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Clay soil is a type of soil that has the characteristics of large shrinkage, this makes clay an unfavorable material in a construction work. Low bearing capacity can lead to instability of a building foundation erected on clay soil and the swelling and shrinkage properties of clay can cause cracks in highway pavements, also rupture or breakage on the ground floor of the dam. In the construction of civil buildings, the cohesion and shear strength of the subgrade have an effect on the planning of a building, so soil stabilization can be carried out before the soil is used. One of the efforts to improve soil stabilization is mixing soil with certain materials in order to improve the technical properties of the soil to meet certain requirements by increasing soil parameters such as density, cohesion, and shear strength. The soil stabilization process includes mixing with gypsum material (CaSO4) to obtain the desired gradation so that the soil properties become better with calcium levels that bind organic matter to clay and also absorb more water which is very useful for strengthening soil. The research was conducted by testing the direct shear strength of the soil (Direct Shear Test) by adding different percentages of Gypsum (CaSO4) ranging from 5% - 10%. The effect of the addition of gypsum on the cohesion value and the optimum internal friction angle occurred in the addition of 7% lime with a value of 0.018 MPa and 24.93o. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil stabilization is one of most important for the construction which is widely used in connection with road pavement and foundation construction because it improves the engineering properties of soil. This project presents the effects of waste granite dust on, liquid limit, plastic limit, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength(UCC), California bearing ratio(CBR) of an expansive soil. Granite dust was added to the local expansive soil in increments of 5% from 0 to 30%. According to an examination of the test findings, the California bearing ratio rose as granite dust concentration increased, as did the liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, maximum dry density, maximum dry density, and unconfined compressive strength. From the experimental analysis it was found that, the peak strength attained by adding 20% granite dust from its weight of its reference soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of soft clay soil is occurrence of expansion and shrinkage of the soil and becomes very dangerous for a construction. To overcome the problem of clay soil, several studies were carried out that can improve the characteristic of soft clay soils. The use soft clay stabilization method aims to reduce the value of the plasticity index, increase strength of soil and increase bearing capacity value. One of the methods of soil stabilization is by adding marble dust. From the chemical analysis results of marble dust show that calcium oxide content is above 50%. In this research the soft clay soil will be stabilized using marble dust of 10%, 15%, and 20%. The optimum variant for stabilization is using marble dust 20% and reaching 1,12 kg/cm2 from the UCS test which is increased from 0,39 kg/cm2 for the soft clay soil. The CBR test value on optimum variant reaching 2,15% and 2,9% from 1,63% and 2,03% on the soft clay soil from soaked and unsoaked condition. From the result, it is proved that marble dust as stabilized material can increase the strength and bearing capacity value of the soil based on the UCS and CBR test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is the soil stabilization of expensive soil using terrazyme and construction and demolition waste. In the current review the expensive clay soil was mixed with various dosage of terrazyme and CDW and had exposed enormous development in list properties of soil i;e specific gravity, OMC, MDD and CBR. Terrazyme decreases the voids and reduces the amount of consumed water in between the particles of soil so that compaction started by enzymes can be maximum. The measured results indicate that the construction and demolition waste had higher structural capacity than the clay soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since clayey soils are highly plastic therefore they are unstable for the purpose of construction. These soils continuously keep on changing temporarily or permanently once they come in contact with water. Soil stabilization is a process of enhancing the properties of soil especially from engineering point of view. This literature review scientifically scrutinizes the functioning features of clayey soils made using industrial wastes such as lime, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag(GBFS) and bagasse ash. The organized exploration was incorporated from Web of Science and SCOPUS by means of altered keywords, and 111paperworkshave been recognized. Following the screening and suitability progression in consistency with PRISMA guidelines, 30 papers have been chosen carefully and hence chosen to be assessed and explored. Here the working features of the soil keeping in view the physical properties, mechanical properties, durability criteria, microstructural examination, statistical examination, cost determination, etc. were scrutinized. Most of the studies using different industrial wastes in soil stabilization have seen to be emphasizing on determining the compressive strength, water absorption, Atterberg's Limits, strength and durability by wetting drying cycles. The PH, electrical conductivity, maximum dry density and optimum water content, thermal conductivity, tensile strength, and flexural strength have also been assessed in latest studies and recounted in this paper. The research papers used industrial wastes such as lime, GBFS, bagasse ash etc and conducted several tests for each of the materials like unconfined compressive strength(UCS), compressibility indices, Atterberg's limit, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, California Bearing ratio(CBR) test, Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) test, SPC test, and many more tests and microstructural analysis during the stabilization of clayey soil via distinctive industrial wastes for advanced findings found to be short of in existing writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clayey soils are recognized to have undesirable technical characteristics. They have a poor shear strength, which is worsened by moisture or other physical stress. Soil