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Transformers are the main building block in a power system. Any damage in transformers adversely affects the balance of a power system. The main objective of this study is real time monitoring of the health conditions of the transformer using IOT technology. The parameters such as temperature, voltage and current of a transformer are monitored, processed, and recorded in servers. For this purpose, three sensors are interfaced with the ESP32 controller. Further this data is collected, processed and displayed on LED and application interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the issue of load imbalance in electric power distribution systems, which leads to current flow in the neutral conductor of transformers. The study aims to investigate the impact of load imbalance on neutral current and losses in the transformer. The analysis reveals that a load imbalance of 24% during the day results in a large neutral current of 109 A and increased losses due to neutral current flowing to the ground (8.47%). The findings highlight the significance of load balancing in reducing losses and improving the efficiency of electric power distribution systems. The study provides insights for researchers and practitioners to develop strategies for load balancing to mitigate the effects of load imbalance on transformer losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proper earthing scheme is an essential part of any electrical system. Improper earthing systems can lead to equipment damage, flashovers and overvoltages. power surges and discharges. Grounding uses earth as the return conductor in case of a fault. This helps identify errors Earthing ensures system stability and prompt identification and clearing of faults. Earthing techniques can be categorized as follows Direct earthing, Indirect earthing, Isolated. In this paper, variations of the type of transformer earthing on the Terco Simulator Power System were tested and simulated with ETAP (Electric Transient Analysis Program). The result show that different transformer earthing models produce different currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article substantiates the criteria for placing a current transformer in the stator wedges and obtaining an output voltage that can be used to control and regulate the reactive power of asynchronous motors. As a result of the passage of current through the stator windings in a sensitive element located in the wedges, an output signal is obtained; this output signal is generated in the form of voltage due to magnetic currents that determine the reactive power of an asynchronous motor. The use of this signal in monitoring and regulating reactive power leads to increased accuracy, saving energy and resources. Research has shown that the output voltage of the current converter is linearly related to the change in the stator current of an asynchronous motor, and the results obtained in practice are adequate to theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study of current measuring transformers in the power supply system, and analyzes the construction of galvanomagnetic ferromagnetic current transformers using Hall, magnetoresistor, magnetodiode and magnetotransistor elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, it is determined that the current measuring transformers used in traction transformer power supply control systems should have extended measurement functionality, adjustable range, linear switching function, high sensitivity and accuracy, and stable characteristics even under severe operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offered a framework on the Internet of Things (IoT) to observe and control the largest number of distribution electric transformers in Mosul city. This method has the advantage of providing continuous monitoring of electrical distribution transformers as load current, voltage, winding temperatures, oil level, and oil temperatures to provide timely alerts to correct if there is a malfunction to convert conventional monitoring to smart monitoring. As a result, the life of distribution transformers is extended, lowering the cost of maintenance. This paper suggests a design that utilized LoRa-WAN based on the IoT by using LoRa modules to send this data across a LoRa gateway that communicate to server via Cloud platform on the internet. If any of the distribution transformer's end devices (EDs) parameters exceeds the predetermined value, the EDs will send alerts to LoRa-Wan. After loRa will receive these alerts, the network then will implement the necessary action. This paper provides an implementation of simulation software (omnet++) program to assess the LoRa performance as implemented through the framework of FLoRa to simulate transformers for electrical distribution. The results of the study demonstrated the ability of modeling and simulating different environments by assigning suitable parameters value of LoRa for the carrier frequency, coding rate, spreading factor, bandwidth, and power transmit. Network performance has been improved through minimize the energy consumption for EDs and increase of the packets delivery ratio by reducing the size of the network's area, incrementing the number of LoRa gateways, and reducing the distance between the EDs and the gateway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A server room is a room that is used to store applications, data, network devices, and other devices related to daily system operations. Data on the server room is required at all times so it should not be disturbed. PLN's electrical energy is the main source of electrical energy in the server room at the Indonesian Film Censorship Institute (LSF). An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is an electronic device that can provide a temporary backup supply of electricity when the main electric current (PLN) is cut off or out. The UPS is designed to use a step-down CT transformer to step down the voltage from 220 VAC to 24 VAC. Rectifier to rectify AC voltage into DC voltage. 