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Rising temperatures, severe droughts, declining rainfall, and all effects of climate change on water scarcity. The goal of the study is to design a home filter that treats gray water generated by washing kitchen dishes and reusing water for irrigation and vehicle washing. Adsorption is the best option because of its straightforward infrastructure, increased effectiveness, and low cost. To remove oil and grease from gray water, one adsorbent was used: corn silk as a low-cost sorbent for removing oil & grease from the kitchen sink. Microscopy scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was applied to assess the efficiency of corn silk in the removal of oil & grease residues from grey water. Several metrics, including pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), DO, BOD, and Oil & Grease, were assessed using recognized techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar desalination technology is a solution to exploit seawater into clean water, especially for areas that have scarcity of water sources. Some researchers modify the geometry to increase the production of basin solar still. One of them is the research of Omara and Irfan, who made a single slope solar still (S4) with vacuum type, but in their study, they did not discuss the heat transfer. Therefore, this study aims to compare the heat transfer performance of single slope solar still (S4) with vacuum from Omara and Irfan's research and the temperature data from each study is used as the basis for calculating the heat transfer value and then analyzed. As a result of the value of each water temperature, glass temperature and ambient temperature (Tw, Tg, Ta), the difference is not too significant. The difference (qr-0 and qc-0) resulted in the effect of the rate of condensation on the productivity of distilled water, so that the productivity of Omara distilled water was more than Irfan's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As per the United Nations World Water Development Report of 2018, approximately 6 billion people will be impacted by clean water scarcity by 2050. Due to the rise in population, several parts of the world experience water crises as their groundwater table levels are decreased. In addition to this, wasting water through unwanted usage has become one of the habitual activities of the human population. To resolve this issue, an intelligent solution is proposed using water metering in this paper. A novel approach to performing automated water-metering by providing the water inlet and outlet information from the locality to the Water Distribution Board (WDB) is proposed in this paper. This smart metering method is distinct from currently available commercial models with a simple hardware setup for water inlet and outlet measurement and a mobile application. The proposed scheme significantly decreases overhead expenses on the water distribution board in handling water meter readings and billing water consumption. This scheme aims to make the consumers conserve water and become active participants in the water management system. This also helps in minimizing the unwanted use of water either from the corporation or from borewells at their localities and thus gives a great lead to water conservation and saving the lives of the future generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity starts affecting the world and the trend remains the same even worse over the time due to the increasing global population which is expected to be more than 9 billion by 2050. The major portion of the fresh water was consumed by agriculture sector predominantly on irrigation. India has 4% of world's freshwater resources to assist 18% of world population. Unlike USA and China, India takes 2-4 % more water for its agricultural production. Continuous harvesting without the sufficient measurement and provisioning of the soil nutrient may endanger the sustainability of the agriculture. The amount of macro and micronutrients, pH level and water is used to measure the fertility of the soil. In case of soil nutrient deficiency, fertilizers to be added to the soil to maintain the nutrient levels. Most of the farmers apply the fertilizers manually. The right amount of nutrient to be maintained or else it may affect the plant life cycle and reduce the yield. Therefore, there is a need to adopt the advanced technologies in agro irrigation system by applying intelligent systems and services for the effective usage of fresh water and to maintain soil nutrient. Intelligent Irrigation System (IIS) which schedules the irrigation dynamically based on the soil features. Deep learning model for soil moisture and nutrient prediction, the same model can be deployed into other domains such textile and home automation. Mobile application to the farmers to know the status of the irrigation and soil fertility information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of advanced algorithms geared towards solving the complex challenges of optimizing water resource management in irrigation systems plays a pivotal role in addressing the pressing issues of water scarcity, sustainable agriculture, and efficient resource allocation. These algorithms are meticulously crafted to encompass a myriad of intricate aspects within the realm of water management. In their intricate design, these algorithms take into meticulous consideration the delicate balance between the available water supply and the ever-fluctuating demands imposed by various sectors, including agriculture, industry, and domestic consumption. They strive to harmonize these factors, ensuring that water resources are efficiently allocated where needed while mitigating the risks of overuse or shortages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle East is continuing to experience severe water shortages for several reasons, including poor water management and natural climatic conditions. High rates of population growth, climate change, international conflicts, and instability have all also contributed to reductions in flow of water in Iraq, which are predicted to worsen in the future. In addition to a decrease in water flow from other sources, the lower basin of the Diyala River in Iraq is currently experiencing a lack of rain. A plan for water resources for the year 2045 was thus developed using the Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) model. In this study, three scenarios derived from a single reference year (2020) were used (reference scenario, wastewater reuse scenario, and loss reduction scenario) to calculate water demand. Water demand for all sectors was assessed at 3.12 BCM in the reference scenario for 2045, with the total quantity of water consumed for domestic use being 377.42 MCM. Of this, only 150.97 MCM will be consumed, however, leaving 226.45 MCM as discharge from basins that can be reused in domestic, agricultural, or industrial sectors. Adopting such reuse pattern could help to address Iraq's water scarcity issues, and the WEAP model should thus assist planners in developing and implementing water resource management plans in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A greater mass of the population deals with water scarcity to meet their daily needs, and the limited source of water available is growing under threat due to over-abstraction, pollution, and climate change. Thus, proper governance of available water needs to be a high priority for the moment. For the effective use of the available water as well as for the forecast of flood events, thorough estimation and prediction of streamflow and runoff are required, particularly in the southern region of India, where predominantly non-perennial rivers are prevalent. For the effective use of the available water as well as for the forecast of flood events, thorough estimation and prediction of streamflow and runoff are required. As water discharge plays a significant role in defining stream parameters such as stream pattern, size, shape, etc., the study focuses on establishing an interconnection between model predictions based on input parameters and calibration and observed data available by the Central Water Commission (CWC). For the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model calibration, input parameters like the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 30m resolution, MODIS Land Cover Type Product, soil map, and weather parameters are used. The total area derived concerning the outlet is divided into 5 sub- basins; the total study area is 4403228. 