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Synthetic plastic is difficult to disintegrate quickly, making it an environmental issue. The alternative solution is to produce bioplastics based on banana peel starch using polyvinyl alcohol as a matrix and cellulose fiber from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as reinforcement. This study aims to analyze the rate ofbiodegradation and mechanical properties ofbioplastics based on banana peel starch and PVA with the addition of OPFB fiber reinforcement with cellulose fiber variations of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%. Based on the study's results, the percentage of degradation with the fastest treatment was without the addition of cellulose fiber variations, with an average weight loss percentage of 31.2% on day 3, 36.3% on day 6, and 44.9% on day 9. The addition of OPEFB cellulose fiber causes the biodegradation rate to be slower because OPEFB cellulose is hydrophobic. In testing the mechanical properties, the highest tensile strength was the addition of 8% cellulose fiber with a tensile strength of 3.6 MPa, a strain at break of 22%, and a modulus of elasticity with a percentage value of 16.1 MPa. The mechanical property values obtained indicated that OPEFB cellulose fiber could improve the mechanical properties of the biocomposite. This result informs that the OPEFB fiber-reinforced banana peel starch/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid biocomposites could have the potential for food packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioplastics are plastics that microorganisms can degrade from compounds in plants such as starch, cellulose, and lignin. The study determines "Potential of Starch Substrate from Waste as a substrate for Bioplastic Production by Microbe". Qualitative determination of bioplastic accumulation was carried out by Sudan black painting. Painting was carried out on bacterial colonies in minimally solid media at a temperature 30°C in 48 hours. Colonies bacterial that grew then dissolved in ethanol and grown in media liquid minimally, a source of starch carbon from the waste. Use a shaker speed in 125 rpm and temperature of 30 °C for 72 hours. Cells bacterial were extracted by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 3000 rpm. Determined content of the bioplastic was using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at wavelength of 235 nm with concentrated H2SO4 as solvent. The research conducted by screening indigenous bacteria for bioplastic production showed that from 24 bacterial isolates, 13 isolates produced bioplastic using peel starch cassava, 5 isolates produced bioplastic using cassava rice-washed, and there were no bacterial isolates using peel starch banana. The results of the screening of 13 isolates showed that the bacterial isolate with code S110-5A1 had an absorbance value of 3.6989, and the results of the screening of 5 isolates showed that the bacterial isolate with the code S110-3A2 had an absorbance value of 1.5654, indicated which the potential producer of bioplastics good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioplastic is a type of plastic that is environmentally friendly because it can be decomposed by microorganisms in the soil and the raw material can be renewed. In this study, starch bioplastics porang-chitosan (30 70)%, (40 60)%, (50 50)%, (60 40)% and plasticizer Glycerol with the addition of coffee shell fiber and ZnO with varying concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4)%. This study showed that the addition of coffee bean shell fiber and ZnO had an effect on water absorption, thickness, density test, tensile strength test, FTIR test, elongation at break and SEM-EDX test. The effect of the addition of ZnO in each concentration of bioplastics shows that as the concentration of ZnO increases, the degradation becomes smaller, in the degradation test in the fourth week, bioplastics degraded 14%. The addition of coffee bean shell fiber in bioplastics has a significant effect on the elongation at break value of bioplastics with a maximum elongation of 166.17%. The best test value for Bioplastic with a combination of Coffee Bean Shell Fiber and ZnO with sample code FBC1 is starch 40% 60% chitosan with CK and ZnO 1% respectively to a thickness value of 0.151 mm, density 2.30 gr/cm3, tensile strength 1.1 MPa, elongation at break 158%, and degradation at the fourth week of 75%. The results of the FTIR spectrum showed the presence of C-H, N-H, and O-H groups. The spectrum formed is a combination of atomic groups found in the building blocks of bioplastics. The results of the SEM-EDX analysis showed that the distribution of particles was fairly even and there were no cracks with C and O elements as the most dominant elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porang starch bioplastic (Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain) and chitosan with sorbitol plasticizer were made by heating the solution on a hotplate at 80℃, and drying in an oven at 60℃. Results Characteristics of porang starch bioplastic obtained thickness 0.144-0.212 mm, water absorption 58.33%-87.75%, density 1.256-2.942 g/cm3, highest tensile strength 2.567 Mpa, highest elongation 52.499%, biodegradation in the first week 32.85%-39.21%. SEM characterization of bioplastics showed that the surface was uneven and no cracks formed. The FTIR spectrum showed no change in the wave number of the spectrum of porang starch, chitosan, and sorbitol with OH, CO, and NH functional groups. This shows that the resulting bioplastic only interacts physically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of synthetic plastics has a negative impact on the environment because it cannot be degraded by nature. The current work investigates the effect of storage time of biodegradable plastic porang starch with glycerol plasticizer on mechanical and thermal properties. The effect of the storage time of biodegradable plastic on the mechanical properties of tensile strength and elongation is decreasing every week but still meets the standards at all concentrations of glycerol plasticizer up to four weeks of storage with tensile strength values of 7,137 MPa, 4,541 MPa and 2,657 Mpa and elongation values 58,574%, 47,324 %, 74,699%. The effect of storage time on the thermal properties of TGA-DTA analysis in the third and fourth weeks of thermal stability began to decrease with a total mass reduction of 9,934 mg and 9,954 mg, respectively. The degradation ability test showed a decrease in mass every week. SEM and FTIR