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Desalination techniques based on renewable energy are emerging as a viable option. Solar stills are one such technology that has seen a resurgence of interest in recent years. The study heavily centered on the water quality issues associated with solar still distillate output, as it is frequently considered that this distillate is fit for consumption without sufficient analysis and testing. The purpose of this research was to investigate the viability of employing a solar still to recover fresh water from ocean and boar water. The experiment was carried out by introducing ocean water and boar water into a developed solar still. The findings reveal that a normal temperature alone is insufficient to kill germs, emphasizing the need of ultraviolet light emitted by solar radiation. It's also crucial that all portions of the solar still receive sunlight to prevent bacteria from developing in the shaded areas. For drinkable water, physiochemical quality metrics such as pH, TDS, turbidity, and conductivity were found to be within the range recommended by the (WHO)-2017, (BIS)-2010, and (EPA)-2014 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of animal oil which is extracted from the chicken waste is experimentally investigated in an order to further treated in a trans-etherification process to get a biodiesel the viscosity of the extracted oil is known before converting into a biodiesel. The waste in the sense it will be a head, feathers, intestine and skin of a chicken. When the diesel fuel is compared to a biodiesel resulted in a reduction in a brake torque and increase in brake specific fuel consumption. In the Trans etherification process methanol act as a reagent and KOH as a catalyst. The reaction process tends to run for 90 minutes at 60 C in order to stir the combination to take up a reaction. It also another set of an idea tends to check an effect of tallow and crude soybean oil with or without an L-Carnitine on boiler chicken with the help of a soybean oil and with addition of a broiler chicken. The alkaline trans-etherification of chicken oil with reagent and catalyst gives a high-quality biodiesel in a good conversion rate. The process is an economically possible by a filtering or separating a methanol and glycerine where the by- products are formed. Animal wastes are recently trended in order to alternate for vegetable oils in the production of biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental investigation is carried out to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine while using Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles as additive in diesel-biodiesel blends. In the first phase of the experiments, stability of neat diesel and diesel-biodiesel fuel blends with the addition of Zinc oxide nanoparticles are analyzed. After series of experiments, it was found that the blends subjected to high speed blending followed by ultrasonic bath stabilization improves the stability. The performance characteristics are studied using the stable fuel blends in a single cylinder four stroke Zinc oxide acts as an oxygen donating catalyst and provides oxygen for the oxidation of CO or absorbs oxygen for the reduction of NOx. The activation energy of Zinc oxide acts to burn off carbon deposits within the engine cylinder at the wall temperature and prevents the deposition of non-polar compounds on the cylinder wall results reduction in HC emissions. The tests revealed that Zinc oxide nanoparticles can be used as additive in diesel-biodiesel blend to improve complete combustion of the fuel and reduce the exhaust emissions significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emission from machines and vehicles is a consistent pollutant in today's world. Efforts and measures are being taken to reduce the amount or to reduce its impact on the atmosphere. Different materials are used to reduce the emission of an engine. One such synthetic material named KEVLAR and JUTE has been known for its many mechanical properties. In this project, Kevlar and Jute Composite material is tested and evaluated for reduction in NOx values and other components of exhaust gas from an IC engine. Kevlar and jute composite material has been prepared using epoxy resin, graphene and aluminum oxide cut into circular shapes of required diameters with holes in it. The plates are arranged in a series order inside the silencer by orienting the plates and welded inside the silencer and closed. VCR Engine has been used for the testing purpose and the fuel used is a biodiesel, which is a blend of lemongrass oil and diesel of fixed proportions. The result successfully showed significant reduction in NOx values with maximum reduction. The values were compared with that of diesel and graphs of BTE, SFC, NOx and other components were plotted against BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world the need for biofuel is increasing day by day due to environmental factors and to improve their overall fuel efficiency. Biofuel is the best alternative for this considering their chemical properties and compatibility with Diesel engines. So for this work, we are integrating waste cooking oil and palm oil with diesel as an alternative to plain diesel and analysing their properties with different blends to get the most optimum result. The first step involves the mixing of waste cooking oil and palm oil to diesel along with nanoparticles to reduce CO emissions. Calcium oxide nanoparticles are used as a catalyst which are synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Then the samples are sent to the lab where particle nature, size and its composition are examined. Transmission electron microscope is used to get the size, shape and its structure. X-ray diffraction gives us the polycrystalline nature of the nanoparticles. Palm oil does not have any negative effects on the engine and it is considered to be the best whereas waste cooking oil is known for the emulsification of lubricants and to jam the linings of piston and cylinder. We chose calcium oxide nanoparticles as it can efficiently purify the exhaust gases from the engine. Increasing the concentration of CaO nanoparticles in the biofuel blend results in the improvement of exhaust gas filtration as it highly reduces the quantity of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from the exhaust gases of vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India imported about 2/3rd of its petroleum requirements which involved a cost of approximately Rs. 80,000 crores in foreign exchange. Citronella oil is used as an input for biodiesel production via transesterification. Citronella biodiesel fuel properties are observed and tested in the fuel testing laboratory with standard procedure.Then an experimental set up is construct to study the performance VCR engine with different blends of Citronella Oil. L9 Orthogonal array was framed by Taguchi method. Green gasses emissions measured by AVL Gas analyzer. The optimum engine operating conditions were observed from response curve analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic growth of the country mainly