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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been overwhelming worldwide for past years. The evolutionary novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which responsible for the disease is characterized by its innate ability to replicate due to its main protease. Therefore, investigation on the inhibitory mechanism against main protease is necessary in order to develop effective COVID-19 therapeutics. Natural product-based compounds have been extensively explored to urge this purpose. Naturally occurring phytochemicals like alkaloids are essential compound groups that have been identified to potentially prevent and treat COVID-19. In this computational research, pyrrolizidine alkaloids commonly found in honey were selected to provide more insights on their potential as SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Interactions of the alkaloids against SARS-Cov-2 main protease were investigated using molecular docking simulation. Results found that senkirkine and seneciphylline have the closest binding affinities compared to the natural ligand of the receptor. In addition, the entire compounds were able to form interactions with the receptor as results of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious diseases of worms, are still a health problem with a high burden based on the incidence and mortality rates in Southeast Asian countries. Considering the high prevalence of worm sufferers in Southeast Asian countries, collaboration between researchers in the region of the country is needed. Indonesia and Malaysia, two countries that have close cultural affinities have the most opportunity to pioneer such cooperation and are expected to continue to develop into cooperation with other countries. The use of anthelmintics that can completely treat worm infections, namely worms and eggs is a necessity. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of worms and anti-worm eggs from Java apple leaf. The study was done with evaluated for anthelmintic activity on worms and eggs. Result showed that the ethanol extract caused a paralytic effect after contact with Ascaris suum for 90 minutes on male worms but had no effect on female worms for 120 minutes of observation. Ethanol extract significantly decreased the number of fertile eggs compared to control (p<0.05). The Java apple leaves have the potential to be developed into natural anthelmintic preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperpigmentation is a skin-related problem caused by overproduction of melanin due to tyrosinase overexpression. Several compounds from Nigella sativa (N. sativa) have showed a potential to treat hyperpigmentation by regulating melanogenesis via tyrosinase inhibitory mechanism. In this study, a molecular docking approach was selected to investigate the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of thymol and three quinone derivatives found in N. sativa. Results indicated that thymol and quinones of N. sativa showed affinity toward tyrosinase. However, only thymoquinone and dithymoquinone showed better affinity compared to its natural ligand, with binding free energy values of −25.98 and −28.70kJ/mol, respectively. It is also revealed from the result that the strong affinity and better binding stability of thymol and quinone derivatives toward tyrosinase were contributed from hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Christinin is a saponin derivative and becoming the most abundant component in the leaves of Arabic bidara (Ziziphus spina-christi L.). This compound tends to have acted as an effective antimicrobial against bacteria and fungi, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans which often cause infections on the skin surface and are treated with the use of an antiseptic solution. This study aims to identify and detect the content of christinin as a secondary metabolite compound of saponins in Arabic bidara leaves extract using UPLC-MS/MS. Preliminary testing has been done to identify saponins from the simplicia of Arabic bidara leaves. These preliminary tests were conducted by foam, and color test. Those tests were then continued by screening the relative molecular mass of christinin compounds from Arabic bidara leaves extract using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer/tandem Mass Spectrophotometer (UPLC-MS/MS). Preliminary test results showed that the simplicia leaves of Arabic bidara contain triterpenoid saponins. The UPLC-MS/MS spectrum screening resulted in the relative molecular mass of christinin and its derivatives, close to the literature data, namely christinin-A 911.48 m/z, christinin-B 991.26 m/z, christinin-C 913.26 m/z,and christinin-D 1037.68 m/z. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lard which was adulterated into palm oil was extracted by maceration and analyzed for physicochemical properties. Maceration method was developed using n-hexane solvent and analysis of physicochemical properties including: specific gravity, acid number, iodine number and total microbe. The factorial completely randomized design (CRD) method used consisted of two factors, namely: Factor I: Solvent Concentration (K) consists of 4 levels, namely: K1 = 20%, K2 = 30%, K3 = 40% and K4 = 50%, and Factor II: Sample Weight (B) consists of 4 levels, namely: B1 = 10 g, B2 = 20 g, B3 = 30 g and B4 = 40 g So the number of treatment combinations (Tc) is 4 x 4=16 with 2 (two) replications. The results of the RAL method analysis showed that the concentration of n-Hexane gave a very significant difference (p < 0.01) on the specific gravity. Maceration time gave a very significant difference (p < 0.01) on specific gravity. the effect of the concentration of n-Hexane gave a very significant difference (p < 0.01) on the acid number, the effect of the concentration of n-Hexane gave an insignificant different effect (p > 0.05) on the iodine number, the effect of the concentration of n-Hexane gave the effect was not significantly different (p > 0.05) on the total microbe and the effect of maceration time gave a very significant different effect (p < 0.01) on the total microbe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Laboratory Investigation method has recently become increasingly popular considering the method developed is very focused and easy to follow at every stage. The field of forensic chemical analysis is part of analytical chemistry which investigates inanimate objects so that they are able to provide accurate information in court. This study aims to apply the Laboratory Investigation method to the identification and analysis of non-fresh blood group samples of homicide victim models using identification infrared spectroscopy and non-fresh blood group analysis of homicide victim model samples using infrared spectroscopy. This study uses an experimental method. The initial step is to make a sample of the murder victim model and then extract the non-fresh blood by doing a swab process. Process Analysis was carried out through preliminary analysis using LMG reagents to distinguish human blood from animal blood. The analysis was continued by examining the ABO blood type by comparing it to fresh blood. Clumping analysis was performed using a digital microscope and blood group analysis was followed by infrared spectroscopy. However, laboratory investigation can be applied to facilitate the investigation and analysis of blood in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) has several advantages, namely the extraction process becomes more perfect, the analyte separation from the matrix becomes more efficient, and reduces the organic solvent used. This study separates lard contained in Halal industry products (pork jerky) by applying SPE for a selective separation process using n-hexane as solvent. Pork jerky was collected then prepared by finely chopping and weighing as much as 25 g. The SPE method was developed using silica gel 254 respectively 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g and used 80% of the total sample solvent n-hexane. The remaining water was drained by adding anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and continued with the centrifugation process (3000 rpm, 20 min). Analysis using FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric partial least square (PLS) and principal component analysis (PCA) was determined quantitatively in the wave number region of 1000–1300 cm−1. The value of the coefficient of determination (R2) and the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC)) obtained were 0.9980 and 1.48% (v/v), respectively. Furthermore, the classification of lard in pork jerky at 1200–1000 cm−1. The results showed that FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics could be used for quantitative analysis and classification of lard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional extraction techniques have various limitations in separating the active compounds bound to saliva and urine. Maceration in the traditional way requires a relatively long time to separate the nicotine so it requires a new technique. The sonication technique has the advantage of rapidly separating nicotine from saliva and urine. This technology is basically developed based on simplicity, energy efficiency and economy. The sonication process was developed at 42 KHz using chloroform and methanol as solvents at a ratio of 60: 40 (volume = 5 ml and sonication time = 20 minutes). The impurity separation is continued by passing to Silica gel 254 to produce a purer compound. The extracted nicotine was analyzed using thin layer chromatography yielding an Rf value of 0.24. analysis results using UV spectroscopy are nicotine concentration in saliva and urine respectively 2.1 ppm and 2.3 ppm. However, the amount of nicotine produced was greater when compared to conventional methods, namely 1.3 ppm and 1.2 ppm respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries is the most common disease in the community caused by damage to the enamel layer which can extend to the nerves of the teeth due to the activity of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The compounds can prevent the proliferation of these bacteria are 1,8-cineol and