test analyzes were also carried out. The results showed that biodegradable plastic porang starch is suitable for packaging applications because it still meets the standards until the fourth week of storage time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project research presents the effects biodegradability of tapioca starch doped into palm oil to produce bioplastic. The main objective of this study is to determine the optimum ratio the composition of tapioca starch doped into palm oil to produce bioplastic and to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of biodegradability of bioplastic. The samples of bioplastic based on tapioca starch doped into palm oil was prepared by mixing different composition ratios of tapioca starch which are 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 (wt/wt%) doped into 30% (wt/wt%) palm oil. The effects of different composition ratios were tested on physical properties in terms of density test, thickness test and biodegradability test. Physical test was exhibited density decreases with increasing ratio of tapioca starch with maximum density at 1.30 g/cm³. It was shown that a lower ratio of palm oil produces 0.316±0.01 mm thickness of bioplastics. Major loss of weight only can be seen after 29-30°C was exposed the bioplastics samples under UV exposure. Bioplastics based on tapioca starch were able to degrade at 100% after 7 days up to 2.5 (wt/wt%). It can be concluded that the composition ratio of tapioca starch at 2.5 (wt/wt%) is the optimum ratio to be applied for bioplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch has become the most promising source of bioplastic material since it has a low cost, availability, and compostability. Meanwhile, starch-based bioplastic has poor mechanical properties and is not resistant to biological activity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the addition of antimicrobial from betel leaf extract and plasticizer from glycerol on sago starch bioplastic's tensile properties and antimicrobial activity. The betel leaf extract extraction was done using the ultrasonic method with ethanol 96% as a solvent with a ratio of the betel leaf powder to the solvent 1: 5 (w/v). The sago starch-based bioplastic preparation was done by adding 10 g starch in 100 mL distilled water and was heated at 70 oC for 25 minutes. The different glycerol variation 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (%v). and betel leaf extract concentration 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% (%v) was add to the bioplastic mixture. The disk diffusion method was used to investigate the antimicrobial activity. The bioplastics without glycerol and betel leaf extract showed the highest tensile strength, which was 19.925 MPa. Bioplastic samples showed the highest elongation at break with 30% glycerol variation and 9% betel leaf extract, which was 25.48%. The antimicrobial activity showed that the addition of betel leaf extract with a concentration of 2% in bioplastics could inhibit the activity of bacteria (Bacillus cereus). The highest betel leaf extract composition will increase the bioplastic's ability to inhibit microbial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioplastics synthesized from starch which is low physical and mechanical properties. Blending polymer (PLA Grafting and PVA Addition) and chemical modification by crosslinking have been investigated as strategies to improve the physical and mechanical properties of bioplastic films. A series of Starch/PLA/PVA films with varying concentration (0-25%, w/w) of citric acid was synthesized by casting method. The improvement in physical and mechanical properties consists of swelling and solubility, biodegradability, tensile strength and elongation percentage of blend films was evaluated as compared to bioplastic without crosslinker. 5% citric acid showed the most optimum concentration to improve the physical and mechanical properties of bioplatics. The blend bioplastics were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The result showed that addition of 5% citric acid also increased crystallinity and temperature glass (Tg), and reduced brittleness the surface morphology of bioplastic films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible films are thin films intended to contain, store, and protect the food and beverages. As they are made from edible polymers, the consumption of edible films does not harm human or living things. They are easily biodegradable, producible from renewable sources, and safe for consumption. Hence, they have high potential in food packaging sector to overcome the problems associated with synthetic and biodegradable plastics. Hydrocolloids and lipids are widely investigated and found suitable for making the edible films. Among many sources of hydrocolloids, starch based films have advantages, such as highly transparent, highly flexible, having high degree of polymerization, easy processability, requiring less chemicals for production etc. However, literature showed that the edible films produced from native starch exhibit poor water resistance and low mechanical strength as compared to those of other hydrocolloids. Incorporation of nanomaterials with edible films is considered to be an effective method to improve the functional properties. In the present investigation, the influence of nanocellulose on the film properties of edible films is investigated. Nanocellulose was produced from rice husk through a three step chemical process: alkaline treatment, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. The edible films were prepared from native potato starch through solution casting method by varying nanocellulose content (0%, 5%, 10% & 15%). Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), mechanical strength (tensile strength, Young's modulus and percentage of elongation) and film color were tested for the produced films. From the results, it was observed that the addition of nanocellulose had shown lower WVTR, increased mechanical strength and higher transparency, as compared to the control films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable plastics can be produced from mixing synthetic plastic waste with natural polymers. In this research, biodegradable plastic from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) waste and starch from palm oil empty fruit bunch was made. The HDPE wastes used were modified with 1% maleic anhydride as crosslinking agent with the help of 1% benzoyl peroxide as initiator. The method of mixing the material was done with two different methods, namely the reflux method and the melt blending method with variation of the ingredients added with a fixed ratio of HDPE-g-MA: Starch (60:40). Conclusion from the analysis of the mechanical properties, thermal properties and morphological properties, biodegradable plastic with rheomix method has advantages over reflux method where the tensile strength value is 15.970 N/m2 and 3.518% elongation value. The thermal properties can be seen from the melting point at a temperature of 128.3° C, decomposition point at 488.23° C and carbon residue from Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA) test is 2.537%. From the analysis of morphological properties as can be seen in SEM observation showed biodegradable plastic made by melt blending method have a more even mixture that minimizes the pores on biodegradable plastic produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoplastic starch is an interesting material, due to lower cost of production and more environmental friendly. To develop biodegradable plastics, modification of the starch is required to improve its characteristics and properties. Therefore, an analysis was done to study the effect of an alkaline treatment with NaOH and glutardialdehyde crosslinking on the structure, physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic corn starch (CS). The modified form have been characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The effect of alkaline treatments (NaOH) and the chemical modification of starch with glutardialdehyde significantly showed better thermal stability compared to using only starch. The modified starch, S/0.5M 20g showed very good performance and high stability after polymer blending and crosslinking, which will be beneficial for the plastic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tacca leontopetaloides starch or arrowroot is an alternative renewable source in a bio-plastic. It is widely used as chemical additives or food industries. It is noticed that size distributions, crystallinity and thermal properties of starch granules play key roles for industrial applications. Therefore, this research focuses on the study of the physio-chemical properties of the arrowroot from the local area. The arrowroot was extracted by a simple route and non-chemical solvent. The precipitated strarch was filtered and dried in the ambient temperature. After that, the homogeneous of white starch was achieved. The surface and crystallinity of the starch granules was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis of arrowroot displays the hydroxyl group and acetal groups which are the significant functional groups in most polysaccharides. Finally, the stability behavior of thermal properties of arrowroot was investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water absorption in polymer blends such as starch-based bioplastic films is important to evaluate the stability characteristics of such films in water that will affect their long-term performance in final products. In this study, the absorbency of starch-based bioplastic films made from potato, cassava, and corn starches that have went through the hydrolysis process first to alter its characteristics and properties in terms of granular swelling and hydrophilicity behaviour. The final results showed that hydrolyzed cassava bioplastic film has the ability to absorb more water compared to hydrolyzed potato and corn bioplastic films. The reading of hydrolyzed cassava bioplastic film on the seventh day of immersion for all ratios were between 87.83% to 131.29%, while for hydrolyzed potato bioplastic films was 69.48% to 92.41% and hydrolyzed corn bioplastic films was 66.28% to 74.18%. Meanwhile, the density analysis was evaluated to determine its physical properties towards moisture condition. The results showed that the hydrolyzed cassava bioplastic films have higher density compared to the other two, which indicated that it is a more favourable raw material to produce biodegradable planting pot due to its ability to absorb more water. Hence, still manage to retain its shape with low brittle surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a polyphenol-containing extract from winery bio-waste (EP) has been used as additive to tailor Mater-Bi properties. EP was able to efficiently modulate both polymer processing and mechanical, thermal and biodegradation properties. EP decreased the melt viscosity, behaved as a Mater-Bi plasticizer and delayed the Mater-Bi crosslinking process occurring upon thermal aging. Finally, the biodisintegration rate of doped Mater-Bi decreased, thus indicating that EP interfered with the microbial digestion of the polymer films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For bone regeneration and repair, combinations of different materials are often needed. Biodegradable polymers are often combined with osteoconductive materials, such as bioactive glass (BaG), which can also improve the mechanical properties of the composite. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize BaG fiber-reinforced starch-poly-[variant_greek_epsilon]-caprolactone (SPCL) composite. Sheets of SPCL (30/70 wt%) were produced using single-screw extrusion. They were then cut and compression molded in layers with BaG fibers to form composite structures of different combinations. Thermal, mechanical, and degradation properties of the composites were studied. The actual amount of BaG in the composites was determined using combustion tests. A strong endothermic peak indicating melting at about 56 °C was observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) showed that thermal decomposition of SPCL started at 325 °C with the decomposition of starch and continued at 400 °C with the degradation of polycaprolactone (PCL). Initial mechanical properties of the reinforced composites were at least 50% better than the properties of the non-reinforced composites. However, the mechanical properties of the composites after two weeks of hydrolysis were comparable to those of the non-reinforced samples. During the six weeks' hydrolysis the mass of the composites had decreased only by about 5%. The amount of glass in the composites remained the same for the six-week period of hydrolysis. In conclusion, it is possible to enhance the initial mechanical properties of SPCL by reinforcing it with BaG fibers. However, the mechanical properties of the composites are only sufficient for use as filler material and they need to be further improved to allow long-lasting bone applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]