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The article reports on a study by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany that confirmed Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity (GR). The study was reported from the discovery and monitoring of a neutron-star system. The system is said to be a binary pair labeled as J0348+0432. The main objective of the study team is to compare the binary orbit's decay rate with that forecasted by GR.

The article discusses the study on the so called supernova remnants (SNR). It cites the collaboration managing the Large Area Telescope (LAT) at the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, which discovered that proton acceleration to cosmic-ray (CR) energies is possible in two 10,000-year-old SNRs a few thousand light-years away. The early works by Vitaly Ginzburg and Enrico Fermi on the subject are also cited.

The article focuses on research about stellar nucleosynthesis in the early cosmos. Topics discussed include the discovery of two intergalactic clouds, methods for determining primordial intergalactic gas, such as metallicity, the measure of nonprimordial material found in a star or gas cloud, and the deuterium/hydrogen abundance ratio.

The article discusses the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess, and Brian Schmidt by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The article focuses on KamLAND, the Kamioka liquid-scintilator antineutrino detector completed in 2001. It says that KamLAND is located a kilometer underground in the disused Kamioka zinc mine in the mountains of west of Tokyo, Japan. It states that the ability of KamLAND to detect geoneutrinos is a result of the primary particle-physics purpose of the facility, which is to observe the flavor-oscillation disappearance of electron antineutrinos (¯ves) that emerge from reactors.

The article discusses the baloon-borne radio-pulse detector array experiment which discovers a new way of finding ultra-high cosmic rays. It refers to the Antartic Impulsive Transcient Antenna (ANITA) designed by Peter Gorham at the University of Hawaii to monitor the interaction of cosmogenic neutrinos with nuclei in ice. It indicates that the discovery of strong radio pulses presents a way of monitoring large areas of ice or ocean to reveal their extragalactic origins.

The article offers information on the observations made of the showers of secondary particles at the Pierre Augur Observatory in Argentina that indicate the cosmic rays (CRs) dominated by iron (Fe) nuclei at higher energies. It states that these observations are contrary to previous observations on ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray (UHECR) particles which indicate the proton dominance at highest energies. It describes how the Augur data appear to make a case for Fe dominance at highest energies.

The article presents a study which demonstrates that gamma-ray telescopes such as the U.S. National Aeronautics & Space Administration's (NASA) Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope can detect and show origins of cosmic rays. It mentions that the telescope Telescope has far better sensitivity, angular resolution, and sky coverage than the previous ones. It affirms that mapping the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) from Fermi telescope allows scientists to easily search for the origin of cosmic rays.

The article reports on theorists Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, and Toshihide Maskawa who received the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discoveries on particle physics' symmetry breaking. It says that Nambu discovered a mechanism for spontaneous broken symmetry while Kobayashi and Maskawa determined where broken symmetry originated predicting the presence of various quarks. It examines how the theorists were able to come up with the discoveries, considering the methods and theories used.

The article reports that the Belle collaboration at the KERB electron-position collider has reported impressive evidence for a four-quark mesons in Tsukuba, Japan. It states that the absence of exotic mesons whose quantum numbers require four quarks seemed plausible within quantum chromodynamics, an accepted theory of the strong interactions of quarks and hadrons. It is cited that every meson was characterized by a combination of quantum numbers that could be accounted by a quark-antiquark pair.

The article focuses on the new capabilities of a bubble chamber in searching the weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP). The bubble chamber's new capabilities has been reported by the researchers Chicagoland Observatory for Underground Particle Physics (COUPP) through their successful research and they found out that the bubble chamber is in search for a stable WIMPs.

This article presents new geographical research that indicates that England and France were connected by a land bridge until 450,000 years ago. Speculation began years ago that a chalk ridge linked Britain to Europe but no proof could be offered. But now a team led by Sanjeev Gupta and Jenny Collier at Imperial College London has reported that sonar mapping of the English Channel's floor indicates a huge megaflood.

