a multi-informant, longitudinal design including five waves of data (youths' mean ages were 9, 10, 11, 17, and 18 across waves). Harsh parenting at Age 9 predicted higher levels of (a) externalizing symptoms at Ages 11, 17, and 18 and (b) internalizing symptoms at Ages 17 and 18. Developmental sensitivity analyses revealed that the magnitude of the more distal association between early harsh parenting and later internalizing and externalizing symptoms was statistically stronger as compared to more proximal associations. Bidirectional analyses revealed that externalizing symptoms at Age 9 predicted harsh parenting at Ages 9, 10, 11, 17, and 18. Whereas links between harsh parenting and internalizing symptoms were consistent with a sleeper effects model, links between harsh parenting and externalizing symptoms provided some support for both enduring and sleeper effects models. Findings inform an understanding of youth developmental sensitivity to harsh parenting and the downstream consequences of harsh parenting. Results have important translational implications, including testing the long-term efficacy of therapeutic programs. Public Significance Statement: This study examined the downstream consequences of harsh parenting in late childhood on youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms from late childhood to late adolescence. Harsh parenting at Age 9 predicted externalizing symptoms across late childhood and late adolescence (i.e., Ages 11, 17, and 18) and internalizing symptoms in late adolescence (i.e., Ages 17 and 18). Findings suggest that the effect of harsh parenting significantly strengthened in magnitude across late childhood to late adolescence. Findings underscore the value in testing the long-term effects of parenting interventions on adolescent behavioral and psychological difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marion Kenworthy (1891–1980) was a pioneering child psychiatrist, mental hygiene and child guidance leader, and early member of the American Orthopsychiatric Association (now the Global Alliance for Behavioral Health and Social Justice). Throughout her illustrious career, Kenworthy advocated for values in the emerging field of child psychiatry, especially around prevention of mental illness, interdisciplinary collaboration, and social justice. Kenworthy's history provides not only an illustration of the importance of values in the work related to children but also a reminder of perspectives that can get lost in the contemporary focus on individual diagnoses and treatments (especially with pharmaceuticals). The social, cultural, and economic problems encountered by Kenworthy and her contemporaries remain as challenges in the present and the future, ones that require ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration and advocacy. Public Policy Relevance Statement: Kenworthy's history helps to illustrate the rich complexity of child mental health and the perspectives that have been obscured with the push in child psychiatry toward a focus on psychopathology. The work of the Global Alliance for Behavioral Health and Social Justice continues the work conducted by Kenworthy and her colleagues, a reminder of the importance of more explicit advocacy work for all children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boundary dissolution has broadly been defined as the breakdown of boundaries and loss of psychological distinctiveness in the parent–child subsystem. Qualitative reviews have highlighted the developmental and clinical value of examining boundary dissolution as a multidimensional construct. Though prior work suggests patterns share minimal variance, research has yet to quantitatively synthesize the weighted effect of distinct patterns. The primary aim of this meta-analysis was to aggregate empirical research on associations between boundary dissolution patterns and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Four patterns of boundary dissolution were identified across developmental, clinical, and family systems literatures: (a) enmeshment—entanglement and blurring of the intergenerational parent–child boundary through psychologically controlling and intrusive behaviors, (b) disorganization—chaotic parent–child boundary (e.g., inexplicable, contradictory behaviors, and responses) reflecting no coherent pattern of relating, (c) caregiving—child functions as a caregiver providing parents with instrumental and emotional support and guidance, and (d) coerciveness—child operates as a disciplinarian or authoritarian to intimidate and control parents. The meta-analysis reviewed 478 studies. Although each boundary dissolution pattern was associated with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, weighted effects across patterns significantly varied in magnitude. Regarding externalizing symptoms, the weighted effect of enmeshment was stronger relative to the weighted effect of caregiving. Turning to internalizing symptoms, the weighted effect of enmeshment was stronger than the weighted effect of caregiving and coerciveness. Additionally, the weighted effect of disorganization was stronger than the weighted effect of caregiving. The robustness of weighted effects depended on child, contextual, and methodological characteristics as well as time lag. Public Significance Statement: The identification of (a) boundary dissolution patterns that were more strongly associated with children's adjustment than other boundary dissolution patterns and (b) children and families for whom associations between boundary dissolution