5598 acres, and the elevation varies from -7 to 1364 meters. By comparing the river flow forecast with the observed data for the period from 1980 to 2018, the model was calibrated and validated. The result can be further linked with river management and utilization planning by taking into account the flow prediction and the flood event that occurs during the NW monsoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity has been a severe threat to our society. Indonesia is a tropical country where solar energy is abundant and sustainable because it is available the entire year. In this work, we proposed a bilayer solar steam generation (SSG) system derived from coir fiber biomass as freshwater production from sea water. The proposed bilayer SSG system consisted of cellulose aerogel derived from coir fiber as the support for black ink that serves as photothermal material to convert sunlight into heat to evaporate water. The cellulose aerogel was synthesized from coir fiber using an aqueous urea-ammonia system of the mechanically and chemically pretreated coir fibers. The cellulose aerogel had excellent capillary effect for water with a water rise of approximately 0.63 cm/min. In addition, it also had low thermal conductivity, about 0.41 W/m·K. The water evaporation rate of the SSG system using the cellulose aerogel was relatively high that reached approximately 1.1 L/m2·h under 1 sun irradiation. It appears that cellulose aerogel with excellent capillary effect and low thermal conductivity can function well as both a water transporter and an insulator. The carbon black and cellulose aerogel appear promising as a sustainable photothermal, and substrate material used for solar-driven water purification to supply clean water from seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During last decades, African countries have gone through important changes for the sake of their development. Yet, several big challenges need to be addressed to sustain the development in the continent. Sorting out the best policies in this case is not straightforward. Morocco has implemented many programs aiming at tackling agriculture issues. However, one critical factor emerged as a key limitation to pursue such program: climate change. Water scarcity remains a critical constraint. Thus Morocco has to constantly change its policy in order to cope with these limitations. Stakeholders are in need of adaptation tools, that can help them to assess reasonably the different potential policies. In that work, we present a new system dynamics based framework for the Agriculture and Land Policy Simulations to support policy-makers decisions. Fitted to the case of Morocco, we use this tool to examine how elements of the Moroccan Green Plan can contribute to secure food production under different constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ablution wastewater can be reused and utilized, which is prudent. The greater the demand for clean water, the higher the costs, which is why alternative water treatment technologies must be implemented in anticipatioto anticipate future water shortages and ic benefits. The need for clean water is crucial in a varietvariousies and endeavors. The point of the study is to determine the design of the Sudalmiyah Rais Mosque's ablution water recycling system, which will include a sand filter and zeolite stone processing system. The research method used in this research is site surveys, research sampling, the manufacturing of research reactors, and laboratory tests. According to the results of research using a sand and zeolite filter reactor and laboratory tests, the Sudalmiyah Rais Mosque's ablution wastewater is classified as class B water under the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia's Regulation No. 416, which means that it can be used for raw or clean water but requires simple treatment. The dimensions of the ablution wastewater reservoir are 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 1.5 m, while the size of the ablution water reservoir is 3 m x 2 m x 1.5 m, based on the planning results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of SDGs goal is to ensure the availability of sustainable water and sanitation management. To achieve this target, Payakumbuh City has carried out water treatment for the Batang Agam River through the construction of a Water Treatment Plant. (WTP) is the source of PDAM's raw water. However, rapid population growth will one day lead to a deficit of clean water for that it is necessary to analyze the carrying capacity of water resources while looking for alternative solutions to meet water needs every year. The research method used is to analyze secondary data from the availability and needs of clean water in Payakumbuh City and to find alternative solutions to meet water needs through literature studies. The carrying capacity of water resources from the Batang Agam river is not sufficient to meet water needs with a DDA value of 0.63. The alternative solution to overcome water scarcity is expected that the people of Payakumbuh City should begin to shift their attitude from water use and dispose of it to saving water use by managing waste water and recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination of water has been an issue of great concern since a long time. The water resources have been depleting rapidly and this is not an unknown fact to mankind. Water shortages have become a consistent problem faced by mankind. Every now and then we hear news about contamination of water bodies by industrial effluents or sewage water. Increased agricultural activities, industrial ventures and poor e-waste management are few of the key reasons that are accountable for abnormal rise in the heavy metal concentration in water bodies. Many methods have been devised to purify wastewater but the use of biosorptive materials has gained popularity recently. The techniques like membrane filtration, ion-exchange, carbon adsorption, co-precipitation or adsorption, electrolysis and chemical precipitation are made use of for the elimination of heavy metals from wastewater, but these processes are appropriate for the removal of elevated concentration of heavy metals and are also very expensive. These techniques are not very functional when it comes to the removal of low concentration of metals. This is the drawback that creates scope for using cheap bio sorbents/adsorbents for heavy metal removal from wastewaters. Thus a bio sorption tower for reuse and recycle of agricultural run-off and e-waste was developed using a novel multilayer packed bed. The packed bed was designed by exploring the potential of various inexpensive bio sorbents by using them without any pre-treatment. Lab-scale run of the bio sorption tower thus designed and run with synthetic agricultural waste water showed good potential for bio sorption of heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing population growth and widespread pollution of water sources, the demand for drinking water is constantly increasing. Solar desalination is a promising solution to the problem of water scarcity. Solar distillation technology is an affordable and viable way to turn brackish seawater into drinkable water. Conventional solar energy efficiency and distillation yield are still below par. Many researchers have improved the acting of solar energy by modifying solar energy designs. The principal evenhanded this research is to review the improvement of the production of solar stills through modifications in the designs of their integration with additional heat sources, such as condensers, reflective mirrors, latent heat storage, sensible