depends on transportation sector. In this connection petro-diesel consumption has been increased due to wide development of transportation sector. With increase in petro-diesel products there is a serious threat on the reserves of petroleum products (fossil fuels) and pollution levels of environment. This has been thrown a great challenge in front of the researchers working in this domain. To reduce the afore said problems as the petro-diesel products are exhaustive in nature, there is a necessity to find suitable alternative fuel in place of petro-diesel products. Further to reduce the intensity of pollutant levels in the environment also a suitable substitute to be selected. Both these qualities are found in majority of bio diesels. Bio diesel properties are closure to diesel fuel. But the NOx emissions produced with biodiesel are more compared to diesel fuel. Hence, a suitable modification for the existing engine to be carried out to enhance combustion phenomenon and to reduce pollutant levels. In the present work the experiments are conducted with suitable bio diesel, piston geometry and EGR design. With these the investigations are conducted out on four stroke single cylinder water cooled, computerized test rig of CI diesel engine. The performance and emission characteristics are investigated. The results are correlated with base engine and found fruitful, which are presented in the full text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal energy is very lots beneficial in the human day by day lifestyles whereas it is transformed from solar strength. One of the green methods of garnering warm energy is from the sun plate collector. This paper emphasizes an experimental observe of Nusselt range (Nu), Friction element (fr) and Thermal overall performance (η) of the Double-V-Trough solar Collector (DGVT) ready with plain twisted tape (PTT), horizontal wing twisted tape (HWTT) and vertical wing twisted tape(VWTT) bets under one of a kind turning situations (Y=3& 6) and same working mode. DGVT's warmness transfer capacity is better than an unmarried glass V-Trough sun collector (SGVT) with eight.84%. The usage of the double glazing glass within the V-Trough collector reduces the thermal coefficient which improves the thermal performance. Empirical data has been validated with basic equation and its associated errors are less than ± 14.79% & ± 4.17% for Nu and respectively. The experimental results showed that Nu, frand η in DGVT associated with HWTT were significantly higher than in the tube equipped with VWTT and PTT. The additional fluid disruption close to the tube wall persuaded by the wing and the secondary flow near the tube wall represented by HWTT and VWTT relative to the induced by PTT was determined as the cause of enrichment. Correlations are developed for Nu and to match experimental results and deviation falls within ± 9.25% and ± 7.18%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion is the characteristic degradation of materials by interaction with the operating environment. One of the important and widely adopted method to prevent corrosion is coatings on the materials. The intention of the present study is to understand the corrosion behaviour of Ni-Ag and Ni-Cu coatings using DC/RF magnetron co-sputtering technique onto stainless steel (Grade 304) substrates. Thin film X-ray Diffraction method to decide the crystalline structure and provide information on unit cell dimensions. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic method (FESEM) to produce a magnified image with high resolution. Atomic Force Microscopic method (AFM) to study the surface properties of the coated material. Electrochemical corrosion test to analyse the corrosion pattern of the coated materials. The results suggest that the surface modified SS304 exhibits better corrosion protection as compared with uncoated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unavoidable tool included evaluating the engineering answers aimed at reducing the cost of solar water heaters by combining polymer blends, solar collectors, and heat storage in heater production. Potential for making Solar Collector with the use of Hybrid Artificial Fiber Polymer Composite Complex construction of polymer composite for molding of large components of sun collector. The unit additive materials and engineering answers for their production are carefully analyzed for the manufacturing requirements of solar heaters. Hot molding is the best material and the most useful molding technology is fiberglass Kevlar-stuffed plastic-based available layout thermoses. It is essential to make the soaking panel corrugated and to apply special paint as its selective coating. The parameters of the unit will be optimized by calculation. The advanced two-dimensional version of the unit shows the optimal solution with the investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant feature of removal of moisture from food products is to prevent the growth of microorganisms and Bacteria. Drying is a process of removing the excess humidity from the vegetable. Solar or air drying are not feasible methods due to increase in relative humidity in specified regions. The portable method is the use of Dehydrator for the removal of water content from the food. In this present experimental investigation, the product to be dried was brought down to room temperature. In drying process the vegetable was dehumidified by the isothermal process. Specific sensors were used in the system to control the temperature for the vegetables and optimum temperature was provided to dry the product without burning the vegetable. Motors were used to move the device from one place to another and move the fruit to the heating element. The main advantage of the process is that it has lower power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, an experiment on performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine is performed with three blends made up of waste plastic oil, n-hexanol, and diesel. This research studygives the solution to plastic waste management and alternate fuel to diesel. The waste plastic oil is extracted from the plastic waste by the pyrolysis process to which zeolite is used as a catalyst. From the experimental results, the blend having the volume percentage of 50% of diesel, 30% of waste plastic oil and 20% of n-hexanol hasshown better performance among the other blends. About 1.265% and 14.285% increase in brake thermal efficiency, 4.04% and 8.96% lower in oxides of nitrogen emission, and 30% and 40% lower in smoke emission is achieved for this blend when compared with pure diesel and waste plastic oil at full load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental investigations have been carried out with different types of inserts to enhance the heat transfer rate under turbulent flow of air in a pipe. Experimental data obtained using the different types of inserts for friction factor and Nusselt number, and an improvement in heat transfer rate had also recorded. Maximum enhancement in heat transfer is obtained by protruding the spiral-rectangle block inserts. The Performance Assessment Coefficient (PEC) has