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Historical materials made of paper are especially susceptible to fungal deterioration. Most of the fungi that associated with paper damage may be cellulolytic. The objective of this study was to detect the cellulolytic fungi from deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts from Central Library Universitas Indonesia. The cellulolytic assay used microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a nearly pure cellulose and water insoluble form, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a water-soluble form. A total of 25 fungal strains from deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts were tested for the possibility to degrade MCC and CMC. The strains were grown in a single point inoculation on modified Czapek Dox Agar plates without carbon source, and 1% (w/v) MCC or 1 % (w/v) CMC was added as a sole carbon source. The results showed that fungal strains with cellulolytic activity formed halo formation after dyeing with Congo red. A total of 18 strains (72%) were able to use CMC, and 14 fungal strains (56%) were able to use MCC. Thirteen strains (52%) were able to use both MCC and CMC, and they were members of six genera (Anthostomella, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Flavomyces, Penicillium, and Sarocladium). Six strains (24%) were not able to use both MCC and CMC. It was suggested that many of the fungal strains in this study employed the synergistic reaction of both exoglucanase and endoglucanase to degrade MCC, and endoglucanase (carboxymethylcellulase) to degrade CMC. The present study showed that the potential cause of the deterioration of old Chinese manuscripts were the cellulolytic fungal strains from the manuscripts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi, which cause deterioration of old Chinese manuscripts in Indonesia, are rarely known. The collected old Chinese manuscripts of Central Library Universitas Indonesia (Perpustakaan Pusat UI) showed a possible deterioration of fungi. The aims of this study were to isolate and morphologically characterize fungi from two deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts from Ruang Naskah Central Library Universitas Indonesia. The old Chinese manuscripts were observed for signs of biodeterioration by using stereomicroscope and two manuscripts were selected. Samples from the manuscripts were collected by using swab method with sterile cotton swabs. Fungal isolates were isolated by culture-dependent method on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Two deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts showed brown or black spots and spore formation on the surface of manuscripts. Six fungal isolates were selected based on morphological type differences according to the monographs. Based on morphological characteristics, five fungal isolates from the deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts belonged to four genera of the anamorphic fungi as follows: Cladosporium (1 isolate), Curvularia (2 isolates), Penicillium (1 isolate), and Sarocladium (1 isolate). One isolate could not be morphologically characterized to the genus level. This study showed that fungi from various genera could be isolated from deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts. Phylogeny-based identification using the data set of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences is required to determine the species identities of the fungal strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogenetic analyses can be used in order to obtain the evolutionary relationship and evolutionary distances among the species of fungi. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS regions (ITS1; 5.8S rDNA; ITS2) of ribosomal DNA of filamentous fungi from four deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts in Central Library Universitas Indonesia was conducted to obtain information of the phylogenetic relationships among the species, closely related species, species diversity, and taxonomic position. Phylogenetic tree construction from the ITS regions was performed using methods of Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Likelihood, and Minimum Evolution with Kimura's two-parameter model, and bootstrap 1,000 replicates. Eleven fungal strains belonged to three classes (Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes), five orders (Capnodiales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Pleosporales, and Xylariales), six families (Aspergillaceae, Cladosporiaceae, Microdochiaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Pleosporaceae, and Trichocomaceae), six genera (Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Penicillium, Purpureocillium, and Sarocladium), and three closely related species (Aspergillus pseudodeflectus, Penicillium coffeae, and Purpureocillium lilacinum syn. Paecilomyces lilacinus). The ITS sequences of other strains were not identical to any type strains. Further studies using multiple locus analyses are required to confirm the species identities of these strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse fungi were the potential cause of deterioration of written heritage. The old Chinese manuscripts from Central Library Universitas Indonesia showed biodeterioration by fungi. This study was conducted to identify eleven fungal strains from four deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts from Central Library UI by molecular identification using nucleotide sequences of the ITS regions of ribosomal DNA. PCR and DNA sequencing were performed using forward primer ITS5 and reverse primer ITS4. Homology search of ITS rDNA sequences was carried out using basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) program. Full sequences of fungal strain ITS rDNAs were obtained from contig sequences using Chromas Pro 1.7.7 application. Only two fungal strains could be determined to species level. UICC 1099 strain showed 99.4% homology to one type strain, Aspergillus pseudodeflectus NRRL 6135T. UICC 1101 strain showed 99.8% homology to one type strain, Penicillium coffeae NRRL 35363T. Nine strains showed homology (85-100%) to more than one type strain as follows: UICC 1100 strain showed homology greater than 99% to three type strains of Aspergillus. UICC 1102 strain showed homology greater than 99% to two type strains of Aspergillus. UICC 1103 strain showed homology greater than 99% to five type strains of Cladosporium. UICC 1104 strain showed homology (92-97%) to three type strains of Sarocladium and Phaeoacremonium. UICC 1105 showed homology (92-93%) to four type strains of Curvularia and Bipolaris. UICC 1106 strain showed homology (99-100%) to five type strains of Cladosporium. UICC 1107 showed homology (95-99%) to three type strains of Paecilomyces and Purpureocillium. UICC 1108 strain showed homology (92-94%) to four type strains of Curvularia and Bipolaris. UICC 1109 strain showed homology (85%) to four type strains of Fusarium and Rectifusarium. Molecular phylogenetic analysis is required to determine the species identities of these strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central Library Universitas Indonesia has a collection of old Chinese manuscripts predicted from 18th-19th century. The collected manuscripts showed signs of deterioration by microorganisms. The objectives of this study were to characterize morphologically and microscopically the isolated filamentous fungi from two deteriorated old Chinese manuscripts from plot 1 Ruang Naskah Central Library Universitas Indonesia. Observation by stereo microscope was carried out to examine the biodeterioration of the old Chinese manuscripts. Sterile cotton swab was used to obtain samples and culture dependent method was used to isolate fungi. The old manuscripts showed signs of deterioration, i.e., brown and black spots on the manuscripts, and the presence of fungal spores. Five fungal isolates were obtained based on the morphological type differences. Based on morphological characteristics, the isolates were identified to the genus level as Aspergillus (2 isolates), Cladosporium (1 isolate), and Penicillium (2 isolates), and they were anamorphic fungi. The results of this study showed that the old Chinese manuscripts were deteriorated by filamentous fungi. Molecular identification by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions is required to determine the species identities of the fungal strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]