heat storage, wicking cloth, and use of nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is the most important role in day-to-day life. Water shortage is becoming a reality as water use and pollution continue to grow concern round the universe while s o m e reckless individuals waste water on a regular basis by overusing it, a large population remains without access to clean drinking water. This problem is caused by the irregular distribution of water. To deal with this, we need a solution that gives data about water flow rate as well as water use of an industrial area or home to the government to enable proper water distribution. This paper aims to build a Smart Water Metering System (SWMS) for real-time water monitoring. The relatively recent Smart Water Metering (SWM) Technology offers high resolution and frequent watering consumption data which may be wont to improve water protection and management by providing suggestions to customers. Water is one among the vital resources for the existence of human life then the Smart water management system features a key role in smart city. Through using moderate Internet of thing equipment including mobile applications, a smart metering solution suggested varies with standard production techniques. This device requires all Meter Readers to use standard devices as single local suppliers to do smart meter and upgrade the database of the network. An online tracking system is to provide these data on web dB in real-time. The routing protocol increases the reliability of water supply and lowers the use of electricity, potential failures and, as a result, loss of water supplies, and the alternative methods needed for smart water metering have been reviewed. And a design for a Smart water meter is proposed and an implementation detail of Smart water metering system is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is vital supporting resource for sustainable development of social, health and economics part of human being. Measuring the efficiency of water supply service is very important as the demands of water supply are increasing as the year passes due to the growing in population. Improving the efficiency of water supply service is also an economically viable way for water preservation. The studies of the water service performance measurement have been widely conducted by earlier researchers primarily using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA has been established as an effective method to measure relative efficiency of homogeneous entities which are known as decision making units (DMUs). The main advantage is that DEA has the ability to manage multiple inputs and outputs. However, standard DEA has some disadvantages and one of them is not being able to discriminate and rank those efficient units. Standard DEA can only classify DMUs into two categories generally named as efficient and inefficient units and consequently, not being able to provide full ranking of DMUs. Ranking the water service provider are necessary and important for every state so that necessary changes can be made in making future improvements. The Method for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is a standard decision-making approach with multiple characteristics that are commonly used for decision-making. The advantages of the TOPSIS method are it is easy to be practiced and it allows the best alternative criteria to be attained in a simple mathematical form. This paper proposed a hybrid approach based on DEA and TOPSIS techniques to overcome the problem of ranking which arise in standard DEA in evaluating the efficiency and ranking of the 14 state of water service provider in Malaysia. The result shows the availability of the application of the hybrid method in providing full ranking for Malaysian water service provider as there is no states shares the equal efficiency result as well as their ranking places as compared to the classical DEA method. Inefficient state then will be able to perform benchmarking process from the efficient state to make future improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Availability of water for drinking is dwindling, and in certain parts of the world, pure water is completely unavailable. The water shortage can be solved, though, if this water is retrieved from the atmosphere. The atmosphere contains water, but it only exists as vapor. Recent research has focused on the prospect of creating water from the atmosphere in the case of crises or other extraordinary circumstances in which drinking water is not immediately available. A device used to extract water from air is known as Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG). This paper focuses on designing, fabricating and performance evaluation of a portable AWG with different cutoff timings under atmospheric circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MThe United Nations program seeks to develop and restore the Iraqi marshes as part of its main objective, which includes the reconstruction of Iraq, as the decline of the marshes and water bodies in general negatively affecting all environmental elements in addition to the stability of the local population. The purpose of this study is important focus of the marshes and their role in sustaining water resources and alleviating global water scarcity, Al-Dalamj Marsh in Wasit province is the study area. General description of Al-Dalamj marsh will be held according to the international frameworks of description (DPSIR), analysis of environmental services for the marsh, analysis of the reflection of environmental and social variables (in/on) People and the environment in the marsh region, in addition to the Environmental Elements Analysis (EIA) model. In general, these methods of analysis gave us an integrated environmental, demographic and hydrological description of the current situation of the marsh and a questionnaire of weaknesses in its public facilities and management. In light of the above analysis, several steps and projects have been proposed to improve marsh management depending on the opinion of those concerned (beneficiaries, local government, ministry's staff) and the extent to which they accept these steps, in addition to accepting their suggestions, then these questionnaires were subjected to a multi-criteria analysis (MCA). The results of the analysis of the multi-criteria questionnaires were used to develop a time-scheduled integrated development and management plan for Al-Dalamj Marsh, which is the main objective of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh water scarcity in Jakarta is currently an urgent issue. Degrading quality and quantity of groundwater and massive increase of human population exacerbates the issue. Several alternatives have been proposed to solve this issue such as rainwater harvesting. This study analyzes the potential of rainwater harvesting system application at Cinta Kasih Flats by comparing the quantity of used water and saved water. Theoretical water saving using The Governor of The Province of The Special Capital Region of Jakarta Regulation number 122/2005 is 7% - 12%, if rainwater harvesting system was already applied during 2019-2020, the projected water saving is 5% - 8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is about simulation and experimentation for making a nano composite which can be used recursively for water purification. For this experiment titanium dioxide was used as the main component. Here magnetic nano material is used to extract all the particles from the water post usage. The water-dispersible and recyclable magnetic TiO2/graphene nano composites (TiO2/Fe3O4/GNSO3H) were fabricated and applied as an efficient photo catalyst for the removal of organic contaminants from water. Providing clean and affordable drinking water is one of the challenges in the present. The world's growing population is causing water shortages, and pollution is contaminating any remaining water resources. Nanotechnology has provided new water purification solutions. The current research reviews water treatment systems powered by