taken into account to analyze the increment of both the friction coefficient and Nusselt number with and without inserts with respect to flow and heat transfer. The outcome for PEC with different Reynolds number (Re) imply a real increase in Nusselt. The results for PEC with different Re indicate a true increase in the amount of Nusselt is up to 126 percent and the corresponding friction factor is 140 percent with the spiral-rectangle block inserts, in turn subsequent improvement in the heat transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a days everyone has a refrigerator in their home for the purpose to store foods, medicines and eatables etc. Some foods based on its property we can directly use after we taken out from the refrigerator. But under some conditions we can't use the products directly from the refrigerator so we need to bring the product into room temperature for better usage. If not done so some medical issues are being raised so to avoid this, we have a solution smart container in refrigerator which does the de-cooling in the refrigerator itself no need to keep it in temperature and this is a remotely operable from anywhere using IOT. This must be done in an efficient manner and the approach to solve this aspect is discussed further. The following we made cad design for the smart container. Before manufacturing we need the visual proof whether it is suitable are not to our daily household use the factor considered is the refrigerator temperature and the environmental temperature. Under this condition we are going to calculate the time. How long it will take to cool the container. The whole analysis is made in computational manner using the ANSYS software. The final verified result shows the time taken to cool the container is 14 seconds. The analysis result for time taken to de cool the container is 19.5 sec. According to the ANSYS report 20 iterations are need to make the calculation of the time. This will give the better and expected results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that 40 – 50% of the total heat produced within the body is released through the head. This dissipated heat from our head gets trapped inside the helmet resulting in increased internal temperature along with the addition of external heat from the surrounding, making it uncomfortable for the user. This work discloses on the designing and fabrication of a cooling system implemented in a motorbike helmet with the use of PCM(Phase Change Material) and mechanically constructed Fins fixed onto the shell surface, to prolong the thermal comfort period compared to a normal helmet. The PCM material is packed in pouches and placed between the Expanded Polystyrene Styrofoam(EPS) and Outer Shell of the helmet. As heat is generated inside the helmet, the PCM absorbs the heat, which is then transferred to the fins. Fins are provided to help in a faster heat transfer rate from the helmet to the surrounding. This hence helps in maintaining the internal temperature for the user by preventing the excess heat from accumulating inside the helmet and thereby removing a major cause of discomfort to the rider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is one of the key issues for our day-to-day activities in today's technology-driven world. The fact that the renewable energy sources are depleting at a lightning-fast rate is clear to us all. Solar wind hybrid system combines solar power stations and wind power plants. Solar panel is used for power generation. PV panel The Peltier module is used to improve PV panel efficiency and performance. Certain PV panels are used to compare the performance of both solar panels, without the Peltier module. The wind's kinetic energy is transformed through the wind turbine into mechanical energy. Dc motor rotates to produce the electrical energy which is transferred to a battery through dc to dc boost converter to increase the voltage output of the wind turbine. The power generated from all the three systems will be stored into the battery through the regulators and then it will be sent to the invertor for use in AC loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is experimentally testing a combination of thermal conductivity and viscosity characteristics to achieve optimal heat transfer utilizing Silicon Carbide (SiC) Therminol 55 as Nanofluid. Recent experiments have shown that Nano-fluids have outstanding properties that render them efficient in many thermal transmission applications in comparison to basic fluids. SiC-Therminol 55 Nano-fluid is synthesized at varying amounts (0.1 per cent to 0.3 per cent) by the production of SiC Nano-Particles of length (80 nm) in therminol 55. Temperature and viscosity were calculated using kd2 Analyzer and Fenske Viscometer at a temperature range. The experimental effect, demonstrated by the highest thermal conductivity, raises volume concentration and decre ases viscosity. At the end of the process, theoretical models are developed for the analysis of the propensity of the Nanofluid to well-established H-C models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is about the vortex ring production and its visualization using laser-based techniques. The tracer used is produced from a smoke emitting incense material via burning. The flow field is illuminated by using a pointer laser to produce a light sheet for image recording. A digital camera is used to capture the images and the captured images are post-processed for further analysis. The flow field show the evolution of plume, ejection of vortex ring and finally the evolution of free vortex ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper primarily focuses on improving the efficiency of a helical spiral shaped turbine. The efficiency of the system proposed encompassed with helical spiral shaped turbine, is improved by heating the air that passes through the capsule containing the turbine. Further, the capsule is shaped like a nozzle in order to increase the pressure of the inlet air. By increasing the turbine inlet temperature, the overall efficiency of the turbine/system can be improved by a large margin. This heated air not only has improved efficiency benefits but also can have a greater benefit on the revenue of the manufacturers. The system proposed uses the ocean thermal, solar to preheat the inlet air. This is done to exploit the available energy from the ocean and solar to maximize the output. A new float which is part of the system has been designed in order to pressurize the air coming out from the solar collector using wave energy. This particular float has a dead weight that helps to provide more down force even during low waves. At the time of erratic wave conditions, the dead weight is forced to position itself to the mean position using an electro-magnet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying of agricultural, food and other products is a valuable process used to increase the usefulness of the product during the non-seasonal periods. The need for agricultural and food products is always increasing because of the increase in population. Hence meeting the need in food requirement is a threat and it