and adjustment were strongest highlights the importance of developing intervention and prevention priorities to target those most at risk. Moreover, the magnitude of associations between boundary dissolution patterns and children's adjustment was stable across time, underscoring the value of testing the long-term efficacy of intervention and prevention programs. Finally, variations in the robustness of the weighted effect across methodological procedures will help advance the development and refinement of methodological instruments to assess boundary dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns of association with externalizing and internalizing features differ across heroin use and prescription opioid misuse (POM). The present study examined whether heroin use and POM display differential etiologic overlap with symptoms of conduct disorder (CD), adult antisocial behavior (AAB), and major depressive episodes (MDEs), how aggregating heroin use and POM into a single phenotype may bias results, and explored potential sex differences. Seven thousand one hundred and sixty-four individual twins from the Australian Twin Registry (ATR; 59.81% female; Mage = 30.58 years) reported lifetime heroin use, POM, CD symptoms, AABs, and MDE symptoms within a semi-structured interview. Biometric models decomposed phenotypic variance and covariance into additive genetic, common environmental, and unique environmental effects. The proportion of variance in heroin use attributable to factors shared with CD, AAB, and MDE, respectively, was 41%, 41%, and 0% for men and 26%, 19%, and 42% for women; for POM, the proportions were 33%, 35%, and 20% for men and 15%, 9%, and 13% for women. CD and AAB were more strongly genetically correlated with heroin use among women and with POM among men. MDE was more strongly genetically correlated with POM than with heroin use among men, but more strongly genetically correlated with heroin use than with POM among women. Analyses using an aggregate opioid (mis)use variable were biased toward POM, which was the more prevalent phenotype. Magnitude and source of etiologic influence may differ across forms of opioid (mis)use and sex. Disaggregating heroin use and POM in future opioid research may be warranted. General Scientific Summary: This study provides preliminary evidence of differences in the magnitude and source of etiologic associations of heroin use and prescription opioid misuse (POM) with psychopathology. Whereas conduct disorder showed differences in the source of shared etiology (genes vs. environment) across heroin use and POM, overlap with depression was solely attributable to genetic influences across both opioid types. However, depression showed differences in the magnitude of shared genetic etiology with heroin use versus POM that also differed across men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appearance-related safety behaviors (ARSBs) have been identified as a key mechanistic target in individuals with elevated appearance concerns, social anxiety symptoms, and body dissatisfaction. The aim of the present study was to experimentally test the effect of fading these behaviors in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), social anxiety disorder, and/or an eating disorder (ED). Ninety-four female participants were randomized to either a 1-month text message-based ARSB fading condition (n = 47) or a self-monitoring control condition (n = 47). Findings demonstrated that individuals in the ARSB fading condition saw significantly greater reductions in postmanipulation appearance concerns, appearance importance, ED symptoms, general anxiety, and depression. ARSB fading also led to lower BDD and social anxiety disorder symptoms, though this was only found among those who met for these respective diagnoses. Furthermore, we found that changes in appearance importance partially mediated the effect of condition on appearance concerns, BDD symptoms, social anxiety symptoms, and ED symptoms. Compared to the control, the ARSB fading group also demonstrated less reactivity to an in vivo appearance-related stressor task. This study provides strong evidence for the importance of ARSBs in the maintenance of appearance-related psychopathology among a clinical sample. Findings demonstrate the potential utility of reducing ARSBs as an overarching treatment strategy for appearance-related psychopathology. General Scientific Summary: This study found that instructions to monitor and reduce behaviors related to checking appearance led to reductions in symptoms of body dysmorphia, social anxiety, and eating disorders. These findings support the notion that these behaviors are a modifiable factor that is relevant to multiple psychological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of psychopathology in creative achievement has long been a debated topic in both popular culture and academic discourse. Yet the field is settling on various robust trends that show there is no one answer. Conclusions vary by level and kind of creativity and level and kind of psychopathology. The current study sought to replicate previous findings that linked lifetime rates of psychopathology to world-class levels of creativity. A total of 199 biographies of eminent professionals (creative artists, creative scientists, eminent athletes) were rated by raters who were blind to the identity of the eminent person on 19 mental disorders using a 3-point scale of not present (0), probable (1), and present (2). Athletes served as an eminent but not creative comparison group to