48 V 2 A charger circuit to charge dry batteries. A dry battery is needed as backup power when the power from PLN goes out. Then there is an inverter circuit that is used to convert DC voltage into AC voltage. A static switch that functions as a switching switch from normal operation mode to bypass operation automatically and otherwise. The rectifier module is connected to a transformer as a voltage source. The charger module is connected to the rectifier module as a voltage source and the output of the charger module is connected to the dry battery and inverter module. The inverter module is connected to the voltage provided by the charger module and dry battery. The static switch input which is used as the switching switch from the UPS main system to bypass mode is connected to the inverter module, and its output is connected to the PZEM- 022 LCD panel, the fan, and load that will be used later. The tool that is designed works well to provide voltage to the load when PLN is on or when PLN is off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of functional integration methods in power electrical engineering makes it possible to achieve a reduction in the mass and dimensions of the finished device, as well as to increase the reliability and efficiency of the system. The use of hybrid components in the development of transformers allows the system to operate in a resonant mode, thereby reducing losses. The authors have developed a computer model in MatLab of a resonant transformer based on a multifunctional integrated electromagnetic component (MIEC). The design and functional features of the MIEC make it possible to implement the resonant operation of the transformer since the finished component is both a capacitive and inductive load. An equivalent circuit of a multifunctional integrated electromagnetic component is presented and an adaptation for the MatLab software package is carried out. Because of simulation, a graph of the magnetizing current of the transformer was obtained. The analysis of the possibility of practical implementation of the system is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The graph theoretical approach depends on diameter stability and connectivity is the simplified process to evaluate network resilience. In the recent years much awareness is focused on connectivity, wide diameter, Rabin number, and fault diameter which acts as the crucial criterion to estimate efficiency and fault tolerance of a given network. At present, we are focused in small-diameter and high-connectivity networks. Finding the diameter of a communication network in the existence of faulty nodes is a key measure of its resilience. In this manuscript, the wide diameter, Rabin number, and fault diameter of Christmas tree CT (s), s≥ 4 are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a days, power is a very important term for the performance for the operation of the any equipment. In this term quality play a major role for the improvement of power quality. Quality of the power makes in term of the drop of the voltage thatis the absence of the voltage drop, so the quality of power has attention for the improvement with the analysis and the reduction of the disturbances. Various type of the implementation for improvement of the power quality can be apply through the reduction of the disturbances. In this work model is present different types of the faults and their fault current analysis and transformer emergingand the calculation of the various type of voltage sag and current. Different type of the fault can be reduce with the implementationof the simulation in Mat lab circumstances for the reduction of the impulsive transient event, non-linear load, triplen harmonics, notching of the harmonics at the load side and the generator side or the both side of the system. In this paper it is introduced that for reduction of the power quality disturbances with calculation of the different points of current. Analysis of the disturbances in the system present power quality disturbances in MATLAB/ Simulation model and provide the contribution for the analysis of the waveforms or development of the power quality in the learning circumstances for maintaining the good quality of the power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel scheme related to modelling of digital differential over current relay is presented. Here, we have considered the differential scheme based modeling. The currents of power transformer is taken as primary and secondary current and then compared the data. If the secondary current is more than the estimated current then the relay sends trip signal to the circuit breaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes underground cable's fault using raspberry pi. The paper aims to find the distance of faulty cable occur from the base station and also find the location of the fault. The paper uses the easy concept of CT Theory. Some other faults like short-circuited fault, open-circuited fault, the voltage drop may vary depends upon the fault occur in the cable from the station; since they vary with the