can be achieved by increasing the cultivation and also by reducing the wastage of crop, fruits, grains, food products, etc. The wastage of products can be avoided by using preservation processes like conventional and hybrid drying technologies. Also optimizing these technologies is very much important to improve the quality of dried products in a lesser time and at lower costs. In this review, various types of drying methods, the technological improvements in this field and the research work performed using solar and other drying processes are presented. The review papers presented related to these research works is summarized. The modelling methods used to analyse and optimize the process parameters are presented. Thin layer modelling equations developed are tabulated and the analysis of drying kinetics and the effectiveness of these models for various products with different drying methods are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In IC engine, aluminum cylinders are being utilized. As the motors are running at higher evaluations, Pistons are exposed to most extreme pressure conditions. In the current working conditions aluminum is worried to its most extreme conceivable pressure conditions, so the cylinder crown is getting warmed up. The new plan is currently advancing where the crown parcel is cooled by giving display inside the crown. Here as the burning bowl is in a balanced position the cooling display is additionally structured in a counterbalanced situation as indicated by the ignition bowl. Consequently, a salt center is being utilized to produce this sort of cooling exhibition in a cylinder. Four shower edges 150°, 155°, 160° and 165° and three distinctive cylinder bowl geometries in particular Toroidal Re-contestant Combustion Chamber (TRCC), Toroidal Combustion Chamber (TCC) and the standard Hemispherical Combustion Chamber (HCC) have been considered for a similar pressure proportion of 17.5. and with same chamber volume for every one of the three cases Simulation results show that shower edge fundamentally influences the blending and ignition process for each of the three bowl geometries and the motor having TRCC sort of burning chamber gives better execution. Use of biodiesel is significant for diminishing the utilization of non-renewable energy sources and improving outflows execution of inward burning motors in the transportation field. Hydrogenated synergist biodiesel is high caliber and eco-accommodating in nature the splash fluid length of hydrogenated synergist biodiesel is shorter than that of diesel fuel profoundly dynamic fuel which can be utilized to motors as a mix for new propelled burning modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. This research work deals with thermal barrier coating (TBC) on superelastic alloys. It is applied in gas turbine components such as blade, vanes, and integral wheels. The purpose of the coating focused on thermal insulation and oxidation resistance. In this experiment, IN738 is subjected to a coating process which is a widely used nickel-based superalloy. IN738 consists of chromium, carbon, cobalt, aluminum, titanium, and traces of molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, etc. Carbon, zirconium is in limited trace to improve the cast ability process. IN738 resulted in the finest mechanical properties after it is heat-treated. Thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and specific heat of IN738 depend on the temperature effect. In this work, the comparison of two different substrates is made by conducting a hot corrosion test, microhardness test, microstructural study and erosion behavior. Two specimens are prepared IN738 with thermal barrier coating (TBC) and IN738 with thermal coating and based glass-ceramic bond coat as a topcoat with 25% CeO2 doped in it. The specimen with topcoat shows better results than the other regarding corrosion test, mechanical test, and microstructural study [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the extensive use of fossil fuel, there is an accelerating and alarming impact on the environment as well as utilization on fossil fuel energy, Scientist are in search for the fuel fuels which is more renewable and is environmentally less hazardous as well as compatible. To contrast the fuel entrants, criteria have been developed, which make it possible to assign according to quality and grade. Amid all the fuels contemplated, hydrogen protrudes as the best. The following paper will focus on production and compares hydrogen with other conventional and unconventional fuels and comes to the conclusion that in every count hydrogen has the best attribute with many distinctive unique and beneficial properties. H2 is famed for its distinctive characteristics devising it as the most feasible substitute fuel and propellant and potential generation of electricity and power. Hydrogen is highly plentiful and is being used in a great many applications industrially. But hydrogen can be a principal source of fuel and with the familiarity of its different applied science, permutations and innovations hydrogen fuel production can then be addressed. Steam reforming of natural gas is the universally and widely used Hydrogen Production Technology. But environmentally safe and shielded production had been a pressing issue. Thus, a shift to a cleaner and the more sustainable primary energy source is needed and is critical. This paper gives a brief framework of the hydrogen production techniques using two primary energy resources as well as the developments, space, and the further developments and improvements required to be made. The property of H2 Synthesis technology lies from where it is produced, this paper aims to highlight the hydrogen fuel production from bio waste substances and its developments for high hydrogen yield from citric acid source of bio-waste recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current energy crisis, fuels are draining at an alarming rate, there is a pressing demand to develop cost-efficient alternate energy sources. Solar energy is available in abundance, however conventional solar systems are less efficient and expensive. Hence there is a need to harness solar energy in a more efficiently and economically manner. The present work deals with the structural analysis of a cascaded parabolic solar collector. The system will be an integrated structure balancing the overall weight of the parabolic trough with a glass tube absorber through which water flows. The proposed system consists of three parabolic solar collectors connected in parallel to enhance the thermal efficiency. The structural analysis plays a key role to evaluate the external and internal stresses acting on the proposed structure, along with the different forces acting on it, which will help in proper and efficient functioning of the system. The analysis was carried out using ANSYS 16 with tetrahedral mesh so that mesh elements can easily fit into system's complex structural geometry. The software provides real time simulation of the structure under different loading conditions, which gives stress and strain at each predefined mesh. The scoping method