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We measured the atomic volume of Ag in a toroidal diamond anvil cell to a maximum pressure of 416 GPa and calculated the atomic volume and elastic constants of Ag up to 750 and 460 GPa, respectively. Our density functional theory calculations at 0 K utilize an all-electron fully relativistic method and agree well with our volume measurements, particularly at pressures above ∼75 GPa. We corrected our experimental results for non-hydrostaticity using a line shift analysis, and the resulting Vinet equation of state (EOS) parameters are reported. We find that the uniaxial stress sustained by Ag increases linearly up to 4.5 GPa at a pressure of 416 GPa. Our experimental results indicate that the fcc structure of Ag remains stable to at least 416 GPa at room temperature. Our theoretical results show that C44 increases as pressure increases and reaches a maximum at ∼100 GPa above which it begins to decrease, a sign that the fcc structure of Ag is becoming unstable, and at V/V0 = 0.30, the bcc structure is lower in energy than fcc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double satellite formation for gravity field exploration is a complex space virtual instrument system with high-precision, whose normal manner is threatened by the space debris environment. The normal manner of the formation based on control with prescribed performance is studied. Based on the random impact of space debris, nonlinear dynamical equations with 20 variables are established considering the relative attitude of the double satellite. The interferential characteristics and expected stability under certain disturbance conditions by the space debris in low Earth orbit are analyzed. To simplify the relative motion of the formation and the motion of the test mass (TM) relative to the cage, a prescribed performance function is introduced to constrain the relative attitude errors of transient and steady states. An adaptive attitude control design method based on a prescribed performance function is proposed. Finally, the analysis is carried out. The results show that the probability of normal manner of the formation is about 78.45% in the first year and about 45.59% in the first three years. The normal manner of the double satellite formation for gravity field exploration can be effectively simulated and analyzed based on the prescribed performance control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation has the potential to treat various neurological disorders noninvasively and safely. The "Halo coil" configuration can stimulate deeper regions of the brain with lower surface to deep-brain field ratio compared to other coil configurations. The existing "Halo coil" configuration is fixed and is limited in varying the site of stimulation in the brain. We have developed a new system based on the current "Halo coil" design along with a graphical user interface system that enables the larger coil to rotate along the transverse plane. The new system can also enable vertical movement of larger coil. Thus, this adjustable "Halo coil" configuration can stimulate different regions of the brain by adjusting the position and orientation of the larger coil on the head. We have calculated magnetic and electric fields inside a MRI-derived heterogeneous head model for various positions and orientations of the coil. We have also investigated the mechanical and thermal stability of the adjustable "Halo coil" configuration for various positions and orientations of the coil to ensure safe operation of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a view to fabricating future flexible electronic devices, an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet driven by 13.56 MHz radio-frequency power is developed for depositing Cu thin films on polyimide, where a Cu wire inserted inside the quartz tube was used as the evaporation source. A polyimide substrate is placed on a water-cooled copper heat sink to prevent it from being thermally damaged. With the aim of preventing oxidation of the deposited Cu film, we investigated the effect of adding H2 to Ar plasma on film characteristics. Theoretical fitting of the OH emission line in OES spectrum revealed that adding H2 gas significantly increased the rotational temperature roughly from 800 to 1500 K. The LMM Auger spectroscopy analysis revealed that higher-purity Cu films were synthesized on polyimide by adding hydrogen gas. A possible explanation for the enhancement in the Cu film deposition rate and improvement of purity of Cu films by H2 gas addition is that atomic hydrogen produced by the plasma plays important roles in heating the gas to promote the evaporation of Cu atoms from the Cu wire and removing oxygen from copper oxide components via reduction reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both polarons and excitons, which are composite particles with internal lattice structure, play an important role in the transport and light-emitting properties of conjugated polymers for the use in, e.g., polymer based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The scattering and recombination processes between a triplet exciton and a polaron are investigated using a nonadiabatic evolution method based on an extended Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model including interchain interactions. The results show that an excited polaron state can be formed, besides a triplet exciton is converted into a singlet exciton by the polaron. Moreover, the yields of both the singlet exciton and the excited polaron states increase with increasing interchain coupling strength. The excited polaron is luminescent due to radiative decay as is the singlet exciton. Therefore, our results indicate that the quantum efficiency of polymer LEDs could be enhanced by polaron-exciton recombination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within an extended Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model including interchain interactions and the extended Hubbard model, the dynamical relaxation of photoexcitations in two coupled conjugated polymer chains is investigated by using a nonadiabatic evolution method. Initially, one of the two chains is photoexcited and the other chain is in the dimerized ground state. Due to the interchain interactions, the electron and/or the hole can be transferred from one chain to the other chain. For weak interchain coupling, the dynamical evolution of the