chitosan. The formulation of mouthwash preparations aims to determine whether the combination of 1,8-cineol and chitosan can be formulated into mouthwash preparations and meet the requirements of the physical test, as well as determine the zone of inhibition in the antimicrobial activity test. The object studied used a variation of the concentration ratio of 1,8-cineol and chitosan 2% : 1% ; 3% : 1,5% and 4% : 2%. The characteristics of the test in this study included organoleptic, pH, viscosity and antimicrobial tests using the disc diffusion method. The results of the antimicrobial test on mouthwash preparations obtained an inhibition zone of 6.90 mm; 7.10 mm; 7.20 mm. The results of the pH test met the quality requirements (pH 5-7) i.e. 6.00 to 6.20. The results of the viscosity test obtained a value of 0,8-1.35 Cps. Mouthwash preparations that have the greatest antimicrobial activity are concentrations with a comparison with the inhibitory zone of 7.20 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorbent of activated carbon based on pulp waste sludge coated with chitosan has been analyzed to adsorb heavy metal cadmium. The manufacture of activated carbon from biomass using chemical activation consists of several stages, namely washing and drying, size reduction, immersion with an activating agent (impregnation) followed by drying, carbonization, washing, and drying. In the impregnation process followed by drying, ZnCl2 dehydrated the biomass and then shrimp shells were extracted to obtain chitosan. In the manufacture of composites, activated carbon from pulp industry sludge can be used as a substrate for gluing chitosan in order to absorb heavy metal cadmium. Chitosan activated carbon composites were characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results of the analysis showed a decrease in Cadmium levels from 5 mg/Kg to 2.7 mg/Kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium moniliformae is a pathogenic fungus that causes Pokkahboeng disease on sugarcane and its symptoms are systemic, so a control method that has inhibitory activity is needed, one of which is by utilizing endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi live in plant tissues, with no symptoms of disease. Endophytic microbes can be isolated from all parts of the plant: roots, stems or leaves. The co-existence between the biological agents of endophytic fungi and sugarcane will provide a protective effect through the mechanism of competition, parasitization or induction of resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the endophytic fungus from sugarcane leaves and to assess its ability against the pathogen F. moniliformae that causes pokkahboeng disease in sugarcane. This research was carried out in 2 stages, namely exploration of endophytic fungi from sugarcane leaves, and testing of endophytic fungi's inhibition against the pathogen F. moniliformae, using the multiple culture method. The results obtained 17 isolates of endophytic fungus from sugarcane leaves and 82.35% isolates had a strong activity level at 6 DAI, and endophytic fungus isolate CED BL. d (dark mycelia) was an isolate with excellent potential with an inhibition rate of 12.73% per-day, with a determinant coefficient of 90.42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite becoming a regular lab course, process assessment in fundamental physics practicum activities in the Physics Education Study Program, FKIP, University of Mataram has not been carried out. This is due to the unavailability of a valid evaluation instrument. Therefore, the present work aims to develop an evaluation instrument for the Fundamental Physics Course based on the discovery learning model. The instrument should meet both the construction and the content validity. This development research employs the ADDIE model, which is limited to the development stage. The evaluation instrument focuses on mechanical measuring instruments, regular straight motion, and mathematical pendulum. The research output was an evaluation instrument of Fundamental Physics practicum based on a discovery learning model equipped with a scoring rubric. The data reveal that the developed practicum evaluation instrument is valid in terms of construction and content. The presentation of aspects and assessment scores in this instrument can facilitate and develop student skills such as understanding problems, identifying problems, analyzing data; so that the need and state of the art aspects of this research are fulfilled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotine is a class of alkaloids that are found in plants with the family name Solanaceae, such as tobacco (Nicotiana). This plant is widely used as a raw material for making cigarettes. The separation of nicotine in the urine of active smokers has a very important role in forensic chemistry. A purification technique using column chromatography was developed to separate impurities from the extracted nicotine. Moringa leaves have high adsorption properties so that they can be used as a filler in chromatography columns. This study aims to separate nicotine from the