used in this analysis is 'geometry selection', in which a total of 5091 element selection were made, and number of nodes and elements used for this structure is 193709and 118420 respectively. After the completion of meshing, the results such as equivalent elastic strain, elastic strain intensity, equivalent von Mises stress, maximum shear elastic strain, normal stress, normal elastic strain, maximum shear stress, total deformation, stress intensity of each component is obtained and evaluated. This analysis created a platform to compare and evaluate loads of different components, which helps to reduce the minor and major errors occur during the initial design, in order to obtain a highly stable and reliable structure. The structure is designed to withstand a load of 400 kg which includes the force exerted by the wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Latent Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) device is most commonly used in waste heat recovery systems because of its high-energy storage capacity. Heat transfer enhancement also with various finned profiles. The current study is carried out to discover the effective waste heat recovery system from single cylinder diesel engine. The LHTES system is developed with inner shell and outer shell made up of steel for storing PCM and water circulation for unloading respectively. The spiral copper tube is placed inside the inner shell, through which heat transfer oil is circulated for loading purpose. The temperature changes inside the LHTES systems is studied for D-sorbitol Phase Change Material (PCM) without Nano material and with Graphite added Nano PCM. In addition, its performance is compared with internally finned inner shell. Results reveals that the heat transfer rate during is increased to 23% for PCM with Nano material compared with PCM without Nano material. Further, more it is increased about 8% for finned LHTES system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present environment, solar energy is one of the vital forms of renewable energy available free of cost. Solar radiation can be harvested and converted as a useful form of energy. Systems are already available for the generation of thermal energy by concentrating solar energy using reflectors. Hence in the present work, to augment the thermal efficiency of the system, a cascaded solar collector with automatic tracking system is fabricated. In this, nano fluids Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) and Copper Oxide (CuO)are used to raise the thermal energy of the system. The proposed system is a unique technique to harness the maximum solar radiation. A cascaded parabolic solar trough collector with single axis automatic tracking system along with quartz tube receiver was fabricated. The single axis automatic tracking system tracks the sun, from east to west direction. The quartz tube receiver is fixed at the focal point of the parabolic trough through which heat transfer fluid flows. At first, experiment was conducted using water as the heat transfer fluid. The experiment was then repeated with Aluminium Oxide nano fluid. From the literatures, it is found that Copper Oxide has high thermal conductivity, based on volume concentration and particle size, compared to Aluminium Oxide and water. Subsequently, Copper Oxide nano fluid was prepared with suitable volume fraction and adequate base fluid proportion and the experiment was conducted using this and the results were compared. It is observed that the Copper Oxide nano fluid gives higher thermal output than Aluminium Oxide nano fluid and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study presents the hybrid Taguchi-Fuzzy technique to predict the heat transfer coefficient in pool boiling of Copper surfaces with dissimilar coating layer of ZrO2 in the boiling experimental system with saturated water as boiling fluid. A hybrid Taguchi-Fuzzy technique was developed considering the coating thickness, voltage, concentration, and surface roughness as input variables and current, contact angle, wall superheat, heat transfer coefficient as output variables. The commendable correctness is found with the forecast optimal model findings with the experimental investigation in each test case. It is found that the highest performance with the Multi performance characteristics index value is 0.75 for the A4B4C4Dll case, which matched with the experimental result of S4 sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the solar still with a novel stepped cup design has been proposed and constructed to desalinate industrial waste liquids. Leather industrial waste and plastic industrial waste liquids are the two industrial waste liquids taken for desalination. The daily productivity of the stepped cup solar still is compared with that of the single slope solar still. Further, thermal storage materials viz., paraffin wax and red brick are incorporated separately in the single slope and stepped cup solar stills and the variation in the productivity is observed. The daily productivity of the stepped cup solar still is higher compared to that of single slope solar still. The stepped cup solar still incorporated with red brick produces the highest amount of distillate when leather industrial waste liquid is desalinated. The experimental results are then analysed using Taguchi method to find suitable parameters for the highest desalination productivity. The economic analysis is done and the payback period is estimated. The two industrial waste liquids and their distillate are tested in the laboratory to find out their chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vapor compression refrigeration system is commonly used for air-conditioning and refrigeration. It is also used in domestic & commercial refrigerators and cold storage applications. Industrial sectors like refinery, petrochemical, chemical, pharma & pulp also benefit from it. The refrigeration system cools the process fluids to the desired temperature. The most commonly used process fluids are water, air, and brines. Irrespective of size and application of the system, all of them operate on common thermodynamic cycle called 'Vapor compression refrigeration cycle'. Oil is used in compressors of refrigeration systems for lubrication, sealing, cooling, reducing pressure pulsations (leading to silencing effect) and for auxiliary functions like capacity control in screw compressors. Oil gets mixed with refrigerant and is discharged out from the compressor along with refrigerant at high pressure & temperature. Oil, if not separated from the discharge gas, can deteriorate heat transfer in heat exchangers in the refrigeration system. In extreme cases, if oil does not return back to compressor then compressor damage can happen. Therefore, separation of oil from refrigerant before the condenser is important. In this paper the conditions when oil separators are necessary in refrigeration systems are discussed. The paper presents a review of variety oil separation technologies used in different types of refrigeration systems. These technologies are based on fluid flow mechanisms involving velocity reduction, change of