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The world has increased its interest in the various pollutants of the environment that have a direct and indirect impact on human life, and affect the land cover as a result of various human activities. Of the rest, which is 23 years, enough for decomposition in the soil and transmitted directly to humans or indirectly by absorbing broad-leaved vegetables from the soil and then humans. The purpose of the research is to measure the concentration of radioactive hazards of the most dangerous lead isotopes in the soil by taking samples and analyzing them using remote sensing technology and geographic information systems. The city of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, was chosen as the study area due to the concentrations of human density and various activities in industries, and the increasing number of infections with malignant diseases such as cancers and malignant tumors, which formed a phenomenon that predicted the dangers surrounding the population. Forty-eight soil samples were taken from different areas in Baghdad (industrial, agricultural, residential communities, types of international, public and secondary transportation routes, factories for the production of batteries and plumbing in their areas). The samples were analyzed in university laboratories using crystallographic spectroscopy. The average concentrations of the radioactivity of the most important isotopes of lead, which is pb-214, were recorded. We received varying values of radioactivity concentrations, some of which exceeded the permissible global standard, and some were within the permissible. To determine the location of the samples with high accuracy, the Global Positioning System (GPS) was used, installing the samples as simulation points with Landsat satellite images (OLI), analyzing them and extracting soils and dense agricultural areas using the Spectral Indicator (SAVI), applying GIS tools, or determining the location of the samples with high accuracy. The effect of the distribution of heavy isotope Pb-214 in the Baghdad city area, predictive maps were produced using the interpolation technique and the identification of soil contaminated areas for Pb-214, which has an energy of 241 KeV, which is the cause of many malignant tumors that infect humans, the highest concentration was recorded at 180 Bq In Al-Waziriya neighborhood Battery Factory No1 and the lowest concentration at 40 Bq in location No 4, 15, and 45, which represents Dora-Expressway, Mansour-Street, Fuel-Express, Mahmoudiya-Road2.We believe that this study will contribute to avoiding areas with contaminated soils, protect residents and owners of activities, and be a source for decision-makers to develop appropriate solutions to reduce injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ranking of liquid-metal coolants of high-power fast reactors was carried out according to the degree of preference and the most preferable (optimal) coolant was selected. The problem was solved in three stages using the methods of system analysis. At the first stage, a preliminary analysis of the properties of all stable metals and their alloys was carried out, at the second stage, a comparison of the optimal layouts of fast reactors with different coolants obtained by solving mathematical programming problems in the same formulation. The third stage involves the analysis and correction of the options obtained. For power reactors of high power, lead with a 208Pb isotope content of about 75 ... 80% and more is preferred. There is no need to separate lead isotopes: thorium ores contain such lead. Natural lead should not be used in high power reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of waste metal ion Cd2+ and Pb2+ collectively in an aquatic environment is polluters that challenging to avoid, therefore needed adsorbent which can selectively decline the level of pollution. This study utilizes crosslinked chitosan as an adsorbent to select and decline the ions of Cd2 + and Pb2 +. The study included crosslinked chitosan with sodium tripophosphate, followed by interaction of adsorbent with each metal ion using batch method such as determination of optimum pH, optimum concentration of tripolyphosphate and adsorbent competition test on adsorption of Cd2 + and Pb2 + ions. The optimum pH result obtained optimum pH of Cd2 + and Pb2 + ions using chitosan-tripolyphosphate (KSP) adsorbent which optimum at pH 6 for Cd2 + and pH 3 for Pb2 + ions. Optimum concentration of tripolyphosphate chitosan 2% (b / v). It was concluded that KSP adsorbent was selective against Pb2 + ion in the competition test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of waste metal ion Cd2+ and Pb2+ collectively in an aquatic environment is polluters that challenging to avoid, therefore needed adsorbent which can selectively decline the level of pollution. This study utilizes crosslinked chitosan as an adsorbent to select and decline the ions of Cd2 + and Pb2 +. The study included crosslinked chitosan with sodium tripophosphate, followed by interaction of adsorbent with each metal ion using batch method such as determination of optimum pH, optimum concentration of tripolyphosphate and adsorbent competition test on adsorption of Cd2 + and Pb2 + ions. The optimum pH result obtained optimum pH of Cd2 + and Pb2 + ions using chitosan-tripolyphosphate (KSP) adsorbent which optimum at pH 6 for Cd2 + and pH 3 for Pb2 + ions. Optimum concentration of tripolyphosphate chitosan 2% (b / v). It was concluded that KSP adsorbent was