discern whether fame, independently of creativity, was associated with psychopathology. Results showed that artists exhibited higher lifetime rates of psychopathology than scientists and athletes in the more inclusive criterion for psychopathology (i.e., it was either probable or present), whereas both artists and athletes exhibited higher rates than scientists in the stricter criterion for psychopathology (i.e., it was present). Apart from anxiety disorder, athletes did not differ from the U.S. population in lifetime rates of psychopathology, whereas artists differed from the population in terms of alcoholism, anxiety disorder, drug abuse, and depression. These data generally corroborate and replicate previous biographical research on the link between artistic creativity and life-time rates of psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Externalizing psychopathology has been found to have small to moderate associations with neighborhood and family sociodemographic characteristics. However, prior studies may have used suboptimal operationalizations of neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics and externalizing psychopathology, potentially misestimating relations between these constructs. To address these limitations, in the current study we test different measurement models of these constructs and assess the structural relations between them. Using a population-representative sample of 2,195 twins and siblings from the Georgia Twin Study and data from the National Neighborhood Data Archive and 2000 U.S. Census, we assessed the fit of competing measurement models for family sociodemographic, neighborhood sociodemographic, and neighborhood environment characteristics. In structural models, we regressed a general externalizing dimension on different operationalizations of these variables separately and then simultaneously in a final model. Latent variable operationalizations of family sociodemographic, neighborhood sociodemographic, and neighborhood environment characteristics explained no more variance in broad externalizing psychopathology than other operationalizations. In an omnibus model, family sociodemographic characteristics showed a small association with externalizing psychopathology, while neighborhood sociodemographic and environmental characteristics did not. Family sociodemographic characteristics showed small associations with neighborhood sociodemographic and environmental characteristics, and neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics were moderately associated with neighborhood environment. These findings suggest that family sociodemographic characteristics are more associated with the development of broad externalizing psychopathology in youth than neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics and neighborhood environment. General Scientific Summary: The current study finds that some ways of measuring family sociodemographic characteristics and neighborhood environment are better than others at explaining externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents. It also finds the strongest support for direct associations between family sociodemographic characteristics and externalizing psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 30% of patients who undergo spinal surgery for chronic back pain continue to experience significant pain and disability up to 2 months following surgery. Prior studies have identified mental health variables including depression and anxiety as predictors of poorer postsurgical outcomes using screening instruments, but no studies have examined long-term outcomes using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–3 (MMPI-3), a commonly used tool used in presurgical psychological evaluations (PPE). Using group-based trajectory modeling and a sample of 404 spine surgery evaluees, the present study examined the trajectories of changes in disability scores from presurgery through 3, 12, and 24 months postsurgery. We then compared scores on MMPI-3 scales between trajectory groups. We identified three trajectory groups of change in disability over time: a rapid-remitting group (8%), characterized by moderate presurgical disability that rapidly and substantially remitted by 12 and 24 months; a steady-recovering group (68%), characterized by moderate presurgical disability, slower change over time, and mild levels of disability at the 2-year time point; and a persisting disability group (24%), characterized by severe presurgical disability that continued into long-term follow-ups. Participants in the persisting pain group produced higher presurgical scores on somatic/cognitive and internalizing MMPI-3 scales than participants in the rapid-remitting and steady-recovering groups. Our results support the clinical utility of the MMPI-3 in PPEs and highlight the importance of evaluating somatic/cognitive concerns and internalizing dysfunction to identify patients who are likely to have poorer postsurgical outcomes. Public Significance Statement: Some patients who undergo spine surgery may not experience the same relief as others. In this study, we found that participants with poorer postsurgical outcomes were more likely to have reported presurgery somatic, cognitive, and emotional problems on a commonly used psychological test compared to those with better postsurgical outcomes. We provide recommendations for presurgical psychological evaluations for spine surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the well-established link between firearm access and suicide, less is