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Coal bottom ash (CBA) is a coal combustion by-products produced by coal-fired power plants. It is an alternative for cement material whilst reducing greenhouse effect. This research aims to investigate immobilization of heavy metal in concrete mortar contained of CBA. The solidification/stabilization (S/S) method was applied for the immobilization purpose. Chemical bonding and the functional group of the CBA mortar were comparable to the OPC cement mortar as negative control. Thus, CBA has good potential as eco-friendly cement binder for a better environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite are one of the most common FRP materials. GFRP properties mostly depend on the characteristics of its constituent materials, fiber orientation, and content, also the interaction between fiber and matrix. In a transmission line, GFRP crossarm was introduced and used as a protection material to distribution and transmission system due to high dielectric strength and non-conductivity. This paper is a review of past study and to achieve an objective which is in order to investigate the GFRP based on its temperature behavior performance in the various application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Involvement of important engineering applications in the interaction of free-moving objects with dispersed multi-phase flows are numerous in recent years. However, due to the challenge and complexity, few studies have been reported and modeling approaches remain very limited. This paper reviews the use of discrete particle models (DPMs) for the study of the fluid flow phenomena and elaborates several different types of multiple phases. The efficiency of particle retention and computational time were considered in determining the most appropriate multiphase model. Therefore, the dynamic modeling of multi-scale systems requires a method to solve the problem of structural fluid interaction (FSI) in the particle fluid flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]