The article reports on high-redshift supernovae as an indicator of the existence of the Hubble expansion dark energy for around 10 billion years. It says that cosmologists seek to find out how effective the dark energy was in much earlier epochs to explore its nature by looking for type 1a supernovae at very high redshifts.

The article reports on the presentation of the Nobel Prize in Physics to scientist John Mather and physicist George Smoot by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Sweden. The award was presented to them following their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. It is said that Mather and Smoot are both members of a team that developed the Cosmic Background Explorer of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

The article focuses on the offset of the dark matter in a pair of large galaxy clusters from hot and ionized intergalactic gas that dominates the baryonic mass of the cluster based on an analysis of optical and x-ray observations by researcher Douglas Clowe and colleagues. The cluster pair was discovered as an extended x-ray source in the southern constellation Carina in 1955. The conclusion is based on general assumptions about gravity under modification of Newtonian dynamics.

The article provides information on magnetic reconnection events. The abrupt reconnection of magnetic flux lines embedded in plasmas is an important mechanism for transferring energy from the magnetic field to the motion of plasma particles. When there is magnetic field in a plasma, the cyclotron gyration of electrons and ions effectively binds them to individual flux lines. The result is that the field lines are generally frozen into the plasma, riding along with its bulk motion. For example, in the solar wind embedded magnetic field lines ride Earthward at several hundred kilometers per second.

Discusses the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interactions by particle theorists David Gross, David Politzer and Frank Wilczek who won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics. Concept of asymptotic freedom; Research on the measurement of the deep-inelastic scattering of high-energy electrons off protons; Arguments on the field theory in the 1960s; Validity of quantum chromodynamics in predicting the hallmark of asymptotic freedom.

Deals with the dispute over the results of experiments on long-lived nuclear isomer of hafnium-178. Characteristics of nuclear isomers; Reason for the decision of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. to reduce the budget for hafnium-isomer research; Implications for the development of isomer weapons.

Focuses on several physicists who have contributed to the evolution of nuclear magnetic resonance. Paul Lauterbur at SUNY Stony Brook; Peter Mansfield at the University of Nottingham; Edward Purcell at Harvard University.

Details a series of experiments on exotic baryon. Electron charge of baryon; Analysis of baryon at the apex of the predicted antidecuplet; Evidence on the presence of baryon.

Reports that physicists at Los Alamos, New Mexico propose another kind of surveillance imaging that avails itself of a ubiquitous natural flux of highly penetrating radiation. Information on muons; Discussion on how the scientist group proposes to distinguish high-Z metals from common metals.

Provides information on the recipients of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics. Discovery of the first x-ray sources beyond the solar system by Riccardo Giacconi in 1962; Background on Raymond Davis Jr.; Ability of Masatoshi Koshiba to estimate the direction from which a neutrino came.

Reports on the Cosmic Background Imager (CBI), an interferometric microwave telescope in the Chilean Andes. Capabilities of the telescope in mapping fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB); Origin of CMB; Features of the CBI.

Investigates the heavy-ion program winding down at the Super Proton Synchroton (SPS) of the European Laboratory for Particle Physics. Information on the quark-gluon plasma; Why the SPS was not used as a heavy-ion collider; Suppression of charmonium at the lead-beam experiments; Examination of the energy distributions of the emerging particles. INSET: The Quantum Hall Effect--in Pentacene? by Barbara Goss Levi.

This article reports on the awarding of the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics to physics professors Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, as of January 1989. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded them jointly the prize for the neutrino-beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino. Lederman, Schwartz and Steinberger were teaching in the early 1960 when they conducted the first neutrino-beam experiment. Lederman is now director of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, and Steinberger is a senior physicist at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics and a professor at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, Italy. Schwartz is president of Digital Pathways, a computer communications firm in California. Not only did the demonstration provide a fundamental piece of information essential to the development of the now standard model of the elementary physics; it also introduced the basic technique for the experimental study of the weak interactions at high energies.