known about other variables that may influence the risk for death by self-inflicted gunshot versus other methods of suicide. As individual factors have demonstrated limited predictive ability, scholars have called for studies that consider the multifaceted relations between myriad variables. One alternative to the typical cause-and-effect approach for investigating various forms of psychopathology is network analysis. However, few studies have applied this method to suicidal outcomes, particularly in the context of a veteran population. Data from 19,234 male veteran suicide decedents (89.1% White; Mage = 57.16, SD = 18.64) acquired from the National Violent Death Reporting System were used to investigate characteristics of veteran suicide decedents who died by self-inflicted gunshot (gun; 66.4%) versus alternative methods (nongun, e.g., poisoning, hanging; 33.5%). Results of the overall moderated network model indicated that veterans in the gun group were more likely to have a physical health problem that contributed to the suicide than veterans in the nongun group. Additionally, results of the moderated network model revealed several pairs of associated circumstances whose relationships were significantly moderated by method of suicide, the three strongest of which included having a physical health problem that contributed to the suicide. Overall, results suggest that public health prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing the overall burden of physical health problems among male veterans may mitigate the risk of firearm suicides. General Scientific Summary: Despite the well-established link between firearm access and suicide, less is known about other variables that may influence the risk for death by self-inflicted gunshot. Results of this study highlight the proximal and interactive role of physical health problems on firearm suicide as opposed to suicide by another method. Prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing the overall burden of physical health problems may mitigate the risk of firearm suicides among male veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) consortium's transdiagnostic dimensional model of psychopathology has considerable support; however, this model has been underresearched in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P), a population that may advance the model. CHR-P individuals not only have attenuated psychotic symptoms that vary in severity, but also have many comorbid diagnoses and varied clinical outcomes, including disorders with uncertain relations to HiTOP (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder). The present study used self-report and interview data from North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study-3 (710 CHR, 96 controls) to replicate the HiTOP model and test specific hypotheses regarding disorders with uncertain relations to its dimensions. Additionally, the present study examined the HiTOP model in relation to childhood trauma, declines in social functioning, and development of full psychosis. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the HiTOP model's fit was nearly adequate (e.g., comparative fit index =.89), though several theory-relevant modifications were indicated. Additionally, specific tests were conducted to gain a more fine-grained perspective on how disorders with less clear prior evidence were related to the HiTOP model. Notable findings from these analyses include bipolar spectrum disorders relating to the psychosis super spectrum (i.e.,.39 loading), and obsessive-compulsive disorder showing a complex pattern of loadings (e.g., internalizing and psychosis). The final model parsimoniously accounted for childhood trauma (e.g., super spectra rs =.22–.32), associations with current functioning, and predicted future conversion to a psychotic disorder (e.g., super spectra R2 =.13). Overall, these results inform the HiTOP model and suggest its promise for CHR-P research. General Scientific Summary: Individuals at risk of developing psychosis often have multiple psychiatric diagnoses; however, existing diagnostic frameworks poorly describe the reality of the symptoms experienced by individuals at risk for psychosis. The present study supported the validity and utility of an alternative framework for describing psychiatric symptoms—the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology—by showing its relevance to both psychosis risk factors and clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex differences in psychopathology are well-established, with females demonstrating higher rates of internalizing (INT) psychopathology and males demonstrating higher rates of externalizing (EXT) psychopathology. Using two waves of data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 6,778 at each wave), the current study tested whether the relations between sex and psychopathology might be accounted for by structural brain differences. In general, we found robust, relatively consistent relations between sex and structural morphometry across waves. Relatively few morphometric brain variables were significantly related to INT or EXT across waves, however, with very small effect sizes when present. Next, we tested the extent to which each morphometric brain variable could account for the associations of sex with INT and EXT psychopathology. We found a total of 26 brain regions that accounted for significant portions of the associations between sex and psychopathology across both waves (almost all related to EXT), although the effects present were