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1. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015

Author

Fitzmaurice, Christina, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan, Barregard, Lars, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Brenner, Hermann, Dicker, Daniel, Chimed-Orchir, Odgerel, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Lalit, Fleming, Tom, Forouzanfar, Mohammad, Hancock, Jamie, Hay, Roderick, Hunter-Merrill, Rachel, Huynh, Chantal, Hosgood, H. Dean, Johnson, Catherine, Jonas, Jost, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael, Lan, Qing, Larson, Heidi, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen, Lopez, Alan, MacIntyre, Michael, Marczak, Laurie, Marquez, Neal, Mokdad, Ali, Pinho, Christine, Pourmalek, Farshad, Salomon, Joshua, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sandar, Logan, Sartorius, Benn, Schwartz, Stephen, Shackelford, Katya, Shibuya, Kenji, Stanaway, Jeff, Steiner, Caitlyn, Sun, Jiandong, Takahashi, Ken, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph, Wang, Haidong, Westerman, Ronny, Zeeb, Hajo, Zoeckler, Leo, Abd-Allah, Foad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alabed, Samer, Alam, Noore, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alem, Girma, Alemayohu, Mulubirhan, Ali, Raghib, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Amare, Azmeraw, Amoako, Yaw, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Atnafu, Niguse, Awasthi, Ashish, Saleem, Huda Ba, Barac, Aleksandra, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem, Binagwaho, Agnes, Boneya, Dube, Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chiang, Peggy, Chibueze, Chioma, Chitheer, Abdulaal, Choi, Jee-Young, Cowie, Benjamin, Damtew, Solomon, das Neves, José, Dey, Suhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dhillon, Preet, Ding, Eric, Driscoll, Tim, Ekwueme, Donatus, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Farvid, Maryam, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, João C., Fischer, Florian, G/hiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebru, Alemseged, Gopalani, Sameer, Hailu, Alemayehu, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huybrechts, Inge, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jee, Sun Ha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kedir, Muktar Sano, Khader, Yousef, Khang, Young-Ho, Kim, Daniel, Leigh, James, Linn, Shai, Lunevicius, Raimundas, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Marcenes, Wagner, Markos, Desalegn, Melaku, Yohannes, Meles, Kidanu, Mendoza, Walter, Mengiste, Desalegn, Meretoja, Tuomo, Miller, Ted, Mohammad, Karzan, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Nagel, Gabriele, Nand, Devina, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nolte, Sandra, Ogbo, Felix, Oladimeji, Kelechi, Oren, Eyal, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Pereira, David, Plass, Dietrich, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rana, Saleem, Søreide, Kjetil, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, She, Jun, Shiue, Ivy, Shore, Hirbo Roba, Shrime, Mark, So, Samuel, Soneji, Samir, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sykes, Bryan, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadese, Fentaw, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, J. S., Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uzochukwu, Benjamin, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Wubshet Terefe, Mamo, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Murray, Christopher, and Naghavi, Mohsen

Abstract

Importance - Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning.\ud \ud Objective - To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015.\ud \ud Evidence Review - Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results.\ud \ud Findings - In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined.Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent.Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (−6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), −10.6% to −1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant.\ud \ud Conclusion and Relevance - As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.

Published
2016

2. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Author

Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, Barregard L, Bhutta ZA, Brenner H, Dicker DJ, Chimed-Orchir O, Dandona R, Dandona L, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Hancock J, Hay RJ, Hunter-Merrill R, Huynh C, Hosgood HD, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Khubchandani J, Kumar GA, Kutz M, Lan Q, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Lopez AD, MacIntyre MF, Marczak L, Marquez N, Mokdad AH, Pinho C, Pourmalek F, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Sandar L, Sartorius B, Schwartz SM, Shackelford KA, Shibuya K, Stanaway J, Steiner C, Sun J, Takahashi K, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Westerman R, Zeeb H, Zoeckler L, Abd-Allah F, Ahmed MB, Alabed S, Alam NK, Aldhahri SF, Alem G, Alemayohu MA, Ali R, Al-Raddadi R, Amare A, Amoako Y, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Atnafu N, Awasthi A, Saleem HB, Barac A, Bedi N, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabé E, Betsu B, Binagwaho A, Boneya D, Campos-Nonato I, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Catalá-López F, Chiang P, Chibueze C, Chitheer A, Choi JY, Cowie B, Damtew S, das Neves J, Dey S, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Driscoll T, Ekwueme D, Endries AY, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes J, Fischer F, G/Hiwot TT, Gebru A, Gopalani S, Hailu A, Horino M, Horita N, Husseini A, Huybrechts I, Inoue M, Islami F, Jakovljevic M, James S, Javanbakht M, Jee SH, Kasaeian A, Kedir MS, Khader YS, Khang YH, Kim D, Leigh J, Linn S, Lunevicius R, El Razek HMA, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Marcenes W, Markos D, Melaku YA, Meles KG, Mendoza W, Mengiste DT, Meretoja TJ, Miller TR, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Nagel G, Nand D, Le Nguyen Q, Nolte S, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Oren E, Pa M, Park EK, Pereira DM, Plass D, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahman M, Rana SM, Søreide K, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiue I, Shore HR, Shrime MG, So S, Soneji S, Stathopoulou V, Stroumpoulis K, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tessema GA, Thakur JS, Tran BX, Ukwaja KN, Uzochukwu BSC, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Wubshet Terefe M, Yebyo HG, Yimam HH, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Zenebe ZM, Murray CJL, and Naghavi M

Subjects
Age Distribution, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Sex Distribution, Time Factors, Global Burden of Disease trends, Neoplasms epidemiology
Abstract

Importance: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning., Objective: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015., Evidence Review: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results., Findings: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant., Conclusion and Relevance: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.

Published
2017
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