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The saliva flora plays an important role in the human oral health. Smoking will bring a large number of harmful substances into the human mouth, break the ecological balance of saliva flora, and cause oral diseases. In order to reveal the effects of cigarette smoking on salivary microbiota, we conducted an ecological analysis of the saliva flora between smokers and non-smokers using bacterial diversity and neutral community theory. The results show that: (1). The mean diversity in smoking saliva flora was lower than that in non-smoking saliva flora (3.868 vs. 4.060); (2) the neutral degree of smoking and nonsmoking saliva flora was very low, but the neutral degree in nonsmoking saliva flora was higher than that in smoking saliva flora (0.319 vs. 0.114); (3) Immigration rate of smoking flora rate was significantly higher than that of non-smoking (0.327 vs. 0.188). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]