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One way to treat oil waste is a seawater desalination system that uses exoelectorgenic bacteria as an agent for the degradation of organic compounds contained in oil waste. Microbial Desalination Cell (MDC) is a development of Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC), a method that can eliminate salt content in seawater using electricity generated by bacteria from wastewater. Stacked Microbial Desalination Cell (SMDC) is an MDC development where SMDC uses many pairs of ion Exchange Membranes (IEMs) where IEMs are placed between the Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) and the Cation Exchange Membrane (CEM). This is intended to increase the efficiency of electron transfer. SMDC can also return more energy than other types of MDC so that the cost is more effectively. In this research, using a 2-SMDC reactor configuration with graphite rods as anode, CFC coated with activated carbon as a cathode, potassium permanganate as catholyte, and adding ion exchange resin to salt chamber. Independent variables used in this research were activated carbon mass variations of 0, 2, and 4 g. Parameters that will be obtained are COD, electrical productivity, and pH. The results obtained in this study indicate that the optimum mass variation of activated carbon is 4 g by adding Ion Exchange resin (ratio Resin Na and Cl 1 : 1) with a COD reduction of 57.808% and produces electrical productivity of 0.000561 W/m3 , and the change in pH by 0.24. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of contaminated dyes in wastewater via Activated Carbon (AC) technology is a promising alternative to current conventional pollution-free technologies. Herein, the commercial AC with enhanced adsorption performance capacity were comprehensively investigated via modulating with the alkali-acid treatment. The removal of a highly concentrated methylene blue solution was evaluated via a commercial AC treated with deionized water (AC-DI), potassium hydroxide (AC-KOH) and nitric acid (AC-HNO3). The physicochemical properties of the modified AC were characterized using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Surface area analyzer and Porosity analysis (SAP). The AC modified with deionized water (AC-DI) exhibited superior adsorption performance with 99% of methylene blue removal within 8 hours. Gratifyingly, the AC-DI has the fastest adsorption uptake within 2 hours in comparison to AC, AC-KOH and AC-HNO3 samples. The superior methylene blue removal performance of AC-DI was attributed to the enhanced surface group functionalization over the surface of AC evidenced from the FTIR analysis. In addition, the better crystallinity of AC-DI sample as shown in XRD and FESEM micrograph analysis does help to improve the adsorption of contaminated dye molecules onto the surface complex of AC, results in a superior rate of methylene blue removal. These results suggest that the alkali-acid treatment shows promises in enhancing the adsorption rate capabilities of commercial AC for the removal of basic dyes from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon electrodes for desalination purpose have been successfully synthesized using activated carbon powder (BET surface area = 700 - 1400 m²/g), carbon black and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) binder by cross-linking method with glutaric acid (GA) at 120 °C. The electrochemical properties of the carbon electrodes were analyzed using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) whilst the physical properties were observed with scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). In order to assess the desalting performance, salt removal experiments were performed by constructing a capacitive deionization unit cell with five pairs of carbon electrodes. For each pair consisted of two parallel carbon electrodes separated by a spacer. Desalination and regeneration processes were also observed in the salt-removal experiments. The salt-removal experiments were carried out in single-pass mode using a solution with 0.1 M NaCl at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. A voltage of 3 V was applied to the cell for 60 minutes for both processes in desalination and regeneration. The result showed that the percentage value of the salt-removal was achieved at 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]