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An efficient blue organic light-emitting diode with 1,4-bis[2-(3-N-ethylcarbazoryl)vinyl]benzene doped into 4,4[sup ′]-N,N[sup ′]-dicarbazole-biphyenyl is reported. Maximum luminance and external quantum efficiency are 8500 cd/m[sup 2] and 2.6%. CIE-1931 coordinates are x=0.15, y=0.16. The device performance was further improved by introducing bis(2-methyl-8quinolinato)4-phenylphenolate aluminum to assist electron injection. The maximum luminance and quantum efficiency reached 11000 cd/m[sup 2] and 3.3%, respectively. Föster energy transfer and especially a carrier trapping mechanism are considered to dominate in the process of electroluminescence. © 2003 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demonstrates confined optical mode effect in a vertical microcavity by examining coupled interaction between photons in quantum wells. Effects of measuring the reflectivity spectrum of the quantum microcavity; Difference of the coupled interaction between photons and excitons; Role of coupling effects in micro-laser operation analysis.