selective against Pb2 + ion in the competition test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multineutron transfer reaction 90Zr+208 Pb has been studied at the energy close to the Coulomb barrier energy by using the PRISMA + CLARA set-up. In this fragment-? coincidence measurement, the selective properties of the reaction mechanism in the population of the specific states have been discussed. Based on the observed ? transitions of neutron transfer channels, namely 89-94Zr isotopes, their level schemes have been constructed and updated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutron-deficient isotopes in the lead region are well established examples of the shape coexistence phenomenon in nuclei. In this work, bulk and decay properties, including deformation energy curves, charge mean square radii, Gamow-Teller (GT) strength distributions, and ß-decay half-lives, are studied in neutron-deficient Pt, Hg, and Pb isotopes. The nuclear structure involved is described microscopically from deformed quasiparticle random-phase approximation calculations with residual interactions in both particle-hole and particle-particle channels, performed on top of a self-consistent deformed quasiparticle Skyrme Hartree-Fock basis. The sensitivity to deformation of the GT strength distributions in those isotopes is proposed as an additional complementary signature of the nuclear shape. The β-decay half-lives resulting from the GT strength distributions are compared to experiment to demonstrate the ability of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removal of the long-lived 222Rn daughters (210Pb, 210Bi and 210Po) from copper, stainless steel and germanium surfaces was investigated. As cleaning techniques etching and electro-polishing was applied to samples in a form of discs exposed earlier to a strong radon source. Reduction of the 210Pb activity was tested using a HPGe spectrometer, for 210Bi a beta spectrometer and for 210Po an alpha spectrometer was used. According to the conducted measurements electropolishing was always more efficient compared to etching and in case of copper the activity reduction factors for 210Pb, 210Bi and 210Po were between 200 and 400. Etching does not remove 210Po from copper but works very efficiently from germanium. Results obtained for 210Pb and 210Bi for etched stainless steel were worse but still slightly better than those achieved for copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beamline BL-16 on INDUS-2 at RRCAT, Indore has been employed for M sub shell measurements on Pt, Au, Hg, Pb, Th and U at 8 and 10 keV photon energies to determine M sub-shell X-ray emission cross-sections and for L sub-shell measurements on Dy, Ho, Er, Lu, Ta, W, Pt, Au, Hg, Pb and Bi with selective creation of electron vacancies in individual sub-shells to derive L Coster-Kronig (CK) yield values. The cross sections have been measured for the first time. The determined L sub-shell CK yields were used to explore some details of CK transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-particle spectroscopic factors (SF) of magic and semimagic nuclei are analyzed within the self-consistent theory of finite Fermi systems. The the in-volume energy dependence of the mass operator Σ is taken into account in addition to the energy dependence induced by the surface-phonon coupling effects which is commonly considered. It appears due to the effect of high-lying collective and non-collective particle-hole excitations and persists in nuclear matter. The self-consistent basis of the energy density functional method by Fayans et al. is used. Both the surface and in-volume contributions to the SFs turned out to be of comparable magnitude. Results for magic 208Pb nucleus and semimagic lead isotopes are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banten Bay in Indonesia is a coastal area which has been highly affected by human activity. Previous studies have reported the presence of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) heavy metals in the seawater of this area. This study was conducted to measure the accumulation of Pb and Cu in seawater, sediment, leaf tissue, and root tissue of the seagrass species Enhalus sp. Sampling was conducted at two observation stations in Banten Bay: Station 1 (St.1) was located closer to the coastline and to industrial plants as source of pollution, while Station 2 (St.2) was located farther away offshore. At each station, three sampling points were established by random sampling. Field sampling was conducted at two different dates, i.e., on 29 May 2012 and 30 June 2012. Samples were processed by wet ashing using concentrated HNO3 acid and measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Accumulation of Pb was only detected in sediment samples in St.1, while Cu was detected in all samples. Average concentrations of Cu in May were as follows: sediment St.1 = 0.731 ppm, sediment St.2 = 0.383 ppm, seawater St.1 = 0.163 ppm, seawater St.2 = 0.174 ppm, leaf St.1 = 0.102 ppm, leaf St.2 = 0.132 ppm, root St.1= 0.139 ppm, and root St.2 = 0.075 ppm. Average measurements of Cu in June were: sediment St.1 = 0.260 ppm, leaf St.1 = 0.335 ppm, leaf St.2 = 0.301 ppm, root St.1= 0.047 ppm, and root St.2 = 0.060 ppm. In June, Cu was undetected in St.2 sediment and seawater at both stations. In May, Cu concentration in seawater exceeded the maximum allowable threshold for water as determined by the Ministry of the Environment. Spatial and temporal variation in Pb and Cu accumulation were most probably affected by distance from source and physical conditions of the environment (e.g., water current and mixing). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass independent fractionation (MIF) has been a very interesting topic in the field of inorganic isotope chemistry, in particular, geo- and cosmo- chemistry. In the present work, we studied the isotope fractionation of Ni(II) and Pb(II) ions in complex formation with chelating reagent EDTA. To obtain clear results on the mass dependence of the isotope fractionation, we have conducted long-distance ion exchange chromatography of Ni(II) and Pb(II), using chelate complex reagent EDTA. The results apparently show that the isotope fractionation in Ni complex formation system is governed by the mass dependent rule. On the other hand the isotope fractionation in the Pb complex system is governed by the mass independent rule or the nuclear volume effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastic scattering of alpha particles from 208Pb at higher energy is explained by a microscopic and phenomenological alpha potential. The same complex potential is used to calculate the alpha width of 212Po from the principle of detailed balance. The alpha width of the ground state can be reproduced to within a factor of 3 of the experimental value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multinucleon transfer reaction 40Ar+208Pb has been investigated with the PRISMA-CLARA experimental setup in LNL, INFN, Italy. The experimental differential cross sections have been obtained for different transfer channels by measuring more than Δθlab = 20° covered by three angular settings of PRISMA. Results have been compared with the semiclassical calculation GRAZING. Since the understanding of the reaction mechanism depends strongly on the determination of absolute cross section, effect of transport of ions through PRISMA has been studied via a Monte Carlo simulation code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The static dipole polarizability, αD, in 208Pb has been recently measured with highresolution via proton inelastic scattering at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP) [1]. This observable is thought to be intimately connected with the neutron skin thickness, rskin, of the same nucleus and, more fundamentally, it is believed to be associated with the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy. The impact of rskin on αD in 208Pb is investigated and discussed on the basis of a large and representative set of relativistic and non-relativistic nuclear energy density functionals (EDF) [2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compression-mode isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) has been studied in the Sn, Cd and Pb isotopes using inelastic scattering of 400 MeV α-particles at extreme forward angles, including 0°. We have obtained completely 'background-free' inelastic-scattering spectra for the Sn, Cd, and Pb isotopes for a wide angular and excitation-energy range. The various giant resonances excited with different transferred angular momenta were extracted by a multipole-decomposition analysis (MDA). It was found that the centroid energies of the ISGMR in Sn isotopes are significantly lower than the theoretical predictions. The Kτ in the empirical expression for the nuclear incompressibility has been determined to be Kτ = -550±100 MeV for the Sn isotopes. The extracted value for the Cd isotopes is Kτ = -480±100 MeV. These numbers are consistent with values of Kτ = -370±120 MeV obtained from an analysis of the isotopic transport ratios in medium-energy heavy-ion reactions, Kτ = -500-100+120 MeV obtained from constraints placed by neutron-skin data from anti-protonic atoms across the mass table, and Kτ = -500±50 MeV obtained from theoretical calculations using different Skyrme interactions and relativistic mean field (RMF) Lagrangians. Stringent constraints on interactions employed in nuclear structure calculations are obtained on the basis of the experimentally determined values for K∞ and Kτ. These parameters constrain as well the equation of state (EOS) of nuclear matter. However, a significant discrepancy still remains. The ISGMR positions in Sn and Cd isotopes are systematically lower than the predictions obtained on basis of determined from the ISGMR in 208Pb. This raises the question 'Why are Sn and Cd nuclei so soft?'. For a clue to solve the problem, we discuss the preliminary results on the exact positions of the ISGMR in 204,206,208Pb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we present new data for the sub-barrier fusion of the system 6He+206Pb obtained in the Centre de Recherches du Cyclotron (UCL), in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. The preliminary results suggest the absence of fusion enhancement at sub-barrier energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isovector spin monopole resonances (IVSMR) of the β+ type were observed for the first time in the 208Pb and 90Zr(t,3He) reactions at 300 MeV/u. The experiment was performed at the RI Beam Factory (RIBF) at RIKEN by using the newly-constructed magnetic spectrometer SHARAQ. The double differential cross sections for the 208Pb and 90Zr(t,3He) reactions were obtained at the excitation energy of 0≤Ex≤70 MeV and the scattering angles of 0°≤θ≤3°. The monopole component was identified by making a difference between the zero-degree and backward-angle spectra. The signatures of the IVSMR are observed at an excitation energy of 12 MeV(20 MeV) in 208Pb(90Zr)(t,3He) reaction, which agrees fairly well with the