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A common polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene results in complete deficiency of ⍺-actinin-3 protein in ~16% of humans worldwide. The presence of ⍺-actinin-3 protein is associated with improved sprint/power performance in athletes and the general population. Despite this, there is evidence that the null genotype XX has been acted on by recent positive selection, likely due to its emerging role in the regulation of muscle metabolism. ⍺-Actinin-3 deficiency reduces the activity of glycogen phosphorylase and results in a fundamental shift toward more oxidative pathways of energy utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]