nanotechnology, showing how they transform water supply and wastewater treatment is done. Different nanomaterial properties, methods, benefits compared to existing methods, limitations, commercial research requirements, and nanomaterial toxicity were analysed. Following which, the specific nano composites displayed good water dispersibility, high photo catalytic activity, and convenient magnetic separation. The current simulation is performed and the result is obtained. For this treatment couple of testing's done like Decomposition study of Methylene Blue, Recyclability study for Methylene Blue etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the Gunungkidul Regency during the dry season for agricultural cultivation experienced water shortages for irrigation. This research was conducted in Bandung Village, Playen District, Gunungkidul Regency. The aim of this study was to explore the factors that influence farmers to cultivate shallots during the dry season. This research was conducted in August 2019. This type of research uses a qualitative approach, primary data types, sampling technique using Snowball sampling, Data Collection Techniques interviews with farmers, community leaders and agricultural extension workers (PPL), the results of the study indicate that the factors which influence affect the following: 1) natural resource factors that are suitable for water sources; 2) local government support in the form of production facilities assistance; 3) profits from shallot farming; 4) easy in maintenance and short life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is part of the hydrological cycle located below the earth's surface in the pores and crevices of rocks and soil. Water scarcity is increasing around the world and the need for water presence is increasing due to growing demands in several fields. Geologically, Lamongan District is composed of alluvium formations and Plio-Plistocene Sediments where alluvium formations consist of keracal, gravel, sand, silt, clay, fossil shell fragments, mud or as coluvium and plio-plistocene sedimentary formations consist of clay rocks, limestone inserts and sandstone. This study was conducted to determine the quality of groundwater reserves based on the value of solute solids. The method was carried out by taking water samples in the wells of residents' homes in Lamongan District. After data processing was carried out, it was found that the quality of groundwater reserves based on the value of dissolved materials in Lamongan District ranged from 73 ppm – 3187 ppm where the northern area of the study had a higher value of solute substances compared to the southern area of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algarve, the southern district of Portugal, is a well-known touristic destination, since the 70s of the XX century. Besides, this emerging economic activity for the last 5 decades, the ancient economical bases were founded upon agriculture and fishery primary sector. Although agriculture is still an important motor of the region economy, the main producers are located on the fertile terraces and the traditional subsistence agriculture was practically abandoned, as well as the drystone walls used to level the slopes and create small terraces. These were used for agriculture, forestry and goat breeding purposes, but also for soil erosion control, as well as to retain and channel the rainwaters into natural or constructed reservoirs, since this is a semi-arid region and there's a shortage of water. With the rural exodus on the 70s and the replacement of the subsistence agriculture for farming production, drystone walls face abandon, only still standing due to its resilience. However, the lack of maintenance led to vegetation invasion, and consequently to wall tumbling, compromising their function and the human access to deepest forestry areas. The quantity of drystone walls in Algarve is immense and not only they make part of the constructed heritage, but they also stand up for climate change mitigation and forest fire prevention, thus an important patrimony that must be preserved. The research hereby presented aims, not only to highlight the importance of its maintenance and rehabilitation for the Algarve territory, impacting on cultural, socio-economical, environmental and sustainability indicators, but also to demonstrate the risks associated to the neglection of these structural elements and future implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the vital concerns of today's world is war, pollution, inequalities between different countries, and lack of familiarity of culture between different nations. These utmost issues can only be fathomed with the help of Global citizenship education. The main aim of Global Citizenship Education is to succor learners to opt for an individual, national and global identity so that they will be able to partake actively in deciphering all international problems like water scarcity, global poverty, food security, nuclear holocaust, cold war among countries, etc. This clamor educates students beyond the geographical partition. Therefore, this paper addresses the aim of Global Citizenship Education and its role in educational institutes. This paper will also tell us how global citizenship education can make an individual a real problem solver at the international level in the future and will help in knowing the impact of such education upon the globe. The outcome of this research indicates that GCED clasps unusual character and needs exceptional education in day-to-day affairs. In this paper, with the help of a literature review, I have proposed to merge all good scholars and specialists from every continent to traverse the current hypothesis which are instructing all the academic houses to focus on converting candidates into true human being. The involvement of analysts from different places will also help us in knowing how GCED has a mixed meaning in different parts of the world. Afterward, research has been done upon the factors which GCED will contribute to making a person a real problem solver at the international level and creating a sense of equality in an individual concerning different cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater is any form of water that has been contaminated by domestic or commercial processes. The toxic pollutant in wastewater poses threat to humans and the environment. Wastewater treatment facilities aid in the purification of water and remediate problems regarding water scarcity. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have emerged as a potential method for wastewater treatment techniques and at the same time as one of the most promising technologies for bio-energy generation. Plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC) is an MFC-derived technology that employs plant roots. The plant is embedded in the anode of MFC which is a carbon cloth. Plant roots deposit organic molecules in the anode, which are oxidized by electrochemically active bacteria. The excreted rhizodeposits generate bioelectricity. PMFC is a renewable and sustainable source of electricity. Extensive research on PMFC has focused on various structural design, optimization, and performance, and considerable progress has been made in these areas. However, hardly few research studies have pivoted on establishing the application of PMFC as a sustainable agricultural approach. The leafy vegetable, Amaranthus dubius (red spinach) is employed in this study to generate electricity and provide wastewater treatment. The data was monitored for 65 days, and the maximum voltage generation was 260mV. An assessment of the voltage generated is conducted to calculate the bioenergy produced. The crop yield and wastewater treatment efficiency are examined during the progress of plant growth as well. Overall, the research demonstrates the possible application of PMFC technology in wastewater treatment, crop production, and bio-energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity and Malaysia is synonym to each other. Interestingly this country receives approximately 3000mm of precipitation every year yet, it does not change fact that drought still occurs annually. Although the study of water resources management has been done aggressively, the results seems to be used only for literature purposes and rarely been apply to concur the problem. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the research pattern of water level specifically on dam which focused on the publication outcome includes the authors, country and keywords using Scopus database. From 1961 to 2022 a total of 1241 journal articles were retrieved. The finding shows that the number of publications on water level at dam increased dramatically on 2014 with 21% of annual growth rate. China is the leading country in publishing articles related to water level followed by United States and Malaysia is at 16th place. This paper presents results that help researchers not only for their literature but helps in narrow down their studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination of water has been an issue of great concern since a long time. The water resources have been depleting rapidly and this is not an unknown fact to mankind. Water shortages have become a consistent problem faced by mankind. Every now and then we hear news about contamination of water bodies by industrial effluents or sewage water. Increased agricultural activities, industrial ventures and poor e-waste management are few of the key reasons that are accountable for abnormal rise in the heavy metal concentration in water bodies. Many methods have been devised to purify wastewater but the use of biosorptive materials has gained popularity recently. The techniques like membrane filtration, ion-exchange, carbon adsorption, co-precipitation or adsorption, electrolysis and chemical precipitation are made use of for the elimination of heavy metals from wastewater, but these processes are appropriate for the removal of elevated concentration of heavy metals and are also very expensive. These techniques are not very functional when it comes to the removal of low concentration of metals. This is the drawback that creates scope for using cheap bio sorbents/adsorbents for heavy metal removal from wastewaters. Thus a bio sorption tower for reuse and recycle of agricultural run-off and e-waste was developed using a novel multilayer packed bed. The packed bed was designed by exploring the potential of various inexpensive bio sorbents by using them without any pre-treatment. Lab-scale run of the bio sorption tower thus designed and run with synthetic agricultural waste water showed good potential for bio sorption of heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater is an inseparable part of humankind. Clean water is used in domestic as well as in commercial application. Separation of unwanted dirt particle, bacteria, and viruses from water by conventional method of desalination causes expensiveness. Reasonable amount of distilled productivity can be extracted from solar stills. Solar stills are cost effective and easy to design. In rural area poor people can't afford expensive traditional desalination devices. Shortage of clean water could be resolved by creating traditional stills at cheap cost. A solar still overcomes the two main problems of our country that is shortage of fresh water and energy. It basically converts the brackish, saline water to potable water. This review paper describe the importance of solar still, it's working, various factors to affects it's productivity and numerous devices which can be attached to increase the performance and yield. This paper have two objectives : Energy, exergy, economic and enviro-economic analysis of single effect solar still & Energy, exergy, economic and enviro-economic analysis of double effect solar still. In this review, comparisons is done on single effect and double effect stills on the basis of thermo-economic and enviro-economic. This paper also attempts to explain various techniques to improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of solar still. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is on the edge of a water scarcity and availability of water is immediate threat. Environmental sustainability drive stimulate efforts towards water conservation and encourages developing systematic water minimization techniques. In this paper, a review of the state of the art of pinch technology has been performed and an efforts has been made to collect, analyze and outline the latest methodologies and trends of water conservation. This review paper synthesizes water pinch techniques for water reuse, water regeneration, water recycle, flow rate targets followed by water network design and economic evaluation, implementations with help of case studies of different industries. The paper also provides in depth analysis of Water Pinch Technology development and includes the advancements in pinch methodology, implementations, case studies and suggesting future research direction. To make evident the prospective and application of water pinch technology at factual industries, sincere efforts has been put in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capability of Artificial Intelligent and GIS plays a significant part for the management of ungauged basins by predicting the runoff which represents one of the hydrological variables. This research has been carried out on Al-Murr basin, which resides in Nineveh province, northern of Iraq, where a computational intelligence model based on two artificial neural networks as Non-linear Autoregressive Network with Exogenous inputs (NARX) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) have been developed for the prediction of the annual runoffs. The procedures of the model calibration and validation have been tested according to a number of the error criteria, in which obtained accuracy of performance had reached 84.61%, which resulted in the model giving quite close predicted results with quite small statistic errors for the years of the predicted period from 2018 to 2049 after that, the model starts collapsing and give irrational results. Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) approach has been utilized for the determination of the annual depth of the runoff (predicted as well as actual values) that have been utilized for analysis and comparisons. GIS environment has been initiated by primary available and calculated data, in which results of spatial distribution for actual and predicted runoff showed that the basin will be suffering from the shortage of water amounts in predicted period where general average runoff will be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drinkable water scarcity is a serious issue in several nations, influencing the lives of millions of people all throughout the world. While many techniques try to assist in addressing the issue of water shortage, they consume a lot of energy and release a lot of CO2. In recent decades, adsorption desalination technology has attracted a lot of attention as it is operating by low-grade thermal energy resources, consumes less thermal power, generates cooling as a side effect, and emits less CO2. This study looks at a double bed silica gel and water based cycle numerically and a single bed silica gel and water based cycle experimentally. The present cycle's conservation of energy / mass equations was modeled using MATLAB SIMULINK software, and the energy-balance equations of the adsorber bed, condenser, and evaporator were solved as a result. In the practical side, the adsorption desalination system was designed and built with all its main parts (adsorption bed, condenser and evaporator) and secondary (pumps, air vacuum system, attached chiller unit and cold and hot water tank). The examination of various essential factors such as heat source, condenser, evaporator temperatures, and half cycle duration was carried out to determine their influence. The simulation model used in this paper was verified using previously published experimental research on the (SDWP) and (SCP) provided by the system. The numerical results show that the greatest (SDWP) generated from the cycle is (19.3221 l/kg ads per day) utilizing Tb =90°C, Tch= 24°C, Tc= 30°C and t half cycle= 320 s and (SCP) is (493.1831 W/kg ads) at Tb= 90°C, Tch= 24°C, Tc= 30°C and t half cycle= 320 s. The experimental results show the greatest (SDWP) and (SCP) is (12.6 l/kg ads per day) and (331.12 W/kg ads per day) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the scarcity of water in Al-Diwaniyah city most people have resorted to use groundwater for irrigation and watering animals, in addition to use it for drinking for some people. Samples of groundwater were collected from wells in varying locations of Al-Diwaniyah city, at different depths of the wells ranged between 5 – 15 m. The effective technique of neutron activation for the polymer detectors CR-39 was applied to investigate uranium content in groundwater samples. Findings of uranium levels in groundwater ranged from 1.98 ± 0.215µg/l to 5.06 ± 0.224 µg/l with an average value 3.60 ± 0.249 µg/l. The excess cancer risk (ECR) values in the surveyed district ranged from 0.14 × 10−4 to 0.55 × 10−4. Comparison of the current results with the global and recommended findings showed that the results were less than the acceptable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippines is known to have abundant rainfall averaging from 960 to 4000 mm annually. Despite this abundance, water scarcity is imminent and growing especially during the dry periods. Despite its archipelagic structure and abundance in rainfall, the Philippines is projected to be water stressed in 2040. The need for alternative and intermittent water sources such as rainwater harvesting rises. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is defined as the collection, conveyance, storage, and treatment of rainwater for on-site use. Currently, there is limited research on rainwater harvesting application in the Philippines and there is no established standard or guidelines for its local design, construction, operation, and maintenance. This study reviews rainwater harvesting, its history, its components (catchment, conveyance, first-flush diverter, storage), harvested rainwater quality, and treatment methods for possible nation-wide adoption in the Philippines. Some problems hindering the integration and implementation of this technology include lack of acceptance, motivation, and involvement among potential users, missing hydrological data and information for confident planning, design, and implementation of RWH systems, and insufficient attention to social and economic aspects such as land tenure and unemployment. To address these, possible strategies to encourage implementation of RWH include information education campaign strategies to promote the value and latest development of the technology, offering subsidy and interest loans for potential users, tax exemptions for private institutions, and strict implementation, review, and expansion of RA 6716, "An Act Providing for the Construction of Water Wells, Rainwater Collectors, Development of Springs and Rehabilitation of Existing Waterwells in All Barangays in the Philippines" for government institutions. With the advancement of technology, GIS-based decision making can be implemented in optimizing the location and sizing of rainwater harvesting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large percent of the globe's population is experiencing water shortage and alternative water sources would soon be a necessity. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is an alternative that can be utilized as it is relatively abundant and easy to collect. However, in the Philippines, only about six percent of the annual rainfall is captured. This paper used multi-criteria decision analysis to assess the preferences of 329 rural residents in Teresa, Rizal to evaluate possible RWH alternatives. Reliability, cost, adoption factors, and benefits were the main criteria used in the analysis. Scores were evaluated and transformed using yield after spillage (YAS) to determine rainfall reliability. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was used to weigh the different factors from alternatives and were ranked considering different scenarios. It was found that respondents found all criteria relatively important. A 1000L plastic tank with a 20L first flush is likely to be adopted followed by a 3000L ferrocement tank with a 200L first flush. Those with higher incomes considered cost and benefits with higher importance, thus a 5,000L ferrocement tank is most preferred for them. In preparing for future scenarios a larger storage tank is recommended to accommodate the increase in rainfall variability and water demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is in the midst of a water crisis, with the country's population expected to face severe water scarcity by 2025. With rising population expansion and development, different means for ensuring water availability must be seriously examined. Greywater management, which is defined as all sources of residential wastewater except toilet wastewater (Blackwater), is becoming increasingly significant, particularly in rural regions, where poor wastewater management is one of the leading causes of pollution and fatal diseases. Greywater reuse, when done correctly, has a lot of potential as an alternative water source for things like irrigation and toilet flushing. The 'Constructed Wetland (CW) system' is a solution that has proven to be particularly effective in recycling greywater. The various treatment technologies for greywater treatment are discussed in this paper. The possibilities for reuse of treated greywater are also discussed in the article. The eco-friendly nature, low capital investment, zero energy requirements and O&M hassle free approach in CW clearly identifies it as a sustainable alternative to conventional treatment systems for greywater management in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IoT is a network of interconnected physical items, like sensors, software, computing power, and other technologies, that communicate with one another through the Internet or other communication networks. Organic and homegrown plants are preferred in research. Some want them for health and safety reasons, while others just want to eat more greens. This research refers to the use of humans or any other kind of manual-operated equipment for this purpose. One size does not fit all when it comes to plants. When compared to other plants, some may only need half the quantity of water. As a result, adopting IoT-based watering systems also addresses this issue. Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), and Nitrogen (N) concentrations in soil will be measured with the use of a color sensor in this study. The presence of NPK concentration in soil is measured and detected using a color sensor. Photodiode on color sensor is used to determine how much more of these nutrients should be supplied to the soil in order to boost soil richness and fertility. Our initiative aims to address a wide range of real-world issues. First and foremost, we address the critical problem of water shortage. We have all learned about drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and other water-saving techniques in agricultural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C&DW is among the most common types of trash collected around the world, and it's utilized to create recycled aggregates. Around the world, between 12 and 22 tonnes of construction trash are collected. C&DW includes a diverse spectrum of materials resulting from a variety of operations, including construction, restoration, demolition, land clearing, and even natural disasters. Flakiness index, elongation index, and water absorption are all parameters of recycled aggregate. Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) is a building material that can also be used for pavements and walkways. The debris gathered from building and demolition sites is pulverized into small pieces and used for a number of purposes. Most important problem that is to be considered is the growing demand for the natural aggregate as the population increases. In this paper, research on recycled concrete aggregate is conducted to address the shortage of raw materials and to analyze the performance of the RAC and natural aggregate. In the production of concrete RA are been used nowadays. The life cycle assessment (LCA) of Recycle Aggregate and the natural aggregate is studies to know the sustainability of the material. LCA is a tool that is used for evaluating, comparing and improving the environmental impacts of the product within their life cycle. The recycled aggregates were collected from the construction wastes from the nearby sites. LCA for treated recycled aggregate and non-treated recycled aggregate were performed to know their performance. The use of LCA can improve the development of product and explore the properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are vulnerable to various environmental stressors, reducing crop output. Plants face abiotic and biotic stress. Drought is a critical abiotic environmental stressor that has a negative impact on crop yield. According to the United Nations, Environment Programme around 60% of the world's land area is classed as dry or semiarid. Because of erratic rainfall distribution and water scarcity, there is a greater demand for creating drought-resistant species today than previously. This objective can be accomplished by thoroughly understanding drought resistance's genetic and molecular mechanisms. Significantly accumulating metabolites in agricultural plants during drought stress are critical metabolites, and they are related to putative biochemical pathways, enzymes, or gene sites to understand tolerance processes better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clean water distribution network in Perumnas Monang Maning, Pemecutan Village, West Denpasar District, Denpasar City has a limited capacity and over time the population in the area has also experienced a fairly rapid increase so that the need for water is also increasing. So it is necessary to evaluate the current clean water supply system. To evaluate the existing distribution network system, population analysis, water demand analysis, and distribution network hydraulic analysis were carried out using the WaterCad v8i program. The results of the analysis show that the current network capacity is experiencing a pressure shortage caused by the large flow velocity in the current distribution network so that the pressure loss that occurs is also large. Based on this problem, the network capacity development is carried out by increasing the current pipe diameter so that the flow velocity and pressure loss in the distribution network can be reduced. The diameter of the pipe used will be adjusted to the projected needs in the next 25 years. The results of the projected population in the next 25 years using the geometric method are 38,476 people with a total water requirement of 116.55 lt/sec and the pipes needed to accommodate the discharge are pipes with a diameter of 10 and 12 inches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing population growth, increasing environmental pollution, and a shortage of basic resources, especially water, have worsened the ongoing problem of food insecurity. Food security requires all people at all times to have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets the needs of active, healthy lives, yet traditional farming methods are currently unable to meet these new demands in continuously growing markets. One of the most important current developments in the modern agriculture sector is thus greenhouse technology, and modern greenhouse agricultural production relies heavily on instrumentation and control system technologies that manage many automated tasks. Artificial intelligence technology, as one of the most important modern methods of managing complex systems, can thus be employed for real time monitoring of the microclimate environment as well as many basic tasks within such greenhouses, and this is the main driver of this review paper. In particular, however, the paper focuses on the potential abilities of artificial intelligence to monitor and control systems in the greenhouse microclimate environment, and to this end, a comprehensive study of the current field of greenhouse microclimate applications is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean water is one type of water-based resource that is of good quality and commonly used by humans for consumption or in carrying out their daily activities, including sanitation. The arrival of COVID-19 has increase water usage as hand washing is a must. However, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), several localities face higher infection risks due to water supply shortages resulted from the increased demand for treated water. Having a contingency plan to facilitate that change can reduce the probability of water supply shortages. However, existing literature lacks detailed insights on water usage changes during a pandemic and pandemic response model. Response plans that tackle changing water demands during a pandemic, using COVID-19 as a case study, are compelling. Hence, this paper aims to determine the impact of COVID-19 on treated water supply and demand in Pahang. The results reveal that the lockdown during COVID-19 has increased domestic water demand and decreased demand for non-domestic (i.e., commercial, industrial, and government building). The net effect of these changes varies from place to place, depending on the relative proportion of domestic and non-domestic water usage across the major economic sectors. The findings are helpful for future water management strategy plans in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has the opportunity to become a country with a very high level of risk of water shortages. This means that water reserves are no longer sufficient to meet demand. The desalination method is needed to solve the problem of the water crisis in Indonesia. In this study, a new alternative desalination method with droplet atomization was developed that utilizes the phenomenon of air entrainment. This study analyzes the effect of nozzle diameter on the spray angle to characterize the mist in the desalination process from the design results. The research was conducted by observing the spray angle using a video camera image processing program. It was found that the nozzle diameter affected increasing the nozzle spray angle with increasing pressure. The 0.5 diameter nozzle has a wider spray angle than the others, with the highest angle of 62,250 at a pressure of 9 bar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrational use of water resources is one of the main obstacles to the sustainable development of irrigated agriculture in Uzbekistan. Experts point out that the decline in crop yields and, in some cases, losses are related to the problem of water scarcity. To alleviate this situation, it is necessary to introduce cost-effective technologies in the irrigation system to prevent wastage of water, which is equal to a drop of gold. Therefore, this article discusses the application of drip irrigation in the irrigation of agricultural crops and the improvement of its automated system. One of the most important aspects of this process is the control of soil moisture. The improved drip irrigation system includes a moisture control sensor, which, along with soil moisture control, performs one of the important functions in saving water and energy resources. Water and energy consumption for irrigating 1 hectare of land was calculated using the improved option of drip irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Uzbekistan, in recent years, there has been a shortage of water resources used for irrigation. Therefore, during the growing season, it is necessary to use possible additional sources of irrigation. Such waters can be water pumped out from vertical drainage wells. The object of the study is land irrigation pumped out from vertical drainage wells by pumped water in the Fergana region in the economy of Musazon Ismoilov. Irrigated