stabilizing procedures are required to improve the technical properties of the soil prior to construction. Additionally, waste product creation is rising daily as modernized regions of the world expand. As a result, the price of land filling and the transportation of the garbage would go up. Reusing waste resources for development purposes is a good idea. The primary goals of this study are to analyze how LDPE and aluminium waste are used in geotechnical applications in a way that is environmentally sustainable and to assess how these waste materials influence tests for the Atterberg limit, shear strength, compressibility, and unrestrained compression. India generates hundreds of tons of LDPE and aluminium waste annually, which is difficult to dispose of and has a negative effect on the environment. Aluminium scrap is acquired in the form of shreds and put to the soil in various amounts, as well as LDPE in powder form, to determine the ratio where the soil achieves its maximum strength. Additionally, the traits of dirt made of clay that hadn't been modified by LDPE and scrap aluminium were contrasted with those of untreated clay soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay soil is microscopic to submicroscopic soil that forms due to the weathering of chemical components in rocks. Soil stabilization is the process of mixing soil with specific chemical compounds to improve soil qualities such as shear strength, settlement, volume stability, and permeability. The effect of adding different percentages of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and 2% cement in each mixture as a stabilizing agent that can improve physical and mechanical properties in terms of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) value so that the clay soil can meet specific technical standards. The initial soil sample had a water content of 62.50 percent, a specific gravity of 2.59, a liquid limit (LL) of 60.82 percent, a plastic limit (PL) of 24.38 percent, and a plasticity index (IP) of 36.44 percent, according to the research. According to the USCS, the initial soil classification was Clay High Plasticity (CH), while according to AASHTO, it was A-7-6 (11). The actual soil's unsoaked laboratory CBR value was 5.62 percent, and the original soil's Unconfined Compression strength was 1.15 kg/cm2. With the addition of 35% GGBFS and 2% cement, the maximum unsoaked CBR value was 17.13 percent, and the unconfined compression strength was 2.52 kg/cm2 after a 14-day curing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay soil is microscopic to submicroscopic soil that forms due to the weathering of chemical components in rocks. Soil stabilization is the process of combining soil with particular ingredients to improve soil qualities or improving the technical properties of soil to meet specific technical standards. The effect of varying percentages of Redbrick powder in each mixture as a stabilizing agent that can improve physical and mechanical qualities in California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) value will be discussed in this study. The original soil sample had a water content of 62.50 percent, a specific gravity of 2.59, a liquid limit (LL) of 60.82 percent, a plastic limit (PL) of 24.38 percent, and a plasticity index (IP) of 36.45 percent, according to the study. According to the USCS, the initial soil classification was Clay High Plasticity (CH), while according to AASHTO, it was A-7-6 (11). The original soil's unsoaked laboratory CBR value was 5.62 percent, while the original soil's Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) value was 1.15 gr/cm2. With a curing period of 14 days, the addition of 24 percent Redbrick powder resulted in the highest value for unsoaked CBR of 15.93 percent and the unconfined compression value of 1.86 kg/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay soil consists of tiny and submicroscopic-sized particles with a grain width of less than 0.002 mm that have been weathered because of chemical reactions. Because clay soil can inflate and shrink, it can be stabilized. Soil stabilization is the process of combining soil with specific materials to improve the technical and mechanical qualities of the soil to meet specific technical standards. In this study, we will look at how adding Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) with various combinations as a stabilizing agent can improve physical and mechanical qualities such as CBR value and unconfined compression test, so that the clay soil can fulfill the specifications for field compaction. According to the AASHTO classification system, the clay soil was classified as A-7-6 (11), and according to the USCS classification system, it was classified as CH (Clay – High Plasticity). The original soil sample was found to have a moisture content of 62.50 percent, a specific gravity of 2.59, a liquid limit of 60.82 percent, a plastic limit of 24.38 percent, and a plasticity index of 36.44 percent, according to the study. The original soil's unsoaked CBR Laboratory value was 5.62 percent, and the actual soil's unconfined compression strength was 1.15 gr/cm2. With a 14-day curing period and a 35 percent GGBFS addition, the maximum value for unsoaked CBR was 16.52 percent, and the unconfined compression strength was 2.46 gr/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil engineering structures may be constructed on weak or soft soil. Soil having poor shear strength and high swelling & shrinkage can be strengthened by ground improvement techniques such as soil stabilization by reinforcement materials. It enhances mechanical behavior of soil and the reliability of construction. Changes in various soil properties such as Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Compaction, and California Bearing Ratios (CBR) were studied when the soil was blended with fly ash, and the effect of jute geo textile in stiffness characteristics was tested at different depths in CBR mould. The Atterberg's limits of clay soil are 64% and 26.11%, and its values are decreased to 40% and 10% when fly ash content increases from o% to 35% in soil. Maximum dry density in modified compaction is observed to be 17.76kN/m3 for 25% fly ash blended soil and decreases with further addition, and OMC decreases from 23% to 20% when fly ash content increases from 0% to 25%. Maximum CBR value is observed to be at 25% fly ash content, and values decrease with an increase of fly ash. Load settlement behavior of CBR is increased for 25% fly ash blended soil reinforced with jute geo textile