current, Current Transformer theory is used to calculate the varying current. That signal helps to make the simplified calculations. The details and information of the faulty cable are sent through the internet. Underground cables are widely used in the development of power system grids. UG cables have a wide variety of faults occur which can occur due to climate situations, small problems like tears in the cable. Detecting fault source in the cable is difficult because the entire line digs into the ground and checks the faulty cable at which line is damaged. The serviceman knows the exact place in which part of the line fault occurs and only that area is going to dig the place and detect the fault source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantage of the new remote transformer current transducer is that the magnetic flux each time passing through the turns of the multi-turn core directs electromotive force in the measuring winding, i.e. the total electromotive force in the measuring winding of the new device is several times greater than the electromotive force in the measuring winding of its prototype. It was established that the quality factor of the measuring circuit is approximately several times higher than the quality factor of the solenoid-type transducer. When measuring the unbalance of currents in a three-phase line, an electromagnetic sensor is installed under each phase, and their measuring windings are interconnected according to the open delta scheme. An analytical expression for the output characteristics of the new remote transformer current transducer with a multi-turn core has been obtained, taking into account the distribution of the parameters of their electric and magnetic circuits. It has been shown that with an increase in the attenuation coefficient of the magnetic field in the magnetic circuit, the slope of the output characteristic of the transducer decreases, which is explained by an increase in the magnetic leakage flux from one turn of the multi-turn core to another, which is partially involved in creating electromotive force in the measuring winding. It has been shown that if in structural schemes the processes occurring in automatic system are displayed in the form of a set of serially, parallel and mixed-connected standard links, then in the parametric structural schemes of the transducer, further decomposition of standard links is performed to the parameters of resistance, inductance, capacitance and their corresponding inverse parameters of conductivity, inductance and rigidity of chains of different physical nature, as well as before physical effects and phenomena, the so-called physical and technical effects within a chain of one physical nature and between two chains of different physical nature. It has been established that such a decomposition, firstly, allows in more detail, before an elementary transformation, reflecting in parametric structural schemes the processes occurring in the transducer; secondly, it allows revealing all possible influences of internal and external disturbances on the parameters and coefficients of intrachain and interchain physical and technical effects, and thirdly, it allows relatively easily obtaining analytical expressions for studying the static, dynamic and metrological characteristics of the transducer. The linear section of the output characteristic of the new current transducer has been determined. By the method of magnetic field modeling, an analytical expression for the converted current corresponding to the upper limit of the boundary of the linear section of the output characteristic of the new remote transformer current transducer has been obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to ELF magnetic field intensity more than 700 µT was proven to be able to suppress the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, and was able to increase the resistance of tomatoes and grapes. However, it is not yet known the lowest threshold intensity of the ELF magnetic field that can increase the resistance of grapes.This study aimed to analyze the black grapes' (Vitis Vinivera) resistance exposed to a magnetic field of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) with intensity of 300 µT and 500 µT. The research design used a completely randomized design with a sample of 5 kg of black grapes that had been stored for 10 days from harvest. Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure is generated by the Current Transformer. Samples were divided into 5 groups of 1 kg each. Control group (K), two groups exposed to an ELF magnetic field intensity of 300 µT for 60 minutes (E300.60) and for 120 minutes (E300.120), two the group exposed to an ELF magnetic field of intensity 500 µT for 60 minutes (E500.60) and for 120 minutes (E500.120).The variables studied included the physical resistance of grapes with indicators of the number of grapes that had spots, density, and pH value of the grapes. The data was analyzed by using analysis of Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis, data on physical conditions were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the number of grapes that had spots in the sample group exposed to the ELF magnetic field with an intensity of 300 µT and 500 µT was higher than the control group. However, the number of grapes that had spots in the group exposed to the 500 µT ELF magnetic field was still lower than the group exposed to the 300 µT ELF magnetic field. Conclusion: exposure to the ELF magnetic field with intensity of 300 µT - 500 µT for 60 minutes and 120 minutes was still not