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Using the spin coating approach, n-type TiO2 thin films have been coated using the sol-gel process onto p-type silicon substrates. The film's XRD pattern reveals the existence of the most prominent silicon peak in addition to peaks representing the mixed anatase and rutile phases of TiO2. Debye-Scherrer's formula yielded a crystallization size (CZ) of 48 nm. Using TiO2/Si as the working electrode, the linearity of the electrochemical responses to sucrose at various concentrations was thoroughly examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioceramics of composition x. Sm2O. (43-x) CaO.42 SiO2.15 P2O5 (x=0 and 1 mol%) have been synthesized using sol-gel technique in the laboratory. The in vitro bioactive nature of the samples has been assessed in simulated body fluid for a week using Powder X-ray Diffraction and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. Both the studies reveal that prepared samples are bioactive in nature. The sample doped with samarium oxide show hydroxyapatite formation after 1st day of immersion. In vitro degradation studies have also been conducted in SBF for 10 days to check whether the samples may degrade inside the body or not. The studies show a significant change in pH and a good degradability of samples in simulated body fluid. Additionally, cell culture studies using MG63 human osteosarcoma cell line have been performed which reveal a considerable cytotoxic effect of samples on the cancerous cell line. The present study reveals that samples prepared by sol-gel method promotes faster apatite growth on the samples than the conventional melt-quenching technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertebroplasty is a medical procedure that involves injection of PMMA (Polymethyl Methacrylate) bone cement into the spine. Vertebroplasty is one of the osteoporosis treatment to prevent spinal fractures. However, due to its low radiopacity, PMMA requires radiopaque fillers. Radiopacity of bone cement is important to enhance X-ray camera vision to improve the accuracy and safety of injection procedures. One of the most used fillers is Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) because it is known to enhance the average radiopacity as well as the mechanical properties of PMMA. In this research, nano-ZrO2 was synthesized using the sol-gel method. Varied parameters were pH 6, 9, and 11, and calcination temperatures in 700°C and 1000°C. Adding oleic acid is also carried out, which is assumed to prevent agglomeration. The results showed that pH 11 produced the most ZrO2, yielding 94.48%. A 1000°C temperature produces ZrO2 with a larger crystallite size and more crystalline. Furthermore, variations of pH 11 and temperature of 1000°C were selected to be included in PMMA because the ZrO2 particle size was the smallest. The addition of ZrO2 is proven to increase the radiopacity of PMMA. ZrO2 can increase the radiopacity of PMMA with an average radiopacity of 1.577 to 1.697 in the PMMA-7,5%ZrO2 sample. The presence of ZrO2 also reduces the hydrophilicity of PMMA, thereby reducing the water absorption ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanosized powders FeOx/Al2O3 with the Fe loading of 0.0–5.0 wt% were synthesized by laser vaporization using a cw CO2 laser. XRF, HRTEM, XRD and PL spectroscopy methods were used to study the morphology, chemical and phase composition, as well as the luminescent properties of the resulting FeOx/Al2O3 nanopowders with the average particle size of dm ∼ 9 nm. The results acquired for FeOx/Al2O3 nanosized systems were compared with the data for xFe/γPb-Al2O3 powders ([x] = 0.0 – 5.0 wt%) obtained by incipient wetness impregnation of γPb-Al2O3, which in turn was synthesized by the sol-gel method. XRD analysis shows that, in contrast to samples of the xFe/γPb-Al2O3 series, FeOx/Al2O3 nanopowders do not form the Fe2O3 phase at any iron concentrations. An analysis of the PL, PLE spectra and the PL decay kinetics of Fe3+ ions in FeOx/Al2O3 samples reveals the presence of Fe3+ centres located in the disordered environment of the subsurface layers of Al2O3 nanocrystallites, predominantly in the tetrahedral coordination, which is not detected for the xFe/γPb-Al2O3 series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adverse effect of chromates and its ban as protective pre-treatments has paved way for the researchers towards developing of eco-friendly techniques or methods for treating metallic substrate In this context, sol-gel (silica based) coatings are the best means for treating aluminium alloys. This particular technique forms an Si-O-Al membrane that provides a stable intermediate film that restrains corrosion. This type also offers broad assortment of chemical mechanisms and offering best pretreatment for metals. Sol–gel offers wide range of applications that includes protection against corrosion, coatings that include both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. This article provides a review on the applications of sol-gel so far implemented and its uniqueness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the La0.8Sr0.2Fe1-xMgxO3 (x = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) perovskite materials were effectively prepared using the sol-gel method through the sintering process to form bulk material. XRD analysis revealed that these perovskite materials are well suited to the Pbnm space group and have an orthorhombic structure. With increasing Mg substitution, the lattice parameters and crystallite size increase, indicating that the presence of Mg2+ in the crystal lattice inhibits the growth of the crystallite size. By Impedance Spectroscopy method using RLC meter, at room temperature, the electrical properties of the material were determined as a frequency's function (100Hz-7MHz). The conductivity of La0.8Sr0.2Fe1-xMgxO3 was contributed by the grains and grain boundaries, according to the Nyquist and Bode plots. Because of the hole carrier, the Nyquist plot of complex impedance increases when Mg is substituted. Real part impedance analysis explains the existence of space charge polarization at low frequency. The semicircle's diameter increases from increasing to doping with magnesium. This means that doping with magnesium will cause the resistance of the material to increase. The impedance data shows that as the Mg content