crop-cotton. The research method is used to estimate the size of the absorption of clarified and turbid water in the furrow by applying a mathematical filtration model. For the distribution of turbid flow velocities, the distribution of turbid flow according to OG Natishvili was considered, and the flow rate flowing through the cross-section was determined. Scientists and specialists have found that when using groundwater pumped out by vertical drainage wells, due to their clarity compared to irrigation water containing suspended sediments (i.e., turbidity), more intensive absorption occurs. For uniform moistening of the field, it will be necessary to increase the supplied irrigation rates. According to the application of a mathematical model, it was found that the speed of the turbid flow is greater than the speed of the pure flow. This is because 15-20% of the flow rate of clean water (pumped out of the vertical drainage well) goes to filtration. With the result obtained, it can be concluded that the water pumped out from vertical wells can be used as an additional source of irrigation in case of a shortage of water resources during the growing season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study of the influence of land reclamation regime due to cotton irrigation, biological reduction of the salinity of collector-drainage waters using aquatic plants to create additional water sources, irrigate crops, and obtain sustainable results yields in conditions of water shortage. Experience increased mineralization of drainage water in the small ponds. From water plants, such as Lemna minor, Azolla caroliniana and Eichhornia crassipes. When analyzing the salt regime of the soil, the content of chlorine ions in the control variant with direct irrigation with drainage water at the end of the growing season was 0.034%. With the method of reduced mineralization using aquatic plants, the content of chlorine ions in the soil was 0.025-0.029 %. It is less salt build-up. The yield of cotton was 31.9 c/ha in the control variant and more than the control 7.9-8.4 c/ha in other experiment variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional methods of curing need a huge quantity of water. Water shortages and high-rise construction make this more difficult to do. To maximize concrete's strength and durability, curing is a critical factor to consider. The concrete elements de-shuttering will be done on completion of its curing time to initiate its strength which normally take max of 14 - 21 days until the element attains the strength of twice the stress it observes at the time of removal of formwork. The time delays to attain the strength of the desired grade of concrete and its curing time to allow the hydration process has been addressed. Hence the idea is to cut short the setting time process and curing time process by use of admixtures and limiting the desired strength within the short period of 7 days and by avoiding the direct curing and allowing the concrete for its self-curing for it entire period of attaining its ultimate strength. The project is analyzed by taking basic concrete grade of M20, And M20 grade of concrete is verified with two different admixtures of Auramix-200 and Auracast 404 for its early strength with a percentage Ratios of 0.38 to 1.0% and evaluate the optimum dosage and suitable admixtures out of two selected. Trail mixes has been worked out for attaining early strength in short period of 1,3 and 7 days and after that the blending of the self-curing chemical is added and work out for the different combination to obtained for the optimum dosage of the combination for early strength attainment and self-curing chemical to avoid traditional curing. The combination of early strength admixture Auracast 404 -0.4% and self-curing chemical Glycol-4000 with 0.65% dosage has achieved to provide best results. With the optimum combination the results of M20 grade of concrete without curing has been achieved in 7days output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability and development of water resources is a matter of utmost importance, especially for the countries of the Middle East that are threatened by water scarcity such as Iraq due to the different social, political and economic conditions. The importance of studying the sustainability of water resources for different regions, especially those far from water sources, to achieve a water balance between supply and demand and to ensure the provision of water resources and a safe environment for future generations. For the purpose of studying the subject of sustainability, the studies have come up with a proposal and adoption of many indicators that can be applied in all regions. In this paper, the Canadian Water Sustainability Index CWSI proposed by the policy research initiative PRI was used and applied in the Ain al-Tamr region, which is located in southwest of the holy city of Karbala /Iraq and which is completely fed by groundwater. All data required to calculate the values of the five CWSI components (i.e. resources, infrastructure, ecosystem health, human health, and capacity) were collected according to the PRI assessment method. The weights of CWSI components were determined using a pair-wise comparison method. The results showed that the value of CWSI for the study area was 55.331. It is possible to apply this method to study sustainability after determining the weights of the components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farming adds to a significant bit of India's GDP. Two significant issues in present day agriculture culture are water shortage and high work costs. These issues can be settled utilizing agribusiness task mechanization, which supports accuracy farming. Thinking about wealth of daylight in India, this paper examines the plan and improvement of an IoT based sunlight based fueled Agribot that robotizes water system task and empowers far off ranch checking. The Agribot is created utilizing RASBPBERRY PI. It harvests sun-oriented quality while now not acting water system. While executing the undertaking of water system, it developments close by a pre-chosen course of a given ranch, and faculties soil dampness substance and temperature at ordinary focuses. Further, Agribot goes about as an IOT gadget and sends the insights amassed from more than one sensor to a distant utilizing Wi-Fi connect. At the distant worker, crude realities are handled the utilization of sign preparing tasks, for example, sifting, pressure and expectation. As needs be, the examined records data is shown the utilization of an intelligent interface, as steady with client demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, many regions in Asia face the water shortage issue. In the regions where people do not have enough water per capita, food production and industrial development gets reduced. To fulfill increasing demand of water, some overlooked aspect of water harvesting like fog needs to be addressed. For India which already is under water shortage and is populated, fog nets can reduce the burden on physical resources to a large extent. Fog contains considerable amount of water, which can be collected with the use of any obstacle put in its flow path. Fog net is a mesh with size smaller than the water droplet size, which leads to trapping of water droplets in mesh. Collected water can be stored for further uses. Fog net technique can work successfully in the regions with high fog formation. A simple installation can efficiently provide the water for drinking or agriculture. Some models have been developed for predicting the fog water efficiency and fog collector efficiency. Lakhpat, a place near the western cost of Gujarat is considered as study area for this project as it is facing water problems like low water table, high salinity of ground water, lack of physical water resources etc. By analyzing the technique of water harvesting through fog nets and its efficacy in the study area, the method has positive results theoretically and may be used in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]