lattice on the photoexcited chain is similar to that found in an isolate single chain case. With interchain interactions increasing, the amplitude of the distortions on the photoexcited chain decreases, and simultaneously, that on the other chain gradually increases. Until stronger interchain coupling, the deformations of the two chains have almost the same amplitude. Besides intrachain polaron-excitons and intrachain oppositely charged polaron pairs as found in single chain case, interchain polaron-excitons and interchain separated charged polaron pairs are obtained. The results show that the yield of interchain products increases and that of intrachain products decreases with interchain coupling increasing. Totally, the yield of charged polarons (including intrachain oppositely charged polaron pairs and interchain oppositely charged polaron pairs) is about 25%, in good agreement with results from experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organized extremely small Ti–Sn alloy nanodots have been formed in the subsurface of SiO2 by dynamic coimplantation of isotopic 48Ti+ and 120Sn+ at a low kinetic energy of 9 keV into (0001) Z-cut quartz at different substrate temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the Ti–Sn alloy nanodots are single crystal and have been formed uniformly at room temperature. They are distributed in a two-dimensional array with similar size of ∼4 nm and constant interdot spacing between each dot. The regions beyond and below the two-dimensional array are depleted of detectable nanodots. At high temperature, the distribution and crystallinity were destroyed with much smaller amorphous nanodots in a slightly deeper region. The implantation was carried out by dynamic coimplantation, rather than the commonly used sequential implantation. These results indicate that dynamic low energy coimplantation is capable of forming well-ordered two-dimensional array of alloy nanodots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cubic phase of C3N4 was discovered. It was recovered at ambient conditions from the graphite-like C3N4 (g-C3N4) phase subjected to pressures between 21 and 38 GPa in a diamond-anvil cell, laser heated to temperatures between 1600 and 3000 K. The x-ray-diffraction data of the phase are best explained by a cubic unit cell with the lattice parameters a=3.878±0.001 Å. With an assumption of 1 molecule/unit cell (Z=1) for the cubic phase, the molar volume of the cubic phase is 35.126 cm3/mol and the density is 2.62 g/cm3. The density of the cubic phase is less than that which was predicted for the high-pressure phases but is 12% denser than the low-pressure graphitic phase (ρ=2.336 g/cm3). The cubic phase has not been predicted theoretically and represents an unknown structure in C3N4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of transient temperatures less than 1000 K for samples in laser-heated diamond anvil cells remains a challenge. Here we present the design and performance characteristics of a multi-channel pyrometer that works in the near-infrared from 1200 to 2000 nm. It has a relatively small footprint, is portable, requires only low voltage power supplies, and can report temperatures down to 800 K on the millisecond scale or faster. A single data point without averaging can be acquired in 14 µs (sampling rate of 7 kilosamples per second). In conjunction with a diamond anvil cell, the system delivers accurate and rapid measurements down to ∼830 K. The pyrometer has been successfully interfaced several times with the combined x-ray diffraction and laser heating system at the High Pressure Collaborative Access Team at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a nanowaveguide platform for collective atom-light interaction through evanescent field coupling. We have developed a 1 cm-long silicon nitride nanowaveguide can use evanescent fields to trap and probe an ensemble of 87Rb atoms. The waveguide has a sub-micrometer square mode area and was designed with tapers for high fiber-to-waveguide coupling efficiencies at nearinfrared wavelengths (750 nm to 1100 nm). Inverse tapers in the platform adiabatically transfer a weakly guided mode of fiber-coupled light into a strongly guided mode with an evanescent field to trap atoms and then back to a weakly guided mode at the other end of the waveguide. The coupling loss is -1 dB per facet (~80% coupling efficiency) at 760 nm and 1064 nm, which is estimated by a propagation loss measurement with waveguides of different lengths. The proposed platform has good thermal conductance and can guide high optical powers for trapping atoms in ultra-high vacuum. As an intermediate step, we have observed thermal atom absorption of the evanescent component of a nanowaveguide and have demonstrated the U-wire mirror magneto-optical trap that can transfer atoms to the proximity of the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report high-performance amorphous In2O3/InZnO bilayer metal-oxide (BMO) thin-film transistor (TFT) using an ultra-thin solution-processed amorphous ZrOx dielectric. A thin layer of In2O3 offers a higher carrier concentration, thereby maximizing the charge accumulation and yielding high carrier mobility. A thick amorphous layer of InZnO controls the charge conductance resulting in low off-state current and suitable threshold voltage. As a consequence, the BMO TFT showed higher filed-effect mobility (37.9 cm2/V s) than single-layer InZnO TFT (7.6 cm2/V s). Apart from that we obtain an on/off current ratio of 109, a subthreshold swing voltage of 120 mV/decade, and a voltage shift ≤ 0.4 V under positive bias stress for 2.5 h, for a gate voltage of 3 V and drain voltage of 1 V. These data demonstrate that the BMO TFT has great potential for a broad range of applications as switching low-power transistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coherent x-ray diffraction imaging is used to map the local three dimensional strain inhomogeneity and electron density distribution of two individual LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-δ cathode nanoparticles in both ex-situ and in-situ environments. Our reconstructed images revealed a maximum strain of 0.4%. We observed different variations in strain inhomogeneity due to multiple competing effects. The compressive/tensile component of the strain is connected to the local lithium content and, on the surface, interpreted in terms of a local Jahn-Teller distortion of Mn3+. Finally, the