placed at different depths such as 0.1H to 0.6H in CBR mould, and a maximum value of 6.634 % is observed at 0.2H location in the mould. The properties of black cotton soil can be modified by adding fly ash and Jute Geo textile to utilize it as an engineering material for various purposes such as foundation soil pavement sub grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is concerned about reducing solid waste by reusing the tier in the Civil Engineering field. This study highlights the tier usage in the field of road construction; it necessitates the pavement design. so as to design enough compacted to pavement the soil property grasps the significant role. With the aim of improvement in soil property Stabilization involved a major task. Soil stabilization encompasses a wide range of techniques for altering a soil's characteristics in order to improve design execution. According to our findings, waste creation and transfer is a significant issue related to a country's financial development. So, this study gives an idea of reusing a tier in the field of construction. Shredded rubber tires having size 20 mm length and 10 mm width, the steel belting was removed and are used extensively, A larger proportion of rubber tyre was utilised in various quantities, such as 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% by composing with the existing soil. Tyre chips has been used with soil for land stabilization which enhancing the soil properties. It has gotten a lot of attention in recent years. It is stated that 6% of tyre content is the particular value, and that the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) has improved 1.5 times over plain soil. With sound proof of this study we concluded that tyre can be use in the field of road construction so we can reduce solid waste it is just like one step towards sustainability in the Civil engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in-situ materials on something that the pavement structure is built is referred to as the subgrade. The sub - grade should be capable of withstanding the loads imposed by the pavement construction. A good subgrade is one that can withstand a large amount of stress without deforming excessively. When subjected to heavy wetness or cold temperatures, most soils experience some volume change. Clay soils may shrink and expand depending on their moisture level, and soils with too much particles might freeze heave in colder climates. One of the techniques to enhance the strength of weak soil is to stabilise the soil by addition of certain materials. This can be done through both mechanical and chemical methods. This study attempted the use of sustainable materials such as coir fibre and polypropylene strips for subgrade soil stabilization and concluded that load bearing capacity of the soil by has risen the addition of both coir and polypropylene fibre compared to the virgin soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing volume of waste in nature will reduce the quality of the environment, therefore necessary to find the solution. One way to utilize waste is used as a stabilizing agent of clay. Soil stabilization is one method of soil improvement to increase capacity and decrease soil compressibility. In this study focused the effects of stabilization of clay with 15% Calcium Carbide Residue (CCR), 30% trass and 1% of waste plastic fiber to determine behavior load-settlement with the variations in dimension of footing 20cm × 20cm, 20cm × 30cm, 20cm × 40cm, 30cm × 30cm, 30cm × 40cm, 40cm × 40cm and the stabilization layer thickness variation 2.5cm, 5cm, 7.5cm, and without stabilization. Tests were carried out in the laboratory using a test box. The research showed that in all various footing dimensions with the stabilization layer can increase the ultimate bearing capacity of footing compared to the footing on unstabilized clay soil. Increasing thickness of the layer of stabilization was increased the ultimate bearing capacity/bearing pressure of footing with improvement factor (If) value of 1.33-4.69, Percentage Reduction Settlement (PRS) value of 43.08%-91.89%, the factor of modulus subgrade equivalent (FMSE) value of 2-58. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste materials dumping are one of the major issues nowadays. Dumping waste material in environment causes harmful diseasesand pollutes the surrounding. The paper is an attempt to utilize industrial waste such as waste foundry sand (10%, 20% and 30%) and recron 3S fiber (0.5%, 1.5% and 2.5%) in stabilization of clayey soil. The various geotechnical characteristics such as liquid limit, compaction, and California bearing ratio test have been evaluated for clay and clay in combination with waste foundry sand(WFS) and recron 3S fiber. It was revealed that adding waste foundry sand separately to clayey soil reduces liquid limit. The addition of 20% waste foundry sand along with 1.5% recron 3S fiber provides maximum dry density value. The California bearing ratio value was improved on adding optimum amount of both the materials to clayey soil. This assures that adding WFS and recron 3S fibre to clayey soil to stabilize it is a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial approach of soil stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil stabilization is a method used to increasing the soil mass stability and chemical modification of soils to improve their engineering properties. Stone column method is extremely used to lessen the time taken for prime consolidation. The objective of the study is to improve the soil strength by partially replacing of waste plastic and to compare its efficiency with ordinary stone column. Ground improvement technique by means of stone column is adopted in the clayey soil and to check the compatibility with other techniques. In the above stone column technique, by varying the percentage of plastic waste material by in part replace the aggregates and analyze the load versus settlement behavior of clay soil. The load taken by the clay soil property is improved by replacing waste plastic material by aggregate column. The utmost load taken for 25 mm is to be calculated. The engineering properties like (ϒd max) and (qu) of plastic waste replacement must always be on the higher side. Waste plastic is used for replacing the aggregates column and to decrease the plasticity index. Hence a comparative study is made to calculate the efficiency of plastic waste aggregate column technique with conventional method of improving ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]