direction, gravity settling, centrifugal motion, demister pad, impingement separation and coalescing separation. Every technology has unique advantages and limitations. Construction and operation of commonly used oil separators, employing different technologies for oil separation are explained. Though article focuses on refrigeration systems, the concepts discussed are also applicable to any oil-gas separation systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind energy is the cleanest form of energy, abundantly available in nature. There is a major concern growing in the world for substituting fossil fuel by renewable energy to cut off the emissions. Energy extracted from the wind can be classified into high power and low power energy. Savonius wind turbine can produce energy from poor wind conditions. Savonius wind rotor has many advantages over others in that its construction is simpler and cheaper. It is independent of the wind direction and has a good starting torque at lower wind speeds. The wind blades are designed using CAD software. Design is varied by helical angles such as 90° and 110°. The design was carried out for three-bladed and two-bladed savonius turbines. A commercial CFD software is used for simulating the blade profiles by varying the tip speed ratio ranging from 0 to 3 with an interval of 0.2 for constant wind speed. From the validation process, the result produced shows that the most efficient blade profile was 3 bladed Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine with a helical angle of 110°. At a tip speed ratio of 2.6, it produced a cp of 0.48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea based on presented study is to model and simulate the natural frequency of the S type CMFS for SS and titanium material tube. S shape tube modeling was performed and analyzed on ANSYS 16.2. Simulation is done when tube is occupied with water. Titanium and Stainless Steel (SS) are used as material of tube. Water is used as fluid flowing in tube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the improving performance of air conditioning system by reducing the compressor work. The copper tube with the cold-water supply reduces the temperature of the compressor and water is sprayed on the condenser coil. This reduces the temperature of condenser coil because specific heat capacity of water is 4.187kJ/kg, it is higher than that of air (0.718kJ/kg). Therefore, heat rejection can be carried out by both air and water. Spraying the water on the condenser coil also helps in cleaning its surface from the dust. When the temperature of condensing coil is reduced the work done by the compressor is also reduced. This reduction of heat is achieved by circulating the condensed water from the indoor system of an air conditioner. The waste water from the evaporator is used to cool the condenser; due to this additional cost for coolant is eliminated. The condensed water will have the temperature below the room temperature. So, the heat rejection can take place at faster rate. The compressor is prevented from overheating and other failure due to heat. There is continuous generation of water from the indoor unit, hence the cooling happened continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conventional pact type cooling tower, Fill is used to break the fluid (water) into small droplets in order to increase the heat transfer. But the fill should be periodically changed because of the fungus deposited over it. The fungus deposited over the fill will restrict the free flow of fluid (water) leads to poor heat transfer. A small modification of a conventional pact type cooling tower to a shower type cooling tower by removing the fill material and by rotating the feed nozzle 180 degrees in upward direction can increase the heat transfer zone by increasing the height of water flow. The present study investigates through a counter flow mathematical model with respect to height, difference in temperature, specific humidity, change in diameter of water droplets and change in enthalpy of air water mixture. The performance of a shower cooling tower is studied with conventional pact type cooling tower and effectiveness of both of them is evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present running force to be reckoned with is a significant factor, however, to produce power we utilize either an inexhaustible or non-sustainable asset. Yet, we execute a new idea of intensity in creation through Solar Panel, TEG, and DC generator. The fumes gas from the motor is used to control the TEG since the colder side of TEG is available to climate and more sizzling side to put close to the fumes and because of temperature distinction power will be produced. At the same time when beams from the sun strike the sun-oriented board, we get AC. DC Converter is utilized to change over AC produced from sunlight-based board to DC. To transmit power from a sprocket we need either a chain drive or a rigging drive, we use an affix drive to transmit power from different inexhaustible just as non-sustainable assets to charge a battery. The point of venture is to execute the best and proficient methods for power age. Since we use fumes gas produced by the motor in the silencer of the vehicle to create power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarcity of potable water can be overcome by converting the saline water in to the drinkable water. The objective of the work is to enhance the performance of solar still by using phase change material (PCM) and mixing1% concentration Nano fluid in the water. A special paraffin wax with potassium nitrate is used as PCM and graphene oxide as nanofluid. The phase change materials are used to store the heat in day time and can be used in the night time for carrying out the desalination process. The experiment results showed that the productivity of water is increased for solar still with PCM and 1%concentration of nano fluid mixed in water compared with solar still with PCM and conventional solar still. The condensed water which is collected for conventional solar still, solar still with PCM and solar still with nano fluid and PCM are1820ml, 2680mland 3430ml respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As microwave assisted preparation is a green synthesis technique, present work focus on preparation of Mn2O3 nanoparticles in that easier method and evaluation of its structural properties and morphological variations. Annealing process greatly influences the structural and morphology of nanoparticles and hence prepared Mn2O3 were annealed at three different temperatures 300, 500 and 700 °C. Micro structural changes were monitored through XRD and FTIR measurements. Surface morphology was imaged in SEM and its dependency to annealing temperature was confirmed.The band gap evaluation wasanalyzed by ultraviolet - visible spectrometer(UV-Vis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the flow of the particles as dust in between the plates in parallel position along with velocity in angular which makes the steady magnetohydrodynamic flow as the viscous fluid based on electrically. The major model considered for the solving