1. Comprehensive Genomic Profiling of Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site: New Routes to Targeted Therapies.
- Author
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Ross JS, Wang K, Gay L, Otto GA, White E, Iwanik K, Palmer G, Yelensky R, Lipson DM, Chmielecki J, Erlich RL, Rankin AN, Ali SM, Elvin JA, Morosini D, Miller VA, and Stephens PJ
- Subjects
- Adenocarcinoma drug therapy, Adenocarcinoma secondary, Aged, Biopsy, Female, Gene Amplification, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multimodal Imaging methods, Mutation, Neoplasms, Unknown Primary drug therapy, Neoplasms, Unknown Primary pathology, Phenotype, Positron-Emission Tomography, Predictive Value of Tests, Retrospective Studies, Signal Transduction drug effects, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Treatment Outcome, Adenocarcinoma genetics, Biomarkers, Tumor genetics, Gene Expression Profiling methods, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Neoplasms, Unknown Primary genetics, Precision Medicine
- Abstract
Importance: For carcinoma of unknown primary site (CUP), determining the primary tumor site may be uninformative and often does not improve outcome., Objective: To discover opportunities for targeted therapies in patients with CUP not currently searched for in routine practice., Design, Setting, and Participants: Comprehensive genomic profiling on 200 CUP formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens (mean, 756× coverage) using the hybrid-capture-based FoundationOne assay at academic and community oncology clinics., Main Outcomes and Measures: Presence of targetable genomic alterations (GAs) in CUP and responses to targeted therapies., Results: There were 125 adenocarcinomas of unknown primary site (ACUPs) and 75 carcinomas of unknown primary site without features of adenocarcinoma (non-ACUPs). At least 1 GA was found in 192 (96%) of CUP specimens, with a mean (SD) of 4.2 (2.8) GAs per tumor. The most frequent GAs were in TP53 (110 [55%]), KRAS (40 [20%]), CDKN2A (37 [19%]), MYC (23 [12%]), ARID1A (21 [11%]), MCL1 (19 [10%]), PIK3CA (17 [9%]), ERBB2 (16 [8%]), PTEN (14 [7%]), EGFR (12 [6%]), SMAD4 (13 [7%]), STK11 (13 [7%]), SMARCA4 (12 [6%]), RB1 (12 [6%]), RICTOR (12 [6%]), MLL2 (12 [6%]), BRAF (11 [6%]), and BRCA2 (11 [6%]). One or more potentially targetable GAs were identified in 169 of 200 (85%) CUP specimens. Mutations or amplifications of ERBB2 were more frequent in ACUPs (13 [10%]) than in non-ACUPs (3 [4%]). Alterations of EGFR (10 [8%] vs 2 [3%]) and BRAF (8 [6%] vs 3 [4%]) were more common in ACUPs than in non-ACUPs. Strikingly, clinically relevant alterations in the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/Ras signaling pathway including alterations in ALK, ARAF, BRAF, EGFR, FGFR1, FGFR2, KIT, KRAS, MAP2K1, MET, NF1, NF2, NRAS, RAF1, RET, and ROS1 were found in 90 (72%) ACUPs but in only 29 (39%) non-ACUPs (Pā<ā.001)., Conclusions and Relevance: Almost all CUP samples harbored at least 1 clinically relevant GA with potential to influence and personalize therapy. The ACUP tumors were more frequently driven by GAs in the highly druggable RTK/Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway than the non-ACUP tumors. Comprehensive genomic profiling can identify novel treatment paradigms to address the limited options and poor prognoses of patients with CUP.
- Published
- 2015
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