able to increase the resistance of grapes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing the quality of the CT scan image with variations in tube current and scan method has been carried out. Using variations of tube currents of 140 mA, 200 mA, 260 mA, and 280 mA, for axial and helical methods with a scan time of 1 second and a voltage of 120 kV. Image quality in terms of the value of the Signal To Noise Ratio (SNR) and the uniformity of the CT number. SNR value analysis is done by comparing the object's mean value (N) with the standard deviation of noise on the background, while the CT number uniformity analysis can be done by finding the difference between the CT number or the center mean with the edges of a homogeneous image. The results showed that increasing tube current increased the SNR value and a decrease in the uniformity of the CT number. The SNR value and the uniformity of the CT number in the helical method are greater than in the axial method. Optimal image quality is determined by the highest SNR value and the image uniformity value that is closest to zero. In this study, the SNR value and CT number uniformity in the two optimal methods at 280 mA tube currents are the SNR value and CT number uniformity of 48.183 ± 1.731 and 0.481 ± 0.111 in.the axial method and 68.964 ± 3.790 and 0.814 ± 0.179 in.the helical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetising inrush current in transformers perhaps induced through activation an uncrated transformer, prevalence of an exterior defect, voltage healing later clearance an exterior failing, and out-of-phase adjust of linked dynamo two because of the magnitude of incursion current can be at the time that great as a short-circuit current, a different evaluation of the attract inrush contemporary beneath a very of stipulations is indispensable for the issues of a defensive arrangement for the transformers. In this view, they have expected some analytical structures in the writing. Detailed definition for the electric-powered fluxes of no-load three-stage transformer is that it needs to present-day inrush calculation. The use of an analytical answer of two differential comparisons that govern the habits of a transformer, the magnetic flux also inrush innovative are decisive. A one-phase transformer is simulated in MATLAB Differential protection was one of the beginning safety structures ever used. faults are detected through assessment of the currents flowing into and out of the included power plant object Because of the rapid stumbling with outright selectivity, In this research paper, we will match a disparity relay, in two design different phase to make certain protection with inrush state, inside fault, and exterior faults stipulations and provide reliability for all kinds of faults to aid a 3-phase energy transformer.it is suit as the precept protection of extraordinarily substantial matters of electricity station. Planned things to do that have to be workable in making use of MATLAB-SIMULINK. This article affords a MATLAB-SIMULINK-based innovation to reenact differential hand-off for determining the behaviour of it throughout transformer inner flaw assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical energy is one of the most important things today, therefore, to find out whether the energy obtained by consumers can be utilized properly, the electrical energy monitoring system was created to be able to carry out monitoring remotely. In the study using the ZMPT101B voltage sensor, ACS712 current sensor, current transformer and Powermeter Schneider 5350, then ZMPT101B voltage sensor and ACS712 current sensor are integrated with Robotdyn Arduino which is connected with Arduino Ethernet Shield, than for current transformer integrated with Powermeter 5350 which is connected with the Schenider Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) TWDLC40AEDRF. The results of reading data from Robotdyn Arduino and Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Schenider TWDLC40AEDRF are then sent to the Mysql database via an Ethernet network using the KepserverEx application, the data that already exists in the Mysql database is then displayed on the website te which has been created using PHP files and Bootstrap Framework. The test results of voltage and current measurements using the ACS712 current sensor and ZMPT101B voltage sensor obtained good results, the results of measurements of active power measurement, apparent power, reactive power, power factor, and frequency of current transformer and Powermeter 5350 obtained good results, with error percentage less than 5%, website access can be done well and the database connection is successful without data defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The source of electricity managed by the State Electricity Company (PLN) plays an important role in providing electricity for consumers to support daily activities. However, PLN electricity source typically experiences discontinuity in its operation. Incident includes the disturbance in PLN system thus urges an attempt as a backup of a Generator Set (generator) in order to sustain the electricity or power supply. Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) transfers the load to a backup power source when there is a disturbance at the main source and vice versa. In this study, an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) was designed by utilizing the NodeMCU ESP8266 as a controller as well as an Internet of Things (IoT) device for communication from android to the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) module, PZEM 004-T as a voltage and current sensor module, AC relay 5 Ampere as input voltage sensor and main contact info as well as transfer switch between load and PLN or generator, Direct Current Relay module as a generator on/off switch, telegram to display system notifications, as well as the Blynk application to display monitoring results and as manual control via android. The test results indicates that the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) requires 4 seconds to work when there is a PLN blackout, transferring the supply voltage from the backup generator to the load with an error percentage of 0.18% voltage and current of 0.17%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