increases, the impedance value decreases. According to dielectric research, dielectric spectroscopy shows that as Mg doping increases, the dielectric loss increases and the dielectric constant (ε′) of samples decreases at a lower frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, the halogen bulb accompanying the quoted nanoparticles with the help of transition metal oxide (ZnO:F) is used. The ratio of Fe to ZnO in the composite material ranges from 2 - 5%, from a dopant level of Fe. The XRD technique was employed for examining the optical pertinence and later EDS, the It has become clear to me that there is a tendency towards decreasing the particle size as the ZnO content in the Fe-ZnO composite material increases. The Fe-doped with ZnO samples are seen to have ferromagnetism at room temperature and moreover, the M-H loop behavior strongly changed with the increase in the amount of dopant. The 20 samples from each group were used for analysis to have confidence interval of 95%, the probability value of 0.05%, and for the pretest to receive a power of 80%. A stand-alone 2 groups with 80 calculators each G-Power were divided into a team of pairs. The cycle for each group in which the random specialized technique was utilized to compute the sample size was the same as that used for the G power test. The P value for such figure was very minimal and reached one hundred millionth of one percent (P<0.05). The difference was statistically significant between the two groups. In this work, the crystal structure, phase purity and optical characteristics of the fabricated structured composite were assessed. The sol-gel method is used for the fabrication of of Fe doping on ZnO composites. ZnO/Fe composite material characteristics have been zoomed through the optical properties techniques consist of SEM test and UV-VIS spectroscopy test. As Scherer's equation advocates, the average size of the particle here is 16.3nm. In this course of research, it is established that as temperature increasing, the particular diameter of the sample is noted to be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study mentioned in this article aims to increase the bandgap of the Zinc and Cobalt doped Copper oxide for increased sensing capabilities and compare those results with undoped Copper oxide prepared using the innovative sol-gel method. Materials and methods: Undoped and doped copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method. There were three groups in the study, each consisting of 250 samples. The study included 750 samples, divided into three groups of 250 each, with a statistical power of 80% determined using the Clinicalc app. Results and Discussion: Zn-doped CuO had higher absorbance than Co and pure CuO. Energy band gaps were 3.3 eV for 5% Zn-doped CuO, 3.97 eV for 25% Co-doped CuO, and 1.6 eV for pure CuO using Tauc's plot. Absorption at 200-300 nm in pure CuO indicated copper oxide formation, while Co and Zn dopants reduced absorption after 300 nm. CuO is still absorbed in the visible region. Co- doped CuO had the highest consistency. Significance value was 1, indicating no significant difference among the three groups. Conclusion: The study found that pure copper oxide has an optical band gap of 1.6 eV, while copper oxide doped with zinc and cobalt have optical band gaps of 3.3 eV and 3.97 eV, respectively. The SPSS significance value for all three groups was 1.000. The mean absorbance values for pure copper oxide, zinc-doped copper oxide, and cobalt-doped copper oxide were 0.01502683, 0.56434931, and 0.01513468, respectively, indicating that zinc-doped copper oxide has significantly higher absorbance. The increased band gap of zinc-doped copper oxide may improve selectivity for gas sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to increase the band gap to improve the reliability and life span of magnetic storage media, by doping it with zinc and cobalt and comparing it to iron oxide that has not been doped. Zinc-doped, cobalt-doped, and pure iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a novel sol-gel method. The sample size for each type was 250, and the total sample size was 750. The sample size was calculated with a pretest power of 80% and an error correction of 0.05 using clinical app. Pure iron oxide nanoparticles have a surface area of 84.87 nm2, while zinc-doped iron oxide has a surface area of 57.54 nm2 and yields consistent results. The sample size for pure iron oxide, cobalt, and zinc-doped iron oxide nanoparticles was 220 each with a total of 660 samples. The significant value obtained was 1.0, indicating no statistically significant difference between the three groups. The nanoparticles were annealed at temperatures between 200-500°C for 3 hours to analyze temperature effects. Cobalt-doped iron oxide nanoparticles demonstrate a higher absorbance compared to pure iron oxide and zinc-doped iron oxide. The mean absorbance values for pure iron oxide, zinc-doped iron oxide, and cobalt-doped copper oxide were 0.01513468, 0.015859823, and 0.56434931, respectively. These results suggest that cobalt-doped Iron oxide nanoparticles have the highest absorbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid nanocomposite material was created by in situ synthesis of an inorganic network in the presence of a preformed organic polymer. The sol-gel process was carried out using chitosan biopolymer and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), the most common silica precursor. The synthesized chitosan-silica nanocomposite material was assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, the pore size of Chitosan-silica nanocomposite (CH-S) was found to be 3.0763 nm and the surface area was 218.71 m2 g−1. The features on the surface of this nanocomposite suggest that CH-S has effective adsorption properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While studying thermo-acoustic properties of binary, ternary liquid mixtures or that of ferro-fluids, one not only need to measure the variation of acoustic parameters like acoustic impedance, hydration number, Rao's constant, Wada's constant, apparent molar volume, apparent molar isentropic compressibility at different temperature values but also need to see whether parameters like relative density, viscosity of the substance changes with change in temperature. This study is of utmost importance because while