theoretical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, the excited states in the extremely neutron-deficient nucleus 180Pb have been observed in an in-beam γ-ray measurement employing the recoil-decay tagging technique. Deduced level energies follow the trend of prolate intruder band level energies derived from heavier lead isotopes and reflect the persistence of magicity of the closed Z = 82 proton shell when approaching the proton drip line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Benchmark on computer simulation of radioactive nuclides production rate and heat generation rate in lead target exposed to 660 MeV proton is part of IAEA Coordinated Research Project Analytical and Experimental Benchmark Analyses of Accelerator Driven Systems, in the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna (Russia). In the experiment absolute activities of several long-lived radionuclides, generated in lead target during its irradiation with 660 MeV proton beam, were determined to be compared with simulation predictions, based on different available codes and physical models. The paper shows the results obtained by us and compared among the participants as well as with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerators play a significant role in the investigation of inner-shell ionization. Inner-shell excitation through the impact of protons has shown renewed interest recently. These studies indicate that in the case of L-shell ionization, most of the experiments have been conducted with protons having energies greater than 500 keV. Thus, there is not only a lack of experimental data but there also exists large discrepancies between the experimental measurements and the theoretical calculations based on different models prevailing in this energy regime. In view of this, we report in this paper the experimentally measured values of L X-ray intensity ratios for Pb, namely, Ll/Lα, Lβ/Lα and Lγ/Lα with protons over the energy range 225 keV–400 keV using a Van de Graaff accelerator. Their energy dependence and comparison with theoretical calculations will also be discussed. These measurements have yielded data in the low energy region, which helps in the emergence of better understanding of proton induced X-ray emission phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the limits of nuclear stability and the consequences on nuclear structure theory by measuring masses of neutron-unbound nuclei and level energies above the neutron separation energy such as for the first excited state in 24O. Open problems in reaction theory are addressed by, among others, measurements of the Coulomb breakup of 8Li on a Pb and C target at 40 and 70 MeV/u. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of the excitation energies of superdeformed states via the observation of single-step linking transitions have now been made in three even-A Pb nuclei, with a quasicontinuum analysis providing a limit in a fourth, odd-A case. These results allow us to take the first steps towards establishing systematic trends in excitation energies and binding energies in the second minimum in Pb isotopes. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New ENDF-6 formatted nuclear data evaluations are presented for all natural isotopes of Ca, Sc, Fe, Ge, Pb, and Bi. Apart from the resonance range and low-energy total cross sections, which we have adopted from the best available library, the nuclear data evaluations are completely revised up to 20 MeV, and moreover are extended up to 200 MeV. This collection of isotopic evaluations, called NRG-2003, is created with the nuclear-model code TALYS using input parameters that deviate only slightly, or not at all, from the default values. These model-input parameters have been tuned to the available experimental data. All evaluations presented here are thus of comparable quality: For each isotope, we use the same set of nuclear models and, equally important, the same set of ENDF-6 formatting procedures. We have made these evaluations complete in their description of reaction channels. The data, which are stored in a compact way, include cross sections, angular distributions, double-differential spectra, discrete and continuum photon-production cross sections, and residual production (activation) cross sections including isomers. We have validated the new evaluations with a few criticality and shielding benchmarks. The data files will be proposed for inclusion in JEFF-3.1. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New results of measured anisotropy coefficients for proton-induced fission of 204,206,207,208Pb and 209Bi are presented at proton energies of 48, 98, and 177 MeV These results, together with earlier ones, are used for an estimation of the dependence of the anisotropy coefficients on proton energy in the framework of the standard statistical model, taking into account the characteristics of the intermediate compound nuclei formed in the process of the interaction of protons with lead and bismuth nuclei. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutron- and proton-induced fission cross-sections of the lead isotopes 204,206–208Pb and 205Tl in the intermediate energy region have been measured at the Svedberg Laboratory in Uppsala, Sweden. Average fissilities of the composite nuclei and the dependence on the nucleon energy and the parameter Z2/A were determined. On this basis, the correlation between the proton- and neutron-induced fission cross sections has been established in the atomic mass region A ∼ 200 and for nucleon energies above 50 MeV, where shell effects do not play a very significant role. The correlation is discussed in the frame of results from calculations by the code TALYS. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All the stable lead isotopes and 209Bi have been recently measured at n_TOF (CERN) in the range from 1 eV up to 1 MeV, using an optimized experimental setup, A set of two homemade C6D6 detectors with carbon-fibre canning was designed to greatly reduce the sensitivity to scattered neutrons. Surrounding elements like the sample holder and the sample exchanger have been made also of carbon fibre. The pulse-height weighting technique has been used in order to determine the (n,γ) cross sections. Concerning this technique, special care has been taken in the treatment of several sources of error leading to a total systematic uncertainty of less than 3%. Results on the analysed 209Bi and 207Pb capture data and a comparison with previous experiments and evaluations are presented. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-resolution neutron total and capture cross-section measurements have been performed on a 99.82% enriched 206Pb metallic sample. The transmission and capture measurements were carried out at the 25- and 60-m stations, respectively, of the Time-Of-Flight facility GELINA of the IRMM in Geel (B). The small amount of material allowed us to detect 13 resonances below 80 keV in the transmission measurements and 70 were seen in the capture measurements below 150 keV. The resonance parameters for the resonances seen in transmission agree within the uncertainties of the parameters determined by Horen et al. at ORELA. The capture yield was measured up to 600 keV and the capture areas for resonances up to 150 keV were compared with published data. This comparison reveals systematic differences, which are due to the detection geometry, the different neutron sensitivity in the detection systems, the applied weighting function, and normalisation. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The astrophysical reaction rates for the (γ,n) photodisintegration reactions of [sup 204]Pb, [sup 196,198,204]Hg, and [sup 197]Au will be determined using a quasi-thermal photon bath which is produced from bremsstrahlung. Here we present the first part of this experiment. The reaction [sup 197]Au(γ,n)[sup 196] Au is discussed in detail because this reaction was measured in several experiments using different experimental techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the dynamical effects of the halo structure of 11Li on the scattering on heavy targets at energies around the Coulomb barrier. This experiment was performed at ISAC-II at TRIUMF with a world record in production of the post-accelerated 11Li beam. As part of this study we report here on the first measurement of the elastic cross section of the core nucleus, i.e. 9Li on 208Pb, at energies around the Coulomb barrier. A preliminary optical model analysis has been performed in order to extract a global optical potential to describe the measured angular distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the large angle quasi-elastic scattering of 54Cr+208Pb system in terms of the full-order coupled-channels formalism. We especially investigate the role of single, double and triple phonon excitations on quasi-elastic scattering cross section as well as quasi-elastic barrier distribution of this system for which the experimental data have been measured. It is shown that the triple phonon excitations both in 54Cr and 208Pb nuclei seem to be needed by the present coupled-channels calculations in order to reproduce the experimental data of quasi-elastic cross section and barrier distribution for the 54Cr+208Pb system. We also show that the standard value of the surface diffuseness parameter for the nuclear potential a = 0.63 fm, is preferred by the experimental quasi-elastic scattering data for this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin nucleus 8He is investigated by measuring the angular distribution of the elasticly scattered 8He and the 6,4He fragments produced in the collision with a 208Pb target at 22 MeV, just above the Coulomb barrier. The experiment was carried out at SPIRAL/GANIL in 2010. Here we present preliminary results for the elastic scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

207Pb(n,2nγ)206Pb cross section were measured for incident neutron energies between 6 and 20 MeV with the white neutron beam produced at GELINA. The γ-ray production cross section for the main transition (803 keV, 2+→ 0+) in 206Pb is compared to results obtained at Los Alamos and to the TALYS and EMPIRE-II code predictions. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-configuration mixing calculation is presented in the context of the Interacting Boson Model (IBM), with the aim to describe recently observed collective bands built on low-lying 0+ states in the neutron-deficient lead isotopes. Possible effects on the nuclear binding energy are addressed, caused by mixing of these low-lying 0+ intruder states into the ground state, and a new method is described in order to provide a consistent description of both ground-state and excited-state properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quasicontinuous decay spectrum of superdeformed excitations in [SUP195]Pb has been extracted. The slow increase of intensity as E&b.gamma; decreases is consistent with a level density of normal deformed excitations at ∼ 1 1/2 with no gap parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]