14 results on '"social sciences"'
Search Results
2. Evolutionary dynamics for persistent cooperation in structured populations.
- Author
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Yan Li, Xinsheng Liu, Claussen, Jens Christian, and Wanlin Guo
- Subjects
- *
BIOLOGICAL evolution , *SOCIAL sciences , *COMPUTER simulation , *POPULATION , *PUBLIC goods - Abstract
The emergence and maintenance of cooperative behavior is a fascinating topic in evolutionary biology and social science. The public goods game (PGG) is a paradigm for exploring cooperative behavior. In PGG, the total resulting payoff is divided equally among all participants. This feature still leads to the dominance of defection without substantially magnifying the public good by a multiplying factor. Much effort has been made to explain the evolution of cooperative strategies, including a recent model in which only a portion of the total benefit is shared by all the players through introducing a new strategy named persistent cooperation. A persistent cooperator is a contributor who is willing to pay a second cost to retrieve the remaining portion of the payoff contributed by themselves. In a previous study, this model was analyzed in the framework of well-mixed populations. This paper focuses on discussing the persistent cooperation in lattice-structured populations. The evolutionary dynamics of the structured populations consisting of three types of competing players (pure cooperators, defectors, and persistent cooperators) are revealed by theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. In particular, the approximate expressions of fixation probabilities for strategies are derived on one-dimensional lattices. The phase diagrams of stationary states, and the evolution of frequencies and spatial patterns for strategies are illustrated on both one-dimensional and square lattices by simulations. Our results are consistent with the general observation that, at least in most situations, a structured population facilitates the evolution of cooperation. Specifically, here we find that the existence of persistent cooperators greatly suppresses the spreading of defectors under more relaxed conditions in structured populations compared to that obtained in well-mixed populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Log-Log Convexity of Type-Token Growth in Zipf's Systems.
- Author
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Font-Clos, Francesc and Corral, Álvaro
- Subjects
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ZIPF'S law , *HEAPS (Mathematics) , *NUMBER systems , *SOCIAL sciences , *GROWTH curves (Statistics) , *HYPERGEOMETRIC distribution - Abstract
It is traditionally assumed that Zipf's law implies the power-law growth of the number of different elements with the total number of elements in a system-the so-called Heaps' law. We show that a careful definition of Zipf's law leads to the violation of Heaps' law in random systems, with growth curves that have a convex shape in log-log scale. These curves fulfill universal data collapse that only depends on the value of Zipf's exponent. We observe that real books behave very much in the same way as random systems, despite the presence of burstiness in word occurrence. We advance an explanation for this unexpected correspondence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Phase transitions in the q-voter model with two types of stochastic driving.
- Author
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Nyczka, Piotr, Sznajd-Weron, Katarzyna, and Cisło, Jerzy
- Subjects
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PHASE transitions , *STOCHASTIC analysis , *SOCIAL sciences , *TEMPERATURE , *PHYSICISTS - Abstract
We study a nonlinear q-voter model with stochastic driving on a complete graph. We investigate two types of stochasticity that, using the language of social sciences, can be interpreted as different kinds of nonconformity. From a social point of view, it is very important to distinguish between two types nonconformity, so-called anticonformity and independence. A majority of work has suggested that these social differences may be completely irrelevant in terms of microscopic modeling that uses tools of statistical physics and that both types of nonconformity play the role of so-called social temperature. In this paper we clarify the concept of social temperature and show that different types of noise may lead to qualitatively different emergent properties. In particular, we show that in the model with anticonformity the critical value of noise increases with parameter q, whereas in the model with independence the critical value of noise decreases with q. Moreover, in the model with anticonformity the phase transition is continuous for any value of q, whereas in the model with independence the transition is continuous for q ⩽ 5 and discontinuous for q > 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Motivations of educators for participating in an authentic astronomy research experience professional development program
- Author
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Rebull, L M, Roberts, T, Laurence, W, Fitzgerald, Michael T., French, D A, Gorjian, V, Squires, G K, Rebull, L M, Roberts, T, Laurence, W, Fitzgerald, Michael T., French, D A, Gorjian, V, and Squires, G K
- Published
- 2018
6. Major outcomes of an authentic astronomy research experience professional development program: an analysis of 8 years of data from a teacher research program
- Author
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Rebull, L M, French, D A, Laurence, W, Roberts, T, Fitzgerald, Michael T., Gorjian, V, Squires, G K, Rebull, L M, French, D A, Laurence, W, Roberts, T, Fitzgerald, Michael T., Gorjian, V, and Squires, G K
- Published
- 2018
7. Scaling in the eigenvalue fluctuations of correlation matrices.
- Author
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Bhosale, Udaysinh T., Tekur, S. Harshini, and Santhanam, M. S.