estimating the acoustic parameters sometimes relative density, sometimes viscosity and sometimes both of it appears in the formula. Electrical properties of the substances are also of similar importance. Hence, investigation of variation of viscosity, relative density of specific ferrofluids, with temperature is an important area of study. In this communication we have reported variation of viscosity, relative density of water based Zinc Spinel ferrite with temperature. The electrical properties of the water based Zinc Spinel ferrite are also reported. The study is carried out in the concentration range 0.001 M to 0.01 M. At concentration lower than 0.001 M, the behaviour of ferrofluids begins to deviate from the bulk fluid properties and as the concentration approaches 0.01 M, potential aggregation effects and saturation phenomena made the solution not to disperse as desired. The Zinc spinel ferrite is synthesized by sol-gel technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sol-gel methodology has been extensively utilized in the production of metal oxide solutions, commonly known as sols. This technique represents a cost-effective and facile approach to the production of metal oxide solutions, achieved through the utilization of lower temperatures. Here, this paper presents a cost-effective and straightforward method, referred to as 'gel-cast,' for fabricating tape/film composed of a composite material consisting of alumina (Al2O3) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The composite material was synthesized through the even distribution of MoS2 powder within an alumina sol, which was developed using the sol-gel method. The morphological investigations were undertaken to ascertain the characteristics of the tape/film subsequent to the introduction of additives. The composition of the tape/film was also examined both prior to and following the annealing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs the Sol-gel auto-combustion technique to synthesize NiFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 ferrite samples, which are subsequently evaluated for their gamma-ray shielding properties. The evaluation involves both experimental and theoretical approaches, utilizing various gamma-ray sources and a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector, as well as the Phy-X/PSD Software program. A comparative analysis of critical gamma-ray shielding parameters—such as the linear attenuation coefficient (µ), mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ), Half and Tenth value layers (HVL, TVL), and Mean Free Path (MFP)— is carried out across an energy spectrum ranging from 122 to 1330 keV, utilizing the Phy-X/PSD Software program. The experimental results closely align with the theoretically calculated values, demonstrating the potential of these newly developed nanoparticles to significantly enhance gamma-ray radiation shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polycrystalline ferrite sample of Co0.9Ni0.1Fe2O4 was successfully synthesized using the sol-gel auto-combustion process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis provided confirmation of the cubic phase spinel structure of the sample. To ensure the absence of any impurity phases, Rietveld refinement was conducted. The sample's crystallite size, existing in the nano regime, was determined using the Debye-Scherer formula. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated the prepared sample's spherical nature. Energy Dispersive Spectra (EDS) offered evidence of the elemental confirmation and purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. Additionally, the EDAX spectrum verified appropriate doping in the polycrystalline sample. Furthermore, the Fourier Transform Infrared Rays (FTIR) Spectrum, covering the range from 4000 cm−1 to 500cm−1, showcased a wide array of chemical interactions within the sample. The significance of this nano-crystalline Ni-doped CoFe2O4 ferrite lies in its biomedical applications, as it offers simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to develop nanocrystalline CoFe2O4 for making them suitable for various applications such as sensors, recording devices, permanent magnets, solar cells, and magnetic drug delivery. The CoFe2O4 ferrite samples were prepared using the sol-gel method with varying amounts of citric acid. XRD characterization revealed a single-phase cubic structure, and the broad peak indicated the presence of nano-sized particles. The Debye-Scherrer formula was employed to calculate the crystallite size of the samples. Interestingly, increasing the citric acid content led to a decrease in the FWHM (full width at half maximum) broadening, as clearly observed in the XRD pattern. All samples were subjected to Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) to investigate the surface morphology, which revealed their well-produced spherical form. Additionally, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the elemental composition of the samples, indicating appropriate doping in the polycrystalline samples. The presence of different chemical bonds was examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Rays (FTIR) Spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material SUS304 has versatile applications in mechanical engineering field as well as other day to day appliances. It is used in food industry and also in heat exchangers, mufflers etc. The research work has been performed to analyze the impact of process parameters like doping percentage, calcination temperature and withdrawal speed on the hardness of metal. Sol-Gel dipcoating method was used to coat the blended TiO2/ZnO nanomaterials. Automatic dip coating set up was used to control the withdrawal speed. The results show that calcination temperature has greater influence on hardness of material. The substrate shows maximum hardness of 212.5HV at 500°C and at 1 mm/sec withdrawal speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are photocatalyst materials with good dye photodegradation capabilities. ZnO nanoparticles also can decompose pollutants effectively, economically, and environmentally friendly. In this research, the wet grinding method and sol-gel method were used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles for remazol yellow degradation. Different methods were used to determine which method was more effective. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) characterization were carried out to determine the characteristics of the material. The effectiveness degradation of remazol yellow was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy characterization. The XRD results showed that ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized in both methods. The XRD results also showed that the material produced was in a crystalline phase with a high purity, yet the crystallite's average size in the wet grinding method was 1.21 nm compared to the sol-gel method was 24.9 nm. The results of SEM and PSA characterization showed that the morphology of ZnO nanoparticles from both methods were spherical with an average particle size were 69 nm (wet grinding) and 99.9 nm (sol-gel). Then based on UV-Vis characterization results, the best photodegradation properties were shown by ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by wet grinding method. This is based on the degradation value of remazol yellow reaching 84.9% and compared to the sol-gel method which only reached 74.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni-doped ZnO-MWCNT hybrid was produced using the sol-gel technique and annealed at 400C for 2 hours. Powder X-Ray Diffracting Analyzing (XRD), Energy Dispersing X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer have been used to study the structure, optic, and morphologic features of such hybrid. The X-Ray diffraction investigation demonstrates the structure of the hybrid, which reveals increasing the crystalline volume of the Ni-doped ZnO/MWCNTs hybrid to become 34.59 nm. The findings back up the idea about Ni doped-hybrid ZnO-MWCNTs to be well disseminated and integrated within the hybrid. Inside the doped material's spectra, the presence of intensity peaks that are large as well as high suggests a crystal structure. Furthermore, the lack of different peaks within the spectra indicates that every and each formed sample has less impurity. Additionally, UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed that the absorbing peak got shifted toward lengthier wavelength when the content of Ni dopant material in the range (313-336) nm increased (red shift). On the one hand, the FESEM reveals a strong link between nickel Nanoparticles as well as cylinder-shaped carbonic nanotubes, and on the other, nickel Nanoparticles and clustering with a semi-spheric shape that represents zinc oxide. Also, as the rate of nanoparticle formation increased, a non-uniform dispersing of shape and volume can be detected. The results reveal that the Sol-Gel technique was successful in synthesizing Ni/ZnO-MWCNTs Nano-composites. The antibacterial activity of Ni-doped ZnO\MWCNTs nanocomposite was assessed through measuring the inhibition zone, which was about 26.5 mm and 28.5 mm, separately, against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, indicating that Ni doping improved the effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanum phosphate was successfully synthesized by sol-gel method at room temperature. The effect of pH, mole ratio of La:P, and aging time on Lanthanum phosphate formed were investigated. The optimization showed that Lanthanum phosphate is formed at pH 9, the mole ratio of La3+:PO43- is 1:1, and the aging time is 72 h. Then, the obtained powder was calcined at 550℃. The structure and chemical bond of the obtained powder were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. The surface area was measured using N2 adsorption-desorption method. The morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD result showed that the obtained powder was Lanthanum phosphate which had a monoclinic structure. The FTIR spectra showed the presence of O-H functional at 3700-3450 cm−1 which was confirmed by the H-O-H bending vibration that appeared at 1650 cm−1. The peaks at 1040, 616, and 540 cm−1 indicated the presence of P-O stretching, O=P-O, and O-P-O bending. The N2 adsorption-desorption showed that Lanthanum phosphate formed was mesoporous materials with SBET of 93,28 m2/g. SEM images showed that agglomerated solids with irregular shapes were obtained from the synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO Thin film had been deposited on glass substrate with sol-gel spray coating method. ZnO has antibacterial properties. The preparation of ZnO precursors was carried out in three stages. The first stage is Zinc acetate dehydrate (Zn(COOCH3)2.2H2O) mixed into isopropanol ((CH3)2CHOH) then stirred using a magnetic stirrer. The stirring stage is carried out at a temperature of 70°C. the second stage is adding monoethanolamine (MEA: HOCH2CH2NH2) in the mixture by titration. This research was conducted to determine the effect of molarity of ZnO thin films on antibacterial activity. The precursor was stirred for 30 minutes until the homogeneous ZnO precursor was done. ZnO precursors have been synthesized with various precursor molarity variations of 0.1 M, 0.3 M, 0.5 M, and 0.7 M. Deposition ZnO precursor on glass substrate using spray coating technique at 400°C and annealing was done on the thin film at 450oC for 2 hours. The results of this study indicate that there is an influence of the precursor molarity toward crystallinity, morphology, and energy band gap of the ZnO thin Film. XRD measurement results show that crystallite size increases with increasing ZnO precursors molarity. The results of SEM measurements showed that the thin film samples with ZnO 0.5 M and 0.7 M precursor molarity obtained uniform grain on the thin film surface. The increase of precursors molarity can cause the decreased value of band gap energy of ZnO thin film. The increase in ZnO precursor molarity can also improve the ability of ZnO thin films to degrade Escherichia coli bacteria for better. For the best perfect degradation (100%) was obtained for ZnO thin films at a molarity of 0.5 M and 0.7 M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the removal of pharmaceutical waste products from aqueous solutions has been investigated using oil palm frond based mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) synthesized via modification of sol-gel process. The removal and adsorption study using MSN were tested toward three type of pharmaceutical product which are paracetamol, ibuprofen and aspirin. The performance study was performed and shown that ibuprofen give the highest removal percentage up to 97%, followed by paracetamol and aspirin with the percentage removal of 67% and 50% respectively. The result was confirmed that mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) might be utilised as a low-cost adsorbent with excellent pharmaceutical product removal in aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on several factors influencing the stability of ZnO colloids were discussed in this paper. Parameters such as colloidal and LiOH concentrations were explored to see the effect on the ZnO colloid's stability and characteristics. The ZnO colloids were prepared using the sol-gel method, and zinc acetate dihydrate was used as a zinc source. Distillation equipment was used to avoid moisture exposure so the reaction could be carried out under the ambient temperature. Lithium hydroxide was added to the mixture to experience crystal formation and form stable colloidal ZnO. Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) was used to investigate size distribution and solution zeta potential. The results reveal that the most optimum conditions to produce ZnO particles were at 0.14 M LiOH with a particle size of 27.7 nm. When colloid concentration increases, the particle size increases up to 2.57 µm at a colloid concentration of 0.3 M. The best results also showed that ZnO colloids tend to emit blue luminescence under ultraviolet light and go to yellow-greenish luminescence color after aging, which is stable for an extended period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing global demand for aluminum increases the interest to research alumina extraction from non-bauxitic sources, especially kaolin. In this study, kaolin was calcined using muffle furnace for a predetermined time at different temperature conditions. Leaching behavior of aluminum using hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid were investigated and compared. The highest aluminum dissolutions were 69.39 and 77.45% by using sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid respectively. Recovery of alumina from the AlCl3 precursor using sol-gel process produces alumina with 93.62% purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One material that has not been widely studied is the CuCrO2 delafossite compound. In this study, the CuCrO2 compound was synthesized by adding 0.02 mol CaCO3 doping and using two methods, namely the solid reaction method and the sol-gel method. These two methods aim to compare the resulting synthesis. For the solid reaction method, the main ingredients are CuO powder, Cr2O3 powder and the addition of CaCO3 powder. Then the material is weighed according to the results of the stoichiometric calculations, ground, sintered then shaped into pellets and re-sintered. The sol-gel method requires solvents such as HNO3 and aquades solution. The basic ingredients are then dissolved and heated on a hotplate and then sintered until they become solids, then the solids are ground and formed into pellets and then sintered again. The results of phase identification through the XRD test show that the phases formed are CuCrO2 phase and there are several impurity phases, namely the CaO phase and the CuCr2O4 phase. SEM identification results show that the particle size of the sample using the solids reaction method with the addition of CaCO3 doping is larger than without the doping, whereas the particle size using the sol-gel method with the addition of CaCO3 doping is actually smaller than without the doping. Cryogenic Magnet test results from four samples, three of which do not exhibit superconducting properties. One sample exhibited semiconductor properties, namely the sample with CaCO3 doping added via the solid reaction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samarium-based bio-ceramics material was made using the sol-gel method. Samarium-based bioceramics are an alternative material for seed brachytherapy. The primary raw materials used in the manufacture of bioceramics materials were Sm(NO3)3.6H2O, Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, and Si(OC2H5)4 with a ratio of Sm: Ca: Si = 1: 1: 2. The optimum sintering temperature for the mixture materials of bio-ceramics was 900-1000°C, obtained from DTA (Differential Thermal Analysis). The diffractogram from XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analysis showed the formation of an amorphous phase of SiO2, while Sm2O3 and CaO phases could not be observed. The image of SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer) analysis showed the homogenous surface of the solid mixture after sintering. Moreover, the results of SEM-EDS showed no nitrogen element in the mixture after sintering, and it was concluded that the bio-ceramics material had been formed in the oxide phase (Sm2O3, CaO, and SiO2). Activation of bioceramics to produce Samarium-153 was conducted in rabbit irradiation facility of multi-purpose reactor G.A Siwabessy. Radionuclide purity shows the dominant energy of the radioisotope Sm-153, although necessary to evaluate the possibility of the appearance of an unexpected decay product. The color changing of radiochromic film evaluated the brachytherapy isodose pattern of samarium-153 seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysprosium doped CaSO4 thermoluminescent crystal was successfully synthesized by the sol-gel method assisted by chitosan and citric acid as the chelating agent. This study was conducted as preliminary work to compare the obtained CaSO4−based thermoluminescent crystal to the crystal obtained from the commonly used co-precipitation method. The powders obtained from this method were then analyzed using XRD, major phase of the base material was found in anhydrite form, with the average crystallite size between 90-97 nm. The powder with a high concentration of anhydrite phase was obtained from a suitable pH solution in the wet chemical process. The elemental analysis was carried out using XRF to confirm the observed phase from the XRD analysis. The existence of Dy as the dopant material was also observed using XRF, dysprosium was introduced more effectively to the matrix by the use of chelating agents in pH 5 solution. The qualitative observation of particle morphology provided by a BSD image with a magnification of 5,000x was obtained from SEM. The powders were then exposed to strontium-90 as a beta source for low dose irradiation