very small. The current evidence suggests that in children aged 9–12, multiple whole-brain and regional brain variables appear to statistically account for small portions of the sex-psychopathology links, especially for externalizing. General Scientific Summary: This article explores whether differences in brain structure between males and females can explain the sex differences observed in psychopathology. We found that 26 brain regions were statistically significant, but the effects present were very small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD; Salekin & Hare, 2016) is a new self-report and informant measure designed to assess psychopathic characteristic domains along with symptoms of conduct disorder in youth. Previous factor analytic studies on the PSCD have found that the items are accounted for by a four-factor model reflecting grandiose–manipulative, callous–unemotional, daring–impulsive, and conduct disorder (CD) symptoms. The present study examined the factor structure, psychometric properties, and criterion-related validity of the parent-report version of the PSCD (PSCD-P) in a nationally representative U.S. sample of children and adolescents (N = 1,091, Mage = 13.39, SD = 2.20, rangeage = 10–17; 50.0% boys, 76% White). Confirmatory factor analyses for the full (24-item) and a shortened (13-item) PSCD-P revealed good internal reliability estimates and support for the four-factor model (grandiose–manipulative, callous–unemotional, daring–impulsive, CD). Results also provided evidence for (a) measurement invariance of the PSCD-P items across sex, race/ethnicity, and age of the child; (b) convergent validity with CD/oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and discriminant validity with a measure of neuroticism; and (c) criterion-related validity with respect to prosociality, peer and family functioning, reactive and proactive aggression, delinquency, academic performance, and substance use. The prevalence for psychopathic personality propensity was found to be 2%. We discuss clinical and research implications regarding the use of the parent-report version of the PSCD for school-aged children. Public Significance Statement: Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) is a new measure of psychopathy and conduct disorder that shows the prevalence rate for psychopathy and CD to be 2% of the population. This prevalence rate is slightly higher than what is seen in adults (1.2%) and the present study shows psychopathic traits in youth are associated with considerable problems including relationship difficulties, aggression, delinquency, low prosociality, and alcohol and substance use difficulties. Early identification will have key health implications and targeted assessment and intervention are needed especially early to reduce symptomatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperament and externalizing problems are closely linked, but research on how they codevelop across adolescence remains sparse and equivocal. Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) provides a useful framework for understanding temperament and externalizing problems associations. During adolescence, oppositional problems are posited to be linked to an overactive behavioral approach system (BAS) while conduct problems are linked to an underactive behavioral inhibition system (BIS). However, this research mostly uses adult samples and cross-sectional designs and tests only between-person associations. Moreover, most studies typically test only one direction of effects (i.e., temperament predicts externalizing problems) and do not consider alternative models of associations, such as reciprocal associations. To address these limitations, we use three annual waves of a longitudinal, community-based sample of 387 early adolescents (mean Wave 1 age = 11.61 years, 55% female, 83% non-Hispanic White) to test reciprocal associations between BIS and BAS and oppositional and conduct problems. Latent curve models with structured residuals are used to test hypotheses and disaggregate between- and within-person associations. Evidence supports within-person reciprocal associations between BAS and oppositional problems and between BIS and combined conduct and oppositional problems. Results potentially inform developmental theories of temperament and externalizing problems linkages and interventions with adolescents who are engaging in oppositional problems and more severe conduct problems. Public Significance Statement: This study found that early adolescents who were more sensitive to positive feedback (reward) were more likely to report aggressive behaviors, adolescents who were less sensitive to negative feedback (punishment) were more likely to report aggressive and rule-breaking behavior, and vice versa (e.g., more rule breaking and aggression leads to less sensitivity to negative feedback). These findings might help parents, therapists, and schools better manage problem behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial psychiatric hospitalizations are resource-intensive clinical services designed to stabilize patients in the short term, prevent inpatient hospitalizations, and encourage long-term recovery. Typically, providers base their referral decisions on categorical diagnoses and subjective impressions of patient distress without closely considering the evidence for reporting biases. The present study followed veterans (n = 430) participating in partial psychiatric hospitalization services. We evaluated the extent to which clinical diagnoses at intake