- Subjects
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EIGENVALUES , *FLUCTUATIONS (Physics) , *SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
The spectra of empirical correlation matrices, constructed from multivariate data, are widely used in many areas of sciences, engineering, and social sciences as a tool to understand the information contained in typically large data sets. In the past two decades, random-matrix-theory-based tools such as the nearest-neighbor eigenvalue spacing and eigenvector distributions have been employed to extract the significant modes of variability present in such empirical correlations. In this work we present an alternative analysis in terms of the recently introduced spacing ratios, which does not require the cumbersome unfolding process. It is shown that the higher-order spacing ratio distributions for the Wishart ensemble of random matrices, characterized by the Dyson index β, are related to the first-order spacing ratio distribution with a modified value of codimension β'. This scaling is demonstrated for the Wishart ensemble and also for the spectra of empirical correlation matrices drawn from the observed stock market and atmospheric pressure data. Using a combination of analytical and numerics, such scalings in spacing distributions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Individual heterogeneity generating explosive system network dynamics.
- Author
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Manrique, Pedro D. and Johnson, Neil F.
- Subjects
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HETEROGENEITY , *SOCIAL sciences , *LIFE sciences ,SOCIAL aspects - Abstract
Individual heterogeneity is a key characteristic of many real-world systems, from organisms to humans. However, its role in determining the system's collective dynamics is not well understood. Here we study how individual heterogeneity impacts the system network dynamics by comparing linking mechanisms that favor similar or dissimilar individuals. We find that this heterogeneity-based evolution drives an unconventional form of explosive network behavior, and it dictates how a polarized population moves toward consensus. Our model shows good agreement with data from both biological and social science domains. We conclude that individual heterogeneity likely plays a key role in the collective development of real-world networks and communities, and it cannot be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Evolutionary stability concepts in a stochastic environment.
- Author
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Xiu-Deng Zheng, Cong Li, Sabin Lessard, and Yi Tao
- Subjects
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ANIMAL behavior , *GAME theory , *SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
Over the past 30 years, evolutionary game theory and the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy have been not only extensively developed and successfully applied to explain the evolution of animal behaviors, but also widely used in economics and social sciences. Nonetheless, the stochastic dynamical properties of evolutionary games in randomly fluctuating environments are still unclear. In this study, we investigate conditions for stochastic local stability of fixation states and constant interior equilibria in a two-phenotype model with random payoffs following pairwise interactions. Based on this model, we develop the concepts of stochastic evolutionary stability (SES) and stochastic convergence stability (SCS). We show that the condition for a pure strategy to be SES and SCS is more stringent than in a constant environment, while the condition for a constant mixed strategy to be SES is less stringent than the condition to be SCS, which is less stringent than the condition in a constant environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Solution to urn models of pairwise interaction with application to social, physical, and biological sciences.
- Author
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Pickering, William and Chjan Lim
- Subjects
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SOCIAL sciences , *LIFE sciences , *PHYSICAL sciences - Abstract
We investigate a family of urn models that correspond to one-dimensional random walks with quadratic transition probabilities that have highly diverse applications. Well-known instances of these two-urn models are the Ehrenfest model of molecular diffusion, the voter model of social influence, and the Moran model of population genetics. We also provide a generating function method for diagonalizing the corresponding transition matrix that is valid if and only if the underlying mean density satisfies a linear differential equation and express the eigenvector components as terms of ordinary hypergeometric functions. The nature of the models lead to a natural extension to interaction between agents in a general network topology. We analyze the dynamics on uncorrelated heterogeneous degree sequence networks and relate the convergence times to the moments of the degree sequences for various pairwise interaction mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Local versus global interactions in nonequilibrium transitions: A model of social dynamics
- Author
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M. San Miguel, Juan Carlos González-Avella, Víctor M. Eguíluz, Mario G. Cosenza, J. L. Herrera, and Konstantin Klemm
- Subjects
Collective behavior ,Phase transition ,Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) ,Lattice theory ,Non-equilibrium thermodynamics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Social sciences ,Social dynamics ,Zero field ,Lattice (order) ,Order-disorder transformations ,Statistical physics ,Small probability ,Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics ,Mathematics ,Probability - Abstract
7 pages.-- PACS numbers: 89.75.Fb, 87.23.Ge, 05.50.+q.-- Final full-text version of the paper available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.73.046119., A nonequilibrium system of locally interacting elements in a lattice with an absorbing order-disorder phase transition is studied under the effect of additional interacting fields. These fields are shown to produce interesting effects in the collective behavior of this system. Both for autonomous and external fields, disorder grows in the system when the probability of the elements to interact with the field is increased. There exists a threshold value of this probability beyond which the system is always disordered. The domain of parameters of the ordered regime is larger for nonuniform local fields than for spatially uniform fields. However, the zero field limit is discontinous. In the limit of vanishingly small probability of interaction with the field, autonomous or external fields are able to order a system that would fall in a disordered phase under local interactions of the elements alone. We consider different types of fields which are interpreted as forms of mass media acting on a social system in the context of Axelrod's model for cultural dissemination., J.C. G.-A., V.M.E., and M.S.M. acknowledge financial support from MEC (Spain) through projects CONOCE2 (FIS2004-00953) and FIS2004-05073-C04-03. M.G.C. and J.L.H. acknowledge support from C.D.C.H.T., Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela) under Grant No. C-1285-04-05-A. K.K. acknowledges support from DFG Bioinformatics Initiative BIZ-6/1-2 and from Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD).