This article discusses an experiment on the origin of charge conjugation-parity inversion (CP) symmetry violation conducted by the French Conseil européen pou la recherche nucléaire (CERN) as of October 1998. For years, researchers have been asking whether CP violation can be understood as a subtle manifestation of the well-known weak interactions, or is it necessary to invoke a new and separate regime of superweak physics with quanta much heavier that the weak intermediate vector bosoms. Under the provocative title First Evidence for Direct CP violation, a recent issue of Physics Letters B carries the report of an experiment at CERN yielding the first observation of a significant departure from superweak predictions in CP-violating K° decays. A CERN-Dortmund-Edinburgh-Mainz-Orsay-Pisa-Siegen collaboration, headed by Heinrich Wahl, has measured the CP-violation parameter ε&prime/&epsilon to be (+3.3 ± 1.1) X 10-3, in good agreement with the prediction of the standard model. The superweak theory, by contrast, requires that ε&prime be identically zero. Experimenters had been looking for a nonvanishing ε&prime for two decades. But before this new result no experiment has had sufficient sensitivity toe establish a significant departure from zero. INSET: Contributions to CP violation in Ko decay..

Discusses a study suggesting that at sufficiently high energy densities, the phase-transition from ordinary nuclear matter to the quark-gluon plasma. Description of the experimental method of choice which is the banging of heavy nuclei together at the highest possible collission energies; Emergence of high-energy heavy-ion physics; Experiments with beams of oxygen nuclei; Energy lost by colliding nuclei resulting in the fusion into a single fireball, providing a glimpse of nuclear matter with the highest baryon densities obtained.

Introduces a technique in probing the universe. Use of the quasar lights in the technique; Efficacy of the technique; Consideration of the quasar absorption lines in recording distant galaxies without arduous telescope searches.

Provides information on B mesons. Decay modes of mesons; Indication of the bottom-flavored quark; Carriers of hardonic flavor.

Presents the retesting of physicist Baron von Eötvös' equivalence principle suggesting the possibility of a short-range Fifth force. Range and coupling constant; Particle theorists; Differential-acceleration data.

The National Academy of Sciences committee review of inertial-confinement-fusion program recommends the ICF budget should remain stable over the next five years. Centurion-Halite; Details of efforts by the Department of Energy's Defense Inertial Confinement Fusion program.

States that conversion in matter may account for missing solar neutrinos. Resonant neutrino conversion; Electron neutrinos produced in the Sun; Neutrino mass splitting; Gallium detectors; Statement that the electron neutrino is the lightest. INSET: Plastic Ball to CERN--and higher energies.

Investigates the interference effects of electromagnetic interactions in the U.S. Indications of nonsuperconducting metallic rings; Evaluation on the fundamental character of the quantum theory; Impact of the discovery of International Business Machine on electromagnetic interactions.

Profiles Klaus von Klitzing, the 1985 Nobel Physics Prize awardee for quantum Hall effect. Details on the classical Hall effect; Straightforwardness of measuring Hall conductivity to high precision; Characterization of the quantum Hall effect.

Examines the manifestation of positron emission in heavy-ion collisions predicted by QED. Speculations on the sources of the peak energy; Presence of electric fields in the space of few fermis; Features of spontaneous positron emission.

Reports that a group of researchers at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) were unsuccessful in their attempt to find millicharged particles. Information on the quantization of electric charge; Comments from SLAC theorist, Michael Peskin; What is the reason for using plastic scintillation; Increase in the rate of millicharge production.

Presents an examination of research conducted on neutrino flavor oscillation. Overview of oscillation; Japanese-American Super Kamiokande's report on evidence of oscillatory metamorphosis between different neutrino flavors; Reference to the use of a superdetector to elucidate the solar neutrino problem.

Focuses on the search for dark `massive compact halo objects' (MACHO) which are at least as massive as planets but generally less than a tenth the mass of the Sun. EROS, OGLE and MACHO as the three groups searching the sky for microlensing events which indicate the presence of MACHOs; Galactic bulge; Red dwarfs; Baryons.