They are protected from short circuits between pipe buses in a short network of ore-thermal production by means of electrical insulation, the destruction of which leads to the occurrence of an arc between them, and then to the complete destruction of an expensive bus package. In this regard, the current protection of the short circuit of the ore-thermal production from short circuits on one magnetic current transformer has been developed. The presented protection is simple in design, capable of diagnosing short circuits in a short network and timely disconnecting the transformer from the network when a short circuit appears between the pipes in the short network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers methods for attaching and configuring Magneto sensitive elements (ME) without using current transformers, used for building relay protection, for example, building filters of symmetrical components at any location of the phases of current pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource conservation issues are relevant in the energy sector, for example, the development of relay protection devices without the use of metal-intensive current transformers. For the construction of relay protection devices, it is proposed to use reed switches. However, it was determined that the parameters of the reed switches are not constant and can vary with the magnitude of the acting magnetic flux. Additional research is needed to improve relay protection devices using reed switches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is noted that in relay protection resource savings can be achieved by replacing current transformers with ferromagnetic cores with miniature current sensors, such as inductance coils, reed switches, etc. It is emphasized that special designs are required for their mounting near the busbars. Models of two such designs for mounting reed switches are proposed. The first differs from the known ones by the presence of a single stepper motor connected to a microcontroller, which makes it possible to remotely move the reed switch in the horizontal plane, and the second – two electric motors, which allows you to move the reed switches in the vertical plane. At the same time, the microcontroller is located in the relay compartment of the cell of the complete switchgear, which ensures the safety of service personnel. The method of regulating the position of reed switches in space using the proposed designs is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is noted that the replacement of current transformers with some other, less metal-intensive and bulky, current sensors is an urgent task in the electric power industry. The advantages and disadvantages of some of these sensors are briefly considered. The advantages of reed switches over other current sensors are given and their operating principle is described. It is stated that on the basis of obtaining information about the current in the phase of an electrical installation from reed switches, a number of short-circuit protections have already been developed. The full resistance measuring body is considered in detail and its operation in the short-circuit and load mode is described. A directional resistance relay is proposed with a simple circuit for test diagnostics of a fault, consisting of a button, a control winding worn on the starting reed switch, two intermediate relays and a current control block in the specified winding. The method of selecting the parameters of actuation of the measuring body is presented and its operation in various modes is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the factors that accelerate the aging process of the oil-paper insulation of the condenser type and shorten its service life. Attention is drawn to the fact that the breakdown of flat insulation made of condenser paper occurs at the location of the inclusion, which approximately corresponds to the field of uniform field. An example of damage to the insulation of a current transformer due to its aging and moisture is given. This work was analysed the influence of thickness and density of paper, grade of mineral oil on short-term electrical strength. The characteristics of the insulating papers of the permeable composition largely determine the electrical strength of the paper-oil insulation.Since paper-oil insulation consists of a series of successive layers of paper and oil, it is advisable to present such insulation by the equivalent scheme shown in fig. 1, in which the thickness of the paper-oil dielectric is divided into two layers: paper (fiber) and mineral oil, connected in series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article target on implementing automation tool in Auto-Cad to ease the development of schematic diagrams of power system protection. Power system network is able to cater for present and future load demands, it is