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Nonequilibrium transition induced by mass media in a model for social influence
- Author
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Mario G. Cosenza, Juan Carlos González-Avella, and K. Tucci
- Subjects
Physics ,Phase transition ,business.industry ,Numerical analysis ,[PACS] Structures and organization in complex systems ,Non-equilibrium thermodynamics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Parameter space ,Critical value ,Nonlinear Sciences - Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems ,Social sciences ,[PACS] Lattice theory and statistics including Ising, Potts models, etc ,Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter ,Large-scale systems ,Statistical analysis ,Phase (matter) ,[PACS] Dynamics of social systems ,Statistical physics ,Phase transformations ,business ,Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) ,Intensity (heat transfer) ,Mass media ,Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other) - Abstract
4 pages, 4 figures.-- PACS nrs.: 89.75.Fb, 87.23.Ge, 05.50.+q.-- ArXiv pre-print available: http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin/0511013, We study the effect of mass media, modeled as an applied external field, on a social system based on Axelrod's model for the dissemination of culture. The numerical simulations show that the system undergoes a nonequilibrium phase transition between an ordered phase (homogeneous culture) specified by the mass media and a disordered (culturally fragmented) one. The critical boundary separating these phases is calculated on the parameter space of the system, given by the intensity of the mass media influence and the number of options per cultural attribute. Counterintuitively, mass media can induce cultural diversity when its intensity is above some threshold value. The nature of the phase transition changes from continuous to discontinuous at some critical value of the number of options. A linear relation characterizing the change in the order of the phase transition is found., This work was partially supported by Grant No. C-1285-04-05-A from Consejo de Desarrollo Científico, Humanístico y Tecnológico of Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela.
- Published
- 2005
13. Local versus global interactions in nonequilibrium transitions: A model of social dynamics
- Author
-
González-Avella, Juan Carlos, Eguíluz, Víctor M., Cosenza, Mario G., Klemm, Konstantin, Herrera, José Luis, San Miguel, Maxi, González-Avella, Juan Carlos, Eguíluz, Víctor M., Cosenza, Mario G., Klemm, Konstantin, Herrera, José Luis, and San Miguel, Maxi
- Abstract
A nonequilibrium system of locally interacting elements in a lattice with an absorbing order-disorder phase transition is studied under the effect of additional interacting fields. These fields are shown to produce interesting effects in the collective behavior of this system. Both for autonomous and external fields, disorder grows in the system when the probability of the elements to interact with the field is increased. There exists a threshold value of this probability beyond which the system is always disordered. The domain of parameters of the ordered regime is larger for nonuniform local fields than for spatially uniform fields. However, the zero field limit is discontinous. In the limit of vanishingly small probability of interaction with the field, autonomous or external fields are able to order a system that would fall in a disordered phase under local interactions of the elements alone. We consider different types of fields which are interpreted as forms of mass media acting on a social system in the context of Axelrod's model for cultural dissemination.
- Published
- 2006
14. Nonequilibrium transition induced by mass media in a model for social influence
- Author
-
González-Avella, Juan Carlos, Cosenza, Mario G., Tucci, K., González-Avella, Juan Carlos, Cosenza, Mario G., and Tucci, K.
- Abstract
We study the effect of mass media, modeled as an applied external field, on a social system based on Axelrod's model for the dissemination of culture. The numerical simulations show that the system undergoes a nonequilibrium phase transition between an ordered phase (homogeneous culture) specified by the mass media and a disordered (culturally fragmented) one. The critical boundary separating these phases is calculated on the parameter space of the system, given by the intensity of the mass media influence and the number of options per cultural attribute. Counterintuitively, mass media can induce cultural diversity when its intensity is above some threshold value. The nature of the phase transition changes from continuous to discontinuous at some critical value of the number of options. A linear relation characterizing the change in the order of the phase transition is found.
- Published
- 2005
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