Discusses results of research conducted on half-filled Landau levels; Halpherin-Lee-Read theory; Laughlin wave functions; General properties of fractional quantum Hall states.

Discusses the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), Europe's answer to the Superconducting Super Collider. Impending decision from the CERN Council, the governing body that represents the European laboratory's 17 member states; Building a proton-proton collider; Existing CERN accelerators to serve as the injectors; Reduction in Germany's assessment for the next three years; The Higgs sector; Four detector proposals; More.

Discusses the work of Georges Charpak of France, the winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize in Physics. Inventor of the particle detector; Bubble chambers and spark chambers; Work at CERN; Multiwire proportional chambers; Drift chambers; Biomedical imaging; More.

The article reports on a study conducted by a team composed of university researchers which led to a new null result that challenges favored supersymmetric extensions of the electric dipole moment (EDM) standard model. Topics discussed include the presence of a nonvanishing EDM in an electron and the EDM's implication of some spatial separation of charges. The exposure of pulsed beam of cold, polarized thorium oxide molecules to electric and magnetic fields is explained.

The article focuses on the discoveries of the Kepler telescope which was launched into the Earth-trailing orbit around the Sun by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in March 2009. It provides an overview of the analysis taken by professor Geoffrey Marcy and graduate students Erik Petigura and Andrew Howard on data obtained by Kepler which identifies 603 planets orbiting Sun-like stars. The result of the analysis favors the core-accretion scenario of planet formation.

The article profiles François Englert and Peter Higgs who were awarded with the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for their theoretical discovery of a mechanism, called Higgs, that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles. It offers information on prior studies on quantum electrodynamics (QED), the theory of the interaction of electrons with photons. The two 1964 papers of Higgs on gauge-invariant theories are discussed.

The article focuses on the study of Ralph Eatough and colleagues of Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIR) in Bonn, Germany related on their discovery of black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. It cites the discovery of the researchers as a solar-mass black hole marked by the prominent radio source SgrA in the constellation Sagittarius. It also mentions the assumption that a tiny fraction of radio pulsars are magnetars.

The article informs that nuclear binding energy, the one percent deficit of a nucleotide's mass relative to the masses of its constituent nucleons, encodes information about shell structure. It presents a new nuclear structure of neutron-rich calcium isotopes. The article also reports that first measurements of the isotopes were conducted by the collaborative team from ISOLDE radioactive-ion beam facility at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the Darmstadt theory team.

The article focuses on a report issued by an IceCube conservatory collaboration, led by Francis Halzen, which showed the upper limits on weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP) scattering cross sections. It describes the characteristics of the IceCube, which was designed to determine the flux of high-energy neutrinos from a variety of astrophysical point sources. The article also discusses the concept of WIMP annihilation.

The article focuses on the research conducted by the international Pan-Andromeda Archaelogical Survey (PANDAS) collaboration regarding Andromeda Galaxy which is considered Milky Way's twin, in order to look for evidence of how galaxies are form. Only 2.5 million light years (ly) away, it is noted that Andromeda has 1012 stars within its spiral arm disk which is 105 ly in diameter. A PANDAS aim is reportedly completion of an unbiased census of dwarf satellite galaxies within ANdromeda's halo.

The article reports on a study led by Moses Chan and Eunseong Kim at the Pennsylvania State University about the original evidence of supersolidity in helium-4. They found that the millisecond-scale resonant period of a solid helium-4 sample oscillating in a torsion oscillator (TO) dropped by 18 nanoseconds. They also interpreted the period drop as a decline in the oscillating sample's moment of inertia. In 2010, it was said that Kim carried out a different TO experiment.

The article discusses research on time-reversal asymmetry in particle physics. In 1960s, studies found a violation in symmetry between parity operation (P) and charged-conjugation operation (C) due to the decay of neutral K mesons. This violation in the combined operation (CP) is said to imply asymmetric interactions under time reversal (T). The evidence of T-symmetry violation found in the BaBar detector at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in the U.S. is tackled.