measured strain distributions are discussed in terms of their impact on competing theoretical models of the lithiation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the design and performance of an active mechanical noise cancellation scanning tunneling microscope (STM). This system features two key parts: a “twin-tip” scanner and an active mechanical noise cancellation algorithm. The twin-tip scanner functions as two independent STMs which share nearly the same mechanical transfer function, allowing both STMs to sense nearly identical background mechanical noise. Based on an adaptive digital signal processing technique, the active mechanical noise cancellation algorithm applies the noise sensed by the first STM to concurrently cancel the noise in the second STM and hence allows the second STM to acquire spectroscopy with a significantly improved signal to noise ratio. This system demonstrates long-term stability of the tip-sample tunnel junction and improved spectroscopy measurement in a mechanically noisy environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremely small Sn nanodots embedded in the subsurface of SiO2, i.e., Sn–SiO2 quantum dot composites, have been formed by ion implantation of the 120Sn+ isotope into (0001) Z-cut quartz at a low kinetic energy of 9 keV at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the Sn nanodots have an average size of about 3 nm, and both single-crystal and amorphous nanodots have been observed at room temperature. The nanodots are randomly distributed in the lateral direction but confined in a narrow layer in the depth direction. The bimodal size distribution that is often observed in high energy implantation was not observed in the present study. The spatial morphology and crystallinity of the Sn nanodots can be modified by thermal annealing, and the extent of the modification is dependent on the annealing temperature. The distribution and crystallinity of the Sn nanodots in single-crystal bulk SiO2 are different from those of Sn nanocrystals in thin SiO2 films on silicon substrates. The mechanisms that could account for these phenomena are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiO/Ag/CoO/Fe single crystalline films are grown epitaxially on a vicinal Ag(001) substrate using molecular beam epitaxy and investigated by photoemission electron microscopy. We find that after zero-field cooling, the in-plane Fe magnetization switches from parallel to perpendicular direction of the atomic steps of the vicinal surface at thinner CoO thickness but remains in its original direction parallel to the steps at thicker CoO thickness. CoO and NiO domain imaging result shows that both CoO/Fe and NiO/CoO spins are perpendicularly coupled, suggesting that the Fe magnetization switching may be associated with the rotatable-frozen spin transition of the CoO film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CoO/Fe thin films were grown epitaxially onto vicinal Ag(001) and investigated using magneto-optic Kerr effect, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), and x-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD) techniques. We show that the CoO film in the ultrathin regime does not induce a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy but a coercivity enhancement. This result provides a mechanism for the microscopic origin of the rotatable magnetic anisotropy. XMLD measurement further reveals that the underlying mechanism is that the CoO spins are totally rotatable in the ultrathin regime to follow the Fe magnetization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), the prototype phase-change alloy for data storage, in situ x-ray diffraction experiments reveal a pressure-induced crystalline-amorphous-crystalline transition sequence, all at the same fixed composition and in one experimental cycle. A body-centered-cubic polymorph is discovered at high pressures; the formation of this phase is attributable to its high packing density rendered possible by the switch from covalent to metallic bonding as predicted by ab initio calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistive switching (RS) characteristics of a Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3 (PCMO) film sandwiched between a Pt bottom electrode and top electrodes (TE) made of various metals are found to belong to two categories. Devices with TE made of Al, Ti, and Ta exhibit a large I-V hysteresis loop and bipolar RS, but those with TE made of Pt, Ag, Au, and Cu do not. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that a thin metal-oxide layer formed at the interface between the former group of TE and PCMO, but not for the latter group of TE. Analysis shows that the categorization depends on the Gibbs free energy of oxidation of the TEs with respect to that of PCMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive Q-switching operation with a class of Nd:Gd[sub x]Y[sub 1-x]VO[sub 4] crystals has been demonstrated. Compared to Nd:YVO[sub 4] and Nd:GdVO[sub 4], the pulse energy produced with Nd:Gd[sub 0.64]Y[sub 0.36]VO[sub 4] under certain conditions was found to be enhanced by factors of 6.0 and 2.5, while the peak power enhanced by factors of 14.7 and 3.6, respectively. At the incident pump power of 9.6 W, 1.3 W of average output power was obtained, with the pulse energy, peak power, and pulse repetition frequency being 166 μJ, 24.5 kW, and 7.7 kHz, respectively. © 2003 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron carbide (B4C) coatings are prepared by an RF inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch with different amounts of hydrogen introduced into the sheath gas. The effects of the added hydrogen on the characteristics of the plasma are diagnosed by optical emission spectroscopy and high speed photography. The effects on the melting of B4C particles in the plasma are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microstructure of the B4C coatings was determined with SEM imaging and x-ray diffraction analysis. The results show that adding hydrogen to the sheath gas leads to plasma contraction, which results in higher gas temperature of plasma. It also enhances B4C particles spheroidizing and improves the compactness of B4C coatings. Plasma processing does not change the main phase of boron carbide. The obtained results on B4C coatings on Cu substrates allows for improving the B4C coatings fabrication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]