urine of active smokers using Moringa leaves as a filler in the chromatography column. Experimental methods have been developed in this work. The preparation and extraction process begins with collecting Moringa leaves, cleaning, drying, then activating at 5000C for 4 hours. The urine preparation of active smokers is done by taking 50 ml of urine and then adding 50 ml of chloroform solvent. The process of separating nicotine from urine was carried out by column chromatography using active moringa leaves as fillers in the chromatography column as much as 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, and 50 g. The separation was followed by maceration of the electrosynthetic coupling for 120 minutes for further separation. The pH is maintained at 9 in order to obtain optimal results. The extracted nicotine was tested using Cyanogen bromide to produce an orange precipitate, paper chromatography was developed and produced Rf values in the range 0.45 - 0.46. Nicotine analysis was continued using UV spectroscopy and resulted in nicotine levels in the variation of 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, and 50 g moringa leaves, respectively 0.55 ppm, 1.75 ppm, 3.82 ppm, 3.34 ppm, and 2.59 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarettes contain more than 400 chemicals that are harmful to health, one example is nicotine which is addictive and tar which is carcinogenic. Cigarettes have a negative impact on the respiratory system and specifically will cause the emergence of heart disease, hypotension, cancer, liver, and impotence. Each cigarette contains at least 10 milligrams of nicotine. Nicotine will enter the body and reside in the brain. These compounds are stimulants that can stimulate the central nervous system which causes a sense of calm when the user is experiencing stress. This study aims to know the relationship of vitamin C in reducing the stress level of active smokers in Medan This research was conducted in the Medan City Area, a purposive sampling method developed for 60 respondent. The dose of Vitamin C given is 100 mg x 2 / day. The stress level was measured by the HARS method on the seventh day by developing the Paired T Test. On the seventh day a very strong relationship was obtained with the correlation value between the two variables 0.941, a significant level of 0.000 (significant at the 0.01 level), t arithmetic (6.679) > t table (2.5669) showed significant, p value > 0.05 (95% confidence). Mean : 1.166667. Positive value indicates a tendency to decrease stress levels. The average decrease = 1.6667. Vitamin C giving is recommended in therapy to reduce stress levels for active smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halal food products are currently a priority in Indonesia. Various analysis methods for halal products need to be developed to support the certainty of analysis in society and efforts to provide information on the presence of lard in industrial food products. The development of methods for extracting lard contained in industrial food products needs to be explored in order to facilitate chemical analysis in the examination laboratory. In this study, the exploration aims to find a new method of extracting lard by developing an electrosynthetic method in order to minimize extraction time by producing optimally extracted lard and easily analyzed using chemical instrumentation. The specific objectives of the research are to prepare, extract, and analyze lard contained in Industrial Food Products in the context of developing an analysis of halal food products in Indonesia. This research uses experimental methods. The sample used was packaged pork meatballs. temperature and maceration time were varied to obtain optimal process conditions. The results showed that at a temperature of 50°C and a time of 2 hours, the concentration of lard in pork meatballs was obtained at 27.70% with the physicochemical properties of the stain test, solubility test, iodine number, refractive index, melting point, and acid number respectively: +++, insoluble in water, 60, 20°brix, 410C, 3,457 mgKOH / g sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean oil is a vegetable oil that is produced from soybean seeds. Some oil products are often adulterated with other ingredients in order to benefit by enhancing their taste and aroma. This oil is often adulterated with palm oil. To improve aroma and taste, it is often adulterated with lard. Adulteration events greatly affect the halalness of a food product. This study aims to analyze soybean oil adulterated with lard. A completely randomized design method was developed with two factorials, namely the concentration of n-hexane (20, 30, 40, and 50%) and maceration time (6, 12, 18, and 24 hours). The concentration of n-hexane had a significantly different effect at the level (p <0.05) on body weight and significantly different at the level (p <0.01) in the iodine number, acid number, and total microbes in soybean oil adulterated with lard. Maceration time had a significant effect on the level (p <0.01) specific gravity, iodine number, acid number and total microbes in