before being tested for analyzing the thermoluminescence properties using the Harshaw 3500 TLD reader. The powder with a higher concentration of desirable base material as well as the higher Dy content exhibited a better response sensitivity and uniformity to the ionizing radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinel ferrites pay much attention to electrochemical analysis due to their interesting surface redox activity at the solid-liquid interface and the multiple oxidation states of cation in the material. In this article, we study the structural and electrochemical properties of Magnesium ferrite as an electrode material for aqueous supercapacitors. The material was synthesized using the conventional sol-gel technique and annealed the samples at various temperatures, from room temperature to 500°C. The X-Ray diffraction indicates that MgFe2O4 exhibits amorphous nature up to 200 °C and a crystalline phase at 500°C with an average crystalline size of 20.50nm. Furthermore, the effect of annealing temperature can be seen in the electrochemical properties of the material. Electrochemical measurements show reversible, redox Pseudocapacitance, and the material exhibits the highest specific capacitance at 190 F/g at the current density of 0.5 A/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LSMO (La0.7Sr0.3MnO3) nanoparticles have been synthesized by co-precipitation method and Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) has been synthesized by sol-gel method. The polypyrrole-LSMO-BST nanocomposites are obtained with in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization. The XRD study confirms the presence of LSMO and BST nanoparticles in the polypyrrole matrix. The magnetic properties of LSMO based polypyrrole nanocomposite has been studied at different concentrations of BST and the maximum saturation magnetization is found to be 8.1emu/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite SrCoO3 material is synthesized using sol-gel method followed by solid state reaction at three different temperatures 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C. The crystalline structure of the material is confirmed by XRD, and the presence of the functional groups is confirmed by FTIR. The electrochemical performance of the material is carried out using a three-electrode system. The material synthesized at 700 °C exhibits a high specific capacity value of 303 C/g at a current density of 1 A/g, and it exhibits 50% capacity retention after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles at 10 A/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, (90)KBiFe2O5−(10)CoFe2O4 [KBFO(90)-CFO(10)] composite is synthesized in polycrystalline form following the sol-gel technique. The magnetic, dielectric, and signature of the magnetodielectric (MD) effect in the prepared composite is verified over a wide temperature range. The phase purity of the prepared KBFO-CFO composite is confirmed by the room temperature (RT) X-Ray diffraction technique. The RT magnetization study reveals the weak ferromagnetic nature of the composite. The dielectric study reveals an anomaly near 500 °C, expected to be a structural phase transition. The magnetic anomaly near the dielectric transition suggests the signature of the MD coupling of the composite. The composite's indirect band-gap of 1.01 eV made it suitable for technological applications. Finally, the prepared composite shows the signature of the MD effect, and the low band gap suggests it is ideal for photovoltaic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the dielectric relaxation and magnetodielectric (MD) properties of the (1-x)Bi5Ti3FeO15/(x)Bi2Fe4O9 (x=0.0 and 0.3) composites. The sample is prepared by the sol-gel method to study its physical properties. The existence of mixed phases in the composite is assured by the Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern. The dielectric data at different frequencies reveals the dispersive behavior of the pure cum composite samples. The εʹ vs. temperature reveals the appearance of relaxation behavior around 170 K in the composite. The frequency variation of the εʹʹ study excludes the Maxwell-Wagner origin of the dielectric relaxation. Further, the modified Curie-Weiss law analyzes the relaxor nature of the composite. The magnetic field-dependent MD% shows the maximum strength in the highly dielectric dispersive region. The maximum strength of MD effect ∼0.2% is found in composite at 300 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Pure and Er doped SnO2 (Er = 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%) nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol-gel method to investigate the degradation of harmful Rose bengal dye. Undoped and erbium-doped SnO2 nanoparticles formed a tetragonal rutile structure, as shown by X-ray diffraction. Oxygen vacancy concentration has been found to increase with an increase in dopant incorporation, according to photoluminescence analysis. Furthermore, the band gap was reduced up to 5% Er (Eg = 3.37 eV) in comparison to that of non-substituted SnO2 (Eg = 3.74 eV), with the creation of vacancy defects being the main cause. The photocatalytic results indicate that 96.94% Rose bengal dye have been degraded by Er 5% within 60 min under UV light irradiation, indicating Er 5% doped SnO2 is the most suitable catalyst to degrade industrial waste (organic dye) on a large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, perovskite-type SmFeO3 nanocrystalline powder samples have been synthesized via two distinct methods, namely sol-gel (SG) process and solid state reaction (SSR) route. Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns confirm phase purity and crystallinity of both the samples. Average crystallite size is calculated using Debye-Scherer method and found to be 46 nm in case of SFO (SG) and 63 nm in case of SFO (SSR). The FTIR spectra exhibits two active vibrational modes around 556 cm−1 and 419 cm−1 in case of SFO (SG) sample and 558 cm−1 and 430 cm−1 in case of SFO (SSR) sample associated with stretching and bending vibration modes, respectively. The optical energy band-gap of SFO (SG) and SFO (SSR) samples are calculated using Tauc's relation and found to be 2.47 eV and 3.12 eV, respectively. P-E measurement affirms enhancement in the value of remnant polarization, maximum polarization and reduction in the value of breakdown fields in case of SFO (SG) sample as compared to SFO (SSR) sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doping of nanoparticles with metals is an effective method to change the physical properties of ZnO materials. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize and characterize ZnO-Fe2O3 composites to determine the optimum ratio for the photodegradation of Methylene Blue dye. This was carried out with several variables including the effect of contact time and initial concentration of dye at conditions above pHpzc, namely, pH 7. Furthermore, the ZnO-Fe2O3 composites were prepared in various mole ratios including (1:0.5), (1:1), (1:1.5) and characterized using XRD, UV-Vis DRS, and SEM-EDS instruments, while the (1:1) ratio was chosen as the best composite to degrade Methylene Blue dye. The XRD characterization results showed that the 2θ angle of the (1:1) composite was 62° with a crystal size of 10.31 nm. Moreover, the SEM-EDS result showed an irregular surface shape with a small size and small pore gap, while the percentage of constituent elements including Zn, Fe, and O were 22.62%, 54.84%, and 22.55%, respectively. The optimum condition obtained showed that the effect of contact time at 180 minutes was 74.6%, while the effect of the initial concentration of dye at 5 ppm was 71.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sn1-xMnxO2 tin dioxide molecules are Structures with rutile crystal structures as n-type. They have been successfully prepared experimentally via the sol-gel method. Sn1-xMnxO2 nanoparticles were synthesized at an annealing temperature at 200 °C. The morphological, structural and optical properties of the synthesized Sn1-xMnxO2 nanoparticle were studied by XRD powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy FESEM. The effect of manganese doping on the structural properties of Sn1-xMnxO2 nanoparticles at 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 molar doping was prepared via the sol-gel method. Nanoparticle sizes using Williamson-Hall methods calculated or experimental expression according to XRD deviation. The exact strain indicates the amplitude of the diffraction peaks may lead to an underestimation of the nanoparticle size. The peaks in the XRD patterns were shifting towards the high angles to indicate that the manganese ions are excellent at chopping the Sn1-xMnxO2 crystal lattice. The XRD pattern revealed the crystal structure of the nanoparticles under study and the FESEM images confirm the presence of spherical, tubes and needles nanoparticles, non-uniformly agglomerated nanoparticles of the annealing samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Thin films of Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5) were deposited on Al6061 alloy substrate by Sol-gel process through spin coating technique in order to study their anticorrosive and antireflective properties. The deposited films were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDAX to analyze phase purity, crystalline nature of the film before and after annealing, surface morphology and elemental composition of the film. The corrosion properties of Al6061 substrate was also investigated using weight loss method by immersing the substrate in acid chloride, acid sulphate, acid nitrate and neutral chloride medium at room temperature. It was found that, V2O5 thin film on Al6061 shows remarkable improvement towards corrosion resistance when compared with that of the bare substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this project, we successfully prepared nanorods (NRs) based UV photodetectors at concentrations (0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 6%) by CBD. The ZnO seed layer was grown on a glass slide with two steps, the first is the sol-gel technique and the spin-coting technique, and the second is the chemical bath deposition method to grow ZnO nanorods and prepare amounts of ZnO doped with Ni at (85-90) °C. amounts of Ni-doped ZnO, at (85–90) °C. XRD, FESEM, and UV spectroscopy were examined. The results of FESEM and XRD measurements of the samples showed that all the prepared films were hexagonal type crystal structures with the predominance of growth in the [002] direction. The band gap of ZnO nanorods is found to be around (3.2) eV. The optical energy gap values for Ni-doped ZnO are about (3.12, 3.09, 3) eV with an increase in the doping rate. The results showed of all photodetectors has been excellent photosensitivity to UV light and don't respond to visible light. The rise/decay time and sensitivity of the Ni-doped ZnO-based photodetectors were faster and better than that of unsaturated ZnO. As the applied base voltage was (5)V and wavelength of (395)nm for UV, the photosensitivity of the Ni-doped photodetectors was that 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, and 6% are about 2374.8%, 2637%, 2794%, 4098.9% and 3180.8%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the successful preparation of tin oxide nanoparticles in the form of nanopowder using SnCl2.2H2O and ethanol as precursor material by using the sol-gel method. XRD pattern shows that the prepared nanparticles exhibits polycrystalline nature with tetragonal rutile structure. The average crystallite size was 25.82 nm. FESEM analysis shows agglomeration of particles in the prepared sample with an average particle size of 28.77 nm. EDAX analysis reveals that the prepared tin oxide powder contains tin and oxygen. FTIR analysis exhibits the presence of Sn-O-Sn bond and it confirms the formation of tin oxide in the prepared sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced ferroelectric materials have continually showed fascinated scientific interest due to their high-tech applications in all field of technology. The effectiveness of the smart ferroelectrics materials is related to the mode of processing and describe by innumerable characteristics like chemical purity, phase homogeneity, size, structure and shape of the particles. This paper describes the processes, recent developments and fabrication of advanced ferroelectric material like one dimensional ferroelectric nano-structures, the thin films of types Composite and multilayer ferroelectric & Tungsten bronze ferroelectric ceramics. Here we will discuss the fabrication processes such as PVD, CVD, sol-gel technique, hydrothermal methods, state reaction