predicted treatment variables and changes in later mental health care utilization. Using hierarchical linear regressions with bootstrap confidence intervals, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form content-based validity scales demonstrated incremental utility for predicting patient outcomes beyond intake diagnoses. Elevated Fp-r ("Infrequent Psychopathology Responses") scores independently predicted an increased number of times arriving late for partial hospitalization programming, self-report of worse current functioning at intake, and a relative increase in mental health care encounters in the 12 months following discharge. Low K-r ("Adjustment Validity") scores independently predicted self-report of worse current functioning at both intake and later discharge from partial hospitalization. Thus, indicators of severe psychopathology overreporting as well as the unlikely disavowal of emotional adjustment (i.e., high Fp-r, low K-r) predicted engagement with health care services and self-presentations of symptoms over and above the diagnostic impressions from referring providers. We discuss how indicators of content-based invalid responding on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form have real-world value for understanding patient behavior and shaping clinical interventions among vulnerable populations. Public Significance Statement: The present study examined changes in functioning, individual experiences, and behaviors reported by veterans participating in partial psychiatric hospitalizations. MMPI-2-RF validity scales uniquely predicted treatment engagement and symptom endorsement, both during the partial hospitalizations and in the 12 months postdischarge. There is an added benefit in using measures of overreporting to understand patient behavior and outcomes in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compared the efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) and heterosexual adults who were diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Clients were 100 clients (n = 35 LGBQ and n = 70 heterosexual) who participated in a 6-month comprehensive DBT program. The study had two aims: (a) to examine change in outcomes within LGBQ clients and (b) to compare outcomes between LGBQ and heterosexual clients. Results demonstrated that LGBQ clients reported significant decreases in BPD symptoms, depressive symptoms, general psychopathology, functional impairment, emotion dysregulation, and dysfunctional coping. LGBQ clients also reported significant increases in DBT skills use. Comparisons between LGBQ and heterosexual clients found that, while LGBQ clients experienced significant decreases in all measures of psychopathology, they had significantly less change than heterosexual clients for depressive symptoms, functional impairment, emotion dysregulation, and dysfunctional coping. Additionally, the rate of increases in DBT skills use was significantly lower among LGBQ clients. While DBT is likely effective in reducing symptoms associated with BPD among LGBQ clients, results suggest that improvement in some symptoms may be less in comparison to heterosexual clients. Recommendations to enhance the effectiveness for DBT for the specific challenges that LGBQ clients may face are discussed. Public Significance Statement: This study found that dialectical behavior therapy, a treatment for individuals struggling with suicidal and self-harm thoughts and behaviors, is effective for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) adults. There was evidence that reductions in some treatment outcomes were slower for LGBQ in comparison to heterosexual clients, suggesting there is still work to be done to improve dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) treatment outcomes for LGBQ adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family emotional climate is fundamental to children's well-being and mental health. Family environments filled with negative emotions may lead to increased psychopathological symptoms in the child through dysfunctional child-parent interactions. Single-brain paradigms have uncovered changes in brain systems and networks related to negative family environments, but how the neurobiological reciprocity between child and parent brains is associated with children's psychopathological symptoms remains unknown. Here, we first investigated the relation between family emotional climate and children's psychopathological symptoms in 395 child-parent dyads. Using a naturalistic moviewatching functional magnetic resonance imaging technique in a subsample of 50 child-parent dyads, we further investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of how family emotional climates are associated with children's psychopathological symptoms through child-parent neural synchrony. Children from negative family emotional climate experienced significantly more severe psychopathological symptoms. In comparison to child-stranger dyads, child-parent dyads exhibited higher intersubject correlations in the dorsal and ventral portions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and greater concordance of activity with widespread regions critical for socioemotional skills. Critically, negative family emotional climate was associated with decreased intersubject functional correlation between the ventral-mPFC and the hippocampus during movie watching in child-parent dyads, which further accounted for higher children's internalizing symptoms. Together, our findings provide insights into the neurobiological mechanisms that negative family environments can cause and maintain psychopathological symptoms in children through atypical child-parent neural synchrony. This has important implications for a better understanding of how child-parent connections may mediate the relation between environmental risks and developmental outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative, empirical approaches to establishing the structure of psychopathology hold promise to improve on traditional psychiatric classification systems. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a framework that summarizes the substantial and growing body of quantitative evidence on the structure of psychopathology. To achieve its aims, HiTOP must incorporate emerging research in a systematic, ongoing fashion. In this article, we describe the historical context and grounding of the principles and procedures for revising the HiTOP framework. Informed by strengths and shortcomings of previous classification systems, the proposed revisions protocol is a formalized system focused around three pillars: (a) prioritizing systematic evaluation of quantitative evidence by a set of transparent criteria and processes, (b) balancing stability with flexibility, and (c) promoting inclusion over gatekeeping in all aspects of the process. We detail how the revisions protocol will be applied in practice, including the scientific and administrative aspects of the process. Additionally, we describe areas of the HiTOP structure that will be a focus of early revisions and outline challenges for the revisions protocol moving forward. The proposed revisions protocol is designed to ensure that the HiTOP framework reflects the current state of scientific knowledge on the structure of psychopathology and fulfils its potential to advance clinical research and practice. General Scientific Summary: The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) aims to provide an empirically derived classification system for psychopathology. To achieve this aim, the HiTOP model needs to be able to evolve to reflect new and new perspectives on existing data. This article explains the rationale for the principles and procedures for revising the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Item selection is a critical decision in modeling psychological networks. The current preregistered two-study research used random selections of 1,000 symptom networks to examine which eating disorder (ED) and co-occurring symptoms are most central in longitudinal networks among individuals with EDs (N = 71, total observations = 6,060) and tested whether centrality changed based on which items were included in the network. Participants completed 2 weeks of ecological momentary assessment (five surveys/day). In Study 1, we obtained initial strength centrality values by estimating an a priori network using eight items with the highest means. We then estimated 1,000 networks and their centrality from a random selection of unique eight-item symptom combinations. We compared the strength centrality from the a priori network to the distribution of strength centrality estimates from the random-item networks. In Study 2, we repeated this procedure in an independent longitudinal dataset (N = 41, total observations = 4,575) to determine if our results generalized across samples. Shame, guilt, worry, and fear of losing control were consistently central across networks, regardless of items included in the network or sample. Results suggest that these symptoms may be important to the structure of ED psychopathology and have implications for how we understand the structure of ED psychopathology. Existing methods for item inclusion in psychological networks may distort the structure of ED symptom networks by either under- or overestimating strength centrality, or by omitting consistently central symptoms that are nontraditional ED symptoms. Future research should consider including these symptoms in models of ED psychopathology. General Scientific Summary: The current studies examine central symptoms in eating disorders (EDs) by taking two approaches to item selection in two independent longitudinal samples. Our results suggest that many of the symptoms important to ED psychopathology that consistently replicate across models and samples are nontraditional ED symptoms (e.g., shame and guilt), supporting arguments that it is essential to extend scientific inquiry of psychological phenomena beyond diagnostic classification frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cannabis use is associated with outcomes like income, legal problems, and psychopathology. This finding rests largely on correlational research designs, which rely at best on statistical controls for confounding. Here, we control for unmeasured confounders using a longitudinal study of twins. Method: In a sample of 4,078 American adult twins first assessed decades ago, we used cotwin control mixed effects models to evaluate the effect of lifetime average frequency of cannabis consumption measured on substance use, psychiatric, and psychosocial outcomes. Results: On average, participants had a lifetime cannabis frequency of about one to two times per month, across adolescence and adulthood. As expected, in individual-level analyses, cannabis use was significantly associated with almost all outcomes in the expected directions. However, when comparing each twin to their cotwin, which inherently controls for shared genes and environments, we observed within-pair differences consistent with possible causality in three of the 