soybean oil adulterated with lard. The concentration of n-hexane and maceration time had a significantly different effect at the level (p <0.05) on specific gravity and very significantly different at the level (p <0.01) in the iodine number, acid number, and total microbes in soybean oil adulterated with lard. Lard concentration increases with increasing n-hexane concentration and maceration time. This research is useful for halal testing in food inspection laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lard is often found adulterated in illegal multivitamins. Analysis of the lard in the multivitamin requires an optimal separation method. Maceration and chromatography methods have been explored to produce lard extracts that will simplify the analysis process. Column chromatography has the advantage of separating the lard from its impurities. The separation is followed by maceration of the electrosynthetic coupling for further separation of the lard so that the components contained in the lard will be separated further. In this study, activated shells (Anadara granosa) were used in this study as a filler for silica replacement chromatography columns. This study aims to separate lard from a multivitamin adulterated using chromatography and maceration methods. Utilizing clam shells as a filler in the chromatography column in separating the lard contained in adulterated multivitamins. This research uses experimental methods. The initial steps taken were preparation and identification of shells as a filler in the chromatography column. Analysis was carried out using XRD to determine the composition of the shells. Furthermore, the separation of lard contained in adulterated multivitamins using the weight of shells at 30 g then followed by the maceration process. The analysis of lard extracted was carried out through qualitative tests including stain and solubility tests, physical properties tests including iodine number, refractive index, melting point, and acid number. The quantitative analysis was developed using UV spectroscopy. The results showed that the optimum shell weight was 30 g. At this optimum condition, the values of iodine number, refractive index, melting point, acid number were 73, 1.465, 36.5 and 0.9, respectively. The results of quantitative analysis using UV spectroscopy obtained lard at 28.04%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants are able to bind free radicals in the body. One of the antioxidants that is easy to consume is Vitamin C with a certain dose. Vitamin C contains high antioxidant compounds and plays an important role in increasing endurance. Consumption of vitamin C can reduce stress levels of active smokers. During stress, cortisol levels are very high. Cortisol levels are regulated by Vitamin C which also acts as a connective tissue regenerator and functions in the immune system. This study aims to study the reduction in stress levels of active smokers after giving Vitamin C. The reduction in stress levels of smokers was measured using the HARS method on the third day after giving this compound. Purposive sampling method was developed for 60 respondents. The paired t test was developed using SPSS. The results showed that there was a very strong and significant relationship obtained at the 0.01 level. There is a difference between before and after treatment in consuming antioxidant in this study. Nicotine levels in the urine in active smokers were determined experimentally. There was a decrease in nicotine levels on the third day. This indicates that giving Vitamin C can reduce stress levels of active smokers and there is an indirect relationship with a decrease in nicotine concentrations in the urine of active smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barium M-hexaferrite were synthesized with Co-Ni doping ions (BaFe12-2xCoNixO19) using the co-precipitation method, based on the natural iron sand of the Loang Balok beach, Sekarbela District, Mataram, Indonesia. The synthesis was carried out with variations in the concentration of doping ions (x = 0.0, 0.6, and 1.0). The characterization of the sample was completed using XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM. The XRD results showed that the sample had a hexagonal structure because it had a c / value of 2.3 to 2.6. In contrast, SEM-EDX showed that the sample size of BaFe12CoNiO19 had reached the range of nanoparticles from 41 nm to 151 nm which was evenly distributed, with a composition of Ba = 12.22%; Fe = 49.1%; Co = 8.78%; Ni = 4.76%; and O = 21.37%, and slight impurities Cl = 3.77%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of littering is mostly done by Indonesian people. Community indifferently throws out garbage not in the place provided. Seen, in public area, there is a lot of garbage scattered out. This makes the environment dirty, uncomfortable and unhealthy. There needs to be an effort to change the bad habits of this society. By way of being reminded when people throw litter. So that there is a reminder that it will form a mindset from the community. This can change the mindset, to care more about the environment. The