method, molten salt method and electrospinning methods. This review paper covers all the information about ferroelectric materials and their uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth telluride chalcogenide is one of the best performing room temperature thermoelectric materials with a temperature independent thermoelectric effect. Sol-gel auto-combustion is a wet chemical method which is a simple established technique for preparing nanomaterials. This paper reports synthesis of bismuth telluride nanoparticles by sol gel auto-combustion method. The proposed revolutionary approach for synthesis of thermoelectric materials is inexpensive, simple, and novel method to achieve high quality end products. Bismuth telluride alloys are excellent candidates for the applications of topological insulators, thermoelectric cooling devices etc. Synthesis of any of the phases of bismuth telluride by this method is reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO/Ag solution has been successfully prepared using the sol-gel method. The coating of the material has been carried out on a glass substrate by the spray coating method. The deposition has been successfully carried out on a glass substrate. A perfectly deposited ZnO/Ag thin film has been obtained. Seeing the photocatalytic properties of the ZnO/Ag thin film to decompose the Malachite Green (M.G) pollutant is the aim of this research. ZnO/Ag thin film will increase the contact area between ZnO/Ag thin film and the polluted solution. Materials were characterized using XRD for phase analysis. Bond vibration analysis was tested by FTIR. SEM test to see the morphology of the ZnO/Ag thin film. Optic properties test is also carried out to determine the transmittance and absorbance of the material. The use of a solar simulator is very interesting as a light source used for photocatalytic testing of ZnO/Ag thin films against Malachite Green. Then, analysis of the results of photodegradation of dye waste using solar simulator test. The photodegradation test was carried out at 10 ppm M.G for 120 minutes. The result of photodegradation using ZnO thin films are 46%. Then photodegradation was also carried out using ZnO/Ag thin films are 55 %. Reuse the same ZnO/Ag thin films are 88 %. This research can be developed further. Because, in addition to its great potential, thin film can reuse with the same or even better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoped and Eu doped (1, 2 and 3 at. %) ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by Sol-Gel co-precipitation method. The hexagonal wurtzite structure was obtained via XRD analysis, with particle size in between 27.83-64.15 nm. UV-Vis spectra showed the absorbance peak at 376 nm for undoped ZnO, which shifted to higher wavelength 385 nm for 1 at. % doping and then it shifted to lower wavelengths i.e., 380 and 379 nm for 2 and 3 at. % respectively. The band gap calculated from absorbance spectra lied in range of 3.29-3.22 eV. FTIR spectra showed the Zn–O stretching mode which is attributed to characteristic sharp peaks lying in the range of 528-536 cm-1 giving a confirmation of successful synthesis of undoped ZnO NPs. Another vibration peak of Eu-O band confirmed the incorporation of Eu ions in the ZnO matrix which shifted towards higher wavenumber in comparison to undoped ZnO i.e., from 882 to 886 cm−1 for all Eu doped ZnO NPs. FESEM images showed that undoped ZnO contained hexagonal shaped NPs with almost homogenous distribution. With initial level of doping, formation of chain linkage of particles took place. For higher Eu doping shape of the particles grew such as the platelets having stacked one by one. EDS analysis gave the elemental composition of all the synthesized NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnS nanoparticles were synthesized via low-cost Sol-Gel chemical method using Zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) and Thiourea (NH2CSNH2) as precursors. To investigate the structural properties, the sample was characterized using X-Ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Major diffraction peaks like (111), (220) and (311) confirm the cubic structure of the sample. Debye–Scherrer (D–S) calculation shows that the size of the particles is around 8nm and Williamson–Hall (W–H) plot helps to understand the strain profile generated in the sample. FTIR study provides the information about functional groups present in ZnS nanoparticles and validates the presence of its characteristic peak at around 602cm-1. To understand the optical properties, UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis was performed in absorbance mode. It shows the absorption peak at 314nm which confirms a blue shift while compared with reported bulk ZnS. We believe the shift is due to the size miniaturization of the sample. Optical band gap was calculated using well accepted Tauc's plot method. Calculated value (3.30eV) indicates the wide band gap nature of ZnS. FESEM micrographs provides a detail information regarding size, shape, and nature of growth of our sample. It confirms the particles in the sample are spherical in nature with a tendency to agglomerate to make larger granular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibacterial activity of silver doped TiO2 nanoparticle interacted with chitosan and their application as coating material on cotton have been examined in this study. Nanoparticles of TiO2 with various silver content were synthesized via sol-gel method. The nanoparticles were characterized, and the effect of various silver were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectrophotometer. The diffraction pattern showed that pure TiO2 and TiO2-Ag have anatase phase. The effect of various silver content showed in the reduction of crystal grain size from 7.5 to 5.9 nm and the decrease of the bandgap energy from 3.33 to 3.19 eV. The nanoparticles have also been successfully interacted with chitosan and tested their antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method to performed strong activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the silver content above 5% (w/w) of up to 12 hours of contact time. Application of the nanoparticles as a antibaterial coating material on cotton fabric via spray coating using air brush showed high percent inhibition of up to 96%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]