22 assessed outcomes: cannabis use disorder symptoms (βW-Pooled =.15, SE =.02, p = 1.7 × 10−22), frequency of tobacco use (βW-Pooled =.06, SE =.01, p = 1.2 × 10−5), and illicit drug involvement (βW-Pooled =.06, SE =.02, p = 1.2 × 10−4). Covariate specification curve analyses indicated that within-pair effects on tobacco and illicit drug use, but not cannabis use disorder, attenuated substantially when covarying for lifetime alcohol and tobacco use. Conclusions: The cotwin control results suggest that more frequent cannabis use causes small increases in cannabis use disorder symptoms, approximately 1.3 symptoms when going from a once-a-year use to daily use. For other outcomes, our results are more consistent with familial confounding, at least in this community population of twins. General Scientific Summary: This study suggests that lifetime exposure to cannabis has few persistent effects on mental health and other psychosocial outcomes. The notable exceptions are cannabis use disorder, tobacco frequency, and illicit drug use, for which lifetime cannabis frequency causes small increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although researchers seek to understand psychological phenomena in a population, quantitative research studies are conducted in smaller samples meant to represent the larger population of interest. This systematic review and quantitative synthesis considers reporting of sociodemographic characteristics and sample composition in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology (now the Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science) over the past 3 decades. Across k = 1,244 empirical studies, there were high and increasing rates of reporting of participant age/developmental stage and sex/gender, low but increasing reporting of socioeconomic status/income, and moderate and stable reporting of educational attainment. Rates of reporting of sexual orientation remained low and reporting of gender identity was essentially nonexistent. There were low to moderate but increasing rates of reporting of participant race and ethnicity. Approximately three-quarters of participants in studies over the past 3 decades were White, while the proportion of participants who were Asian, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, or Hispanic/Latino was much lower. Approximately two-thirds of participants were female, with this proportion increasing over time. There were also notable differences in the proportion of study participants as a function of race and sex/gender for different forms of psychopathology. Basic science and theoretical psychopathology research must include sociodemographically diverse samples that are representative of and generalizable to the larger human population, while seeking to decrease stigma of psychopathology and increase mental health equity. Recommendations are made to increase sociodemographic diversity in psychopathology research and the scientific review/publication process. General Scientific Summary: Basic science and theoretical research on the etiology, development, symptomatology, and course of psychopathology must include sociodemographically diverse samples, while seeking to decrease the stigma of psychopathology and increase mental health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain age, a measure of biological aging in the brain, has been linked to psychiatric illness, principally in adult populations. Components of socioeconomic status (SES) associate with differences in brain structure and psychiatric risk across the lifespan. This study aimed to investigate the influence of SES on brain aging in childhood and adolescence, a period of rapid neurodevelopment and peak onset for many psychiatric disorders. We reanalyzed data from the Healthy Brain Network to examine the influence of SES components (occupational prestige, public assistance enrollment, parent education, and household income-to-needs ratio [INR]) on relative brain age (RBA). Analyses included 470 youth (5–17 years; 61.3% men), self-identifying as White (55%), African American (15%), Hispanic (9%), or multiracial (17.2%). Household income was 3.95 ± 2.33 (mean ± SD) times the federal poverty threshold. RBA quantified differences between chronological age and brain age using covariation patterns of morphological features and total volumes. We also examined associations between RBA and psychiatric symptoms (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]). Models covaried for sex, scan location, and parent psychiatric diagnoses. In a linear regression, lower RBA is associated with lower parent occupational prestige (p =.01), lower public assistance enrollment (p =.03), and more parent psychiatric diagnoses (p =.01), but not parent education or INR. Lower parent occupational prestige (p =.02) and lower RBA (p =.04) are associated with higher CBCL anxious/depressed scores. Our findings underscore the importance of including SES components in developmental brain research. Delayed brain aging may represent a potential biological pathway from SES to psychiatric risk. Public Significance Statement: The present study suggests that specific components of socioeconomic status (SES), namely lower parent occupational prestige, are associated with delayed brain aging and increased anxiety/depression symptomology in youth. These findings point to age-related processes in the brain as a potential pathway from SES to anxiety/depression, informing future longitudinal research and intervention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]