camera is used as a sensor to detect people who litter. Image processing needs to be done to determine the next step. The camera is placed in an upright position, also affecting the detection area, where the limited camera resolution makes the detection distance limited. Meanwhile, the position of the sun also contributes to changing the resolution of objects. From the results of the experiments, the detection distance between morning, afternoon and evening has a different value. At distances less than 120 meters and more than 280 meters were not detected. and the highest solar intensity value just above the equator, it’s in more than 950x100 luxs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of learning media is one way to train the creativity of prospective physics. Creativity can be developed through a planned lecture program, one of which is through lectures on the development of physics learning media. The purpose of this study was to discuss project-based learning in training on media development for the creativity of prospective physics teachers. This study included experimental research. There were three students involved in this study. Each class is divided into several groups for the development of physics learning media. In total, there were 21 groups involved during this study, with various types of projects between each group. A group representative presents each product. The instrument used to measure creativity is a reasoned multiple choice test of 20 questions each for verbal, figural, numerical, and procedural creativity tests. Observation sheets are also prepared to assess the process and implementation of learning. The results of the study show that student creativity has increased in all aspects. Figural creativity has the highest average score, and numerical creativity has the lowest average score from other aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surabaya's geological condition that dominated by alluvium unconsolidated, as well as increasing growth of buildings-especially skyscrapers-are triggered the surface deformation on the area. This research aims to monitor and analyze the surface deformation, especially the subsidence that occurred in Surabaya urban area over the last two years. We use Remote Sensing Technology that has been widely developed, not only aims to observe and analyze objects on the earth, but also very useful to monitor land surface changes. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is the first known technique to get surface deformation measurement effectively on large areas (thousands of km2) up to subcentimeters. However, the technique also has limitations. In order to overcome the limitations of InSAR, multi-temporal InSAR techniques have been recently developed and one of them is Small Baseline Subset (SBAS). This time-series technique tries to overcome the temporal decorrelation due to atmosphere effect and measure transient movement on the Earth surface by using multi-look interferograms combination and small baseline temporal selection. Using SBAS technique we processed 24 Sentinel-1A images from Mei 2015 to Mei 2017 and 28 Sentinel-1A images from May 2015 to September 2017 to extract information of vertical displacement in Surabaya and compare both of them. The result shows that during the observation period, the rate of deformation in the form of Line of Sight Displacement (LOS) is varies from -60mm/year to +20mm/year. The majority of subsidence occured in coastal area (Northern and Eastern part) whereas the majority of uplift occured in the Surabaya downtown area (Southern and Western part). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to BPLS (Badan Penanggulangan Lumpur Sidoarjo) which is the Sidoarjo Mudflow Management Agency, land subsidence occurred in Porong, Sidoarjo was caused by the rocks bearing capacity decreasing which led by the mud outpouring since 2006. The subsidence varies in many ways depends on the radius of location from the mud flow center point and the geological structure. One of the most efficient technologies to monitor this multi temporal phenomenon is using the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) as an applicative Spatial Geodesy. This study used 4 (four) times series LBand ALOS PALSAR from 2008 to 2011 Fine Beam Single data (February 2008, January 2009 and February 2010 and January 2011) which then processed by the Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) method to obtain the deformation vector at a radius of 1.5 km from the center of mudflow. The result showed that there was a significant subsidence which annually occurred on southern and western area of Sidoarjo mud flow. The deformation vector that occurred in the year 2008-2011 was up to 20 cm/year or 0.05 cm/day. For verification purpose, we also compared the result obtained from the SAR detection with the data measured by Global Position System (GPS) and some deformation monitoring results obtained from another researchs. The comparison showed a correlation that the subsidence occurred on the same location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]