constructed to generate power in adequate amount and accomplishing current and estimated future load growth. Power system protection is the art and an essential key to transmit power without disruptions or with minimum disruptions during fault and to maintain stability of the system. Protective relays are essential in power system protection, it maintains the system with less service disruption and restoration time. The design aspect in protection system is the vital part, it will depend on efficiency, availability, reliability of existing and future system. Schematic diagrams essential as it will be utilized for construction, erection, testing as well as troubleshooting errors in electrical equipment. Loading and updating schematic diagrams for new projects consume ample of time due to absence of automation and having high potential for human error while updating drawings manually. Visual Studio 2015 VB.NET and C# (C-Sharp) was used to load electrical schematic drawings automated and to develop the Graphical User Interface (GUI) in Auto-Cad respectively. Plug-in was created to update attributes of blocks in drawing sheets automatically, mainly focused on updating attributes of main relay. Regulations will be made for standardizing inputs of main relay every year or two by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), attributes of relay contacts will vary from previous projects after regulation. Time is consumed and error may be made by engineers while changing attributes of blocks in schematic diagrams manually. The created plug-in will make changes on values of attributes automatically by selecting the available options in the graphical user interface (GUI) based on TNB standards and project requirements. It may reduce time consumption and eliminate human errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues of resource saving are relevant in the field of energy, for example, the development of relay protection devices without the use of metal-intensive current transformers. As a result of the study, it was determined that reed switches can be used to build relay protection devices that do not need current transformers and allow you to compare phases of two electrical quantities. The error in comparing the phases of electrical quantities did not exceed 10%. There is no dead zone in the presented device, when the phase of the first electrical quantity changes by 180 degrees. The sensitivity is increased and the field of application is expanded due to signal amplification and ensuring the polarity of switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise diagnostics of sub-picocoulomb level particle bunches produced by laser-plasma accelerators (LPAs) can be a significant challenge. We report here on charge measurements using the newly developed Turbo-ICT for LPAs. A comparison of the Turbo-ICT, a conventional integrating current transformer (ICT), and a scintillating screen (Lanex) was carried out. Results show that the Turbo-ICT can measure sub-picocoulomb charge accurately and has significantly improved noise immunity compared to the ICT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, detection system for magnetic material in soil subsurface using electromagnetic induction method consists of two parts, they are transmitter and receiver unit. A transmitter must be able to produce a continuous and stable AC current at a certain frequency, meanwhile receiver should be able to catch the secondary magnetic field of magnetic material in soil subsurface. The aim of this study was to develop a new AC current transmitter of detection system for the magnetic material in soil subsurface. This paper will describe the results of the development of AC current transmitter systems, distance characterization of the sensor detection toward horizontal solenoid positions, and characterization of magnetic material in the soil subsurface. It has successfully made the AC current transmitter system, composed of a sinusoidal signal generator, power amplifier, and a source of AC magnetic field. The output of the generator has a frequency varies: 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 5 kHz, and 10 kHz. We found that the AC current transmitter that has been developed able to work properly up to a frequency of 10 kHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stability & security are main aspects in electrical power systems. Transformer protection is major issue of concern to system operation. There are many mall-trip cases of transformer protection are caused by inrush current problems. The phenomenon of transformer inrush current has been discussed in many papers since 1958. In this paper analytical analysis of inrush current in a transformer switched on dc and ac supply has been done. This analysis will help in design aspects of circuit breakers for better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Alternator Test Unit (ATU) in the Lunar Power System Facility (LPSF) located at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) in Cleveland, OH was modified to simulate high voltage transmission capability. The testbed simulated a 1 km transmission cable length from the ATU to the LPSF using resistors and inductors installed between the distribution transformers. Power factor correction circuitry was used to compensate for the reactance of the distribution system to improve the overall power factor. This test demonstrated that a permanent magnet alternator can successfully provide high frequency AC power to a lunar facility located at a distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]