the differential equations using transformation (similarity). The output of dust particles and fluid used are determined as a velocity. The result established the overall velocity of the particles in the fluid is lesser than the dust particles velocity based important parameters it is explained and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automotive Aerodynamics may be a vital physics within the design of a passenger cars and sports utility vehicles. The main objective of the automotive aerodynamics is to normalize the drag force, reduce the noise and preventing the lift forces to avoid aerodynamics instability at high speeds. The main sources of drag force is caused by viscous, pressure effects are to be minimized by the shape of the vehicle body with suitable aerodynamics considerations. The present computational analysis focuses on the drag reduction technique used for a passenger car using vortex generators. Different shapes of vortex generators are considered and investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The flow characteristics round the car body with and without vortex generators are predicted and compared. The present analysis also investigates the combined effect of spoiler with vortex generators and the change in aerodynamics characteristics of the car body is presented. In the recent trends of automotive aerodynamics, a good research works is administered to scale back drag produced by the road vehicles and hence to enhance the aerodynamic performance of the automobiles. For most of the sports vehicles and passenger cars, aerodynamic drag directly influences the speed and fuel economy. The wake formed behind the passenger cars and sports utility vehicles in conjunction with a strong flow separation is that the main cause for drag production in automobiles. Various techniques are identified to attenuate the drag by influencing the flow field at the buttocks. Also, a comparison of vortex generators at the buttocks has been done to justify better aerodynamic performance of passenger cars. In the present investigation, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is effectively wont to simulate the flow field and comparison of aerodynamic performance. The Drag Co-efficient (CD) of the car model has been compared with and without vortex generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model north wall insulated greenhouse solar dryer has been manufactured and tried under natural convection mode. Trial has been led in two unique reflectors in the north side. Sun oriented dryer which is utilized to dries out and safeguard the agricultural items for extensive stretch. A very suited and least expensive technique is open sun drying in which items are just laid on ground, streets, mats, rooftop and so on however the open sun drying a few disadvantages like moderate drying rate, relies on great climate and decrement of residue, birds and insects harms the products. To beat these challenges sun based dryers are created with closed condition for drying, farming items successfully and for best utilization. Lately a few specialists around the world have grown new drying frameworks for improving the item quality, expanding the drying rate, reducing the vitality utilization and it continues now too. Difficulties and future bearings are likewise featured. The survey will be helpful for new analysts going to this at any point required and consistently developing field of building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article welding of two dissimilar metals will be carried out, why do we select dissimilar welding because the usage of the dissimilar metals is increasing day by day mainly in the heat transfer core places. So welding of dissimilar metals becomes unavoidable, which is normally a challenging process and the same is addressed by number of researchers over the period of time. Here the discussion is about the welding process and the impact due to high temperature of welding process on the strength of the weld bead. The high temperature induces corrosion which is undesirable. In this research we are focused to identify the welding parameter which induces the least corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, Aluminium 6061 with various weight percentage (1 %, 3 % and 5 %) of Silicon Carbide (SiC-40nm), composite was fabricated by single stir casting (single SC) and double stir casting (double SC) process. Besides, the mechanical properties like hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the prepared composites were used to compared the effects of single SC and double SC process. Completely, these properties were enhaced with increment of the reinforcement upto 3%, and then decreased due heterogeneous distribution/ agglomeration. In addition, both processed samples of optimum level of reinforcement (3 % of SiC) morphology and quantitative analysis was carriedout. Overall, the double SC improved the nano particle distribution and mechanical properties than single SC process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the manufacturing of disc brake rotor using Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite (AMMC). AMMC used in this study is the combination of aluminium and titanium diboride. The idea behind the research is to find an enhanced suitable brake rotor material. This paper is focused on developing a composite by adding titanium diboride (TiB2) as reinforcement material in aluminium metal matrix (AA6061) by weight ratio of 5%, 10%, and 15% through stir casting method. Hardness, Impact, wear and tensile tests were performed to understand and analyze the mechanical properties. It was found that better mechanical properties were found at 15% reinforcement of titanium diboride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible films are thin films intended to contain, store, and protect the food and beverages. As they are made from edible polymers, the consumption of edible films does not harm human or living things. They are easily biodegradable, producible from renewable sources, and safe for consumption. Hence, they have high potential in food packaging sector to overcome the problems associated with synthetic and biodegradable plastics. Hydrocolloids and lipids are widely investigated and found suitable for making the edible films. Among many sources of hydrocolloids, starch based films have advantages, such as highly transparent, highly flexible, having high degree of polymerization, easy processability, requiring less chemicals for production etc. However, literature showed that the edible films produced from native starch exhibit poor water resistance and low mechanical strength as compared to those of other hydrocolloids. Incorporation of nanomaterials with edible films is considered to be an effective method to improve the functional properties. In the present investigation, the influence of nanocellulose on the film properties of edible films is investigated. Nanocellulose was produced from rice husk through a three step chemical process: alkaline treatment, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. The edible films were prepared from native potato starch through solution casting method by varying nanocellulose content (0%, 5%, 10% & 15%). Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), mechanical strength (tensile strength, Young's modulus and percentage of elongation) and film color were tested for the produced films. From the results, it was observed that the addition of nanocellulose had shown lower WVTR, increased mechanical strength and higher transparency, as compared to the control films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium is a soft, silvery-white material which belongs to the boron group in the periodic table. Aluminium and its alloys are lightweight and are capable of providing solutions to optimize strength-weight ratio in automobiles but it cannot be used for high wear applications. So aluminium alloy is combined with high wear resistant alumina ceramic to make it usable n high wear application such as brakes. Due to passivation aluminium has the ability to resist corrosion. Alumina ceramic is a non-metal with good wear resistance. Aluminium can be coated with ceramic by various processes through adhesives, brazing & thermal plasma spraying, etc. Aluminium can also be joined with alumina ceramic by using an epoxy resin which is used to join metals and non-metals. Once the aluminium is coated with ceramic by epoxy resin, Tribological test and EDX analysis were carried out on the material for studying. Comparable mechanical and tribological properties can be achieved on thematerial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium is more effectively fitted for implant operation as could be in contact with the living system without producing an adverse effect. It has a modulus of elasticity close to the natural bone. In this investigation magnesium composite (AZ31) was reinforced with graphene nano particles by employing liquid casting method. The dry wear test on Mg matrix composite reinforced with GNP was carried out using the pin-on-disc method. The various parameters adopted for the pin-on-disc method are applied load, velocity and weight proportion of graphene reinforcement. The experiment was conducted based on L9 orthogonal array employing Taguchi technique. The optimal wear rate was obtained by ANOVA, the regression equation and the influencing parameters are identified. The signal to noise ratio was used to review the effect of the parameters. The Experiment results revealed that the presence of GNP in different composition increases the wear resistance of composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has many different levels of parameters hence prediction method is required for FDM users. The main aim of this paper is to predict the mechanical strength of the components before fabrication of FDM process. In this paper, the most influenced FDM process parameters of Layer thickness, Infill density, print speed, temperature and build orientation were considered for prediction of tensile strength of the fabricated part. The tensile test specimen (ASTM-D638) was fabricated by FDM process with PLA (Polylactic Acid) material, based on the central composite design. The actual tensile strength values were obtained by conducting a test on Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for the PLA material. The results data were used to develop the mathematical models for the prediction of tensile strength of fabricated part from response surface methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Similarly, ANN tool was used to predict the tensile strength of the specimen with the aid of 33 experiments and result data. The predicted values from the results of RSM, ANN, ANOVA were compared with the actual tensile strength. The ANN technique gives the minimum value of percentage deviation in Error (1-2%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing competition and innovations in automobile sector tends to modify the existing products or replacing old products by new and advanced material products. A suspension system of vehicle is also an area where these innovations are carried out regularly. More efforts are taken in order to increase the comfort of user. Weight reduction has been the main focus of automobile manufacturers in the present scenario. Weight reduction can be achieved primarily by the introduction of better material, design optimization and better manufacturing processes. The suspension leaf spring is one of the potential items for weight reduction in automobiles as it accounts for 10% - 20% of the unstrung weight. This achieves the vehicle with more fuel efficiency and improved riding qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite [Hap] is considered one of the most efficient biomaterials with a commonly accepted formula Ca10[PO4]6 [OH]2. To boost the biological and physical properties of the Hap crystal, a lot of elements such as Ag, F, Mg, CO3, Zn, Bi, and Na have been used for doping hydroxyapatite. In this study, the Silver-substituted hydroxyapatite (Ag-Hap) synthesized through chemical co-precipitation was investigated. The crystal structure, phase purity and functional groups of the synthesized sample were explored through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The surface morphology properties and elemental analysis by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-spectroscopy (EDAX) are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work describes an attempt to develop hybrid bio-composite material using Bombyx Silk & glass fiber reinforced in epoxy resin as matrix varying the orientation of silk fiber to the glass fiber at an angle of 90.˚ In medical industry weight is an important parameter that is considered widely in manufacturing of artificial limbs for physical disabled. Usually to support the person the structure needs enough strength to carry the weight of the person. The limb needs to be light in weight, so it should not affect the daily routine of the person. The structural member undergoes continuous cycles of compression and tension when the user is performing day to day activity. The procured materials were designed using COMSOL and different testing namely tensile, compression, flexure to be conducted on the samples [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motive of this paper is to produce Non-Asbestos Organic brake pad for the automotive application using bamboo fibre reinforced with binder epoxy resin, friction reducer wheat and filler material kaolin clay. Three different brake pads were developed and named A, B and C with various compositions of the materials using hand layup technique. For detail understanding of the material nature varied mechanical testing was done, the properties examined are Tensile strength, Hardness and physical traits like porosity, density too was tested with varied testing standards, the surface analysis was done by SEM for the topological imaging. The unique nature of bamboo fibre brought a great influence in the brake pads in both physical and mechanical traits hence it can be said that replacement of the conventional brake pads can be done with this bamboo reinforced brake pad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]