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The growth of VO2 epitaxial films has been researched extensively for obtaining excellent phase-transition performance. However, previous methods typically necessitate high temperatures or post-annealing processes, which elevate both experimental complexity and cost. In this work, we prepared high-quality VO2 epitaxial films by reactive magnetron sputtering directly under a low growth temperature. Benefiting from the determination of the oxygen pressure ratio from the theoretical analysis of the sputtering process model, single-stoichiometric VO2 epitaxial films could be prepared under 450 °C with a resistance change of 103, and above 500 °C with a resistance change exceeding 104. The mechanism of achieving low-temperature growth of VO2 epitaxial films was analyzed utilizing Thornton's zone model; finally, the epitaxial characteristics of VO2 on the sapphire substrate were confirmed from in-plane and out-of-plane directions. This work presents a guideline for the low-temperature growth of VO2 epitaxial films with enhanced phase-transition performance, thereby reducing both the cost and the requirements associated with the epitaxial growth of VO2 films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic molecular vibrations, typically occurring in the terahertz (THz) regime, can resonate with a metastructure. A hallmark Rabi splitting occurs when the coupling strength is sufficiently strong. In this work, we observe the strong coupling of localized surface plasmons (LSPs) and intermolecular vibration mode at THz on a metasurface spin-coated with organic molecule α-lactose monohydrate. Excited by transverse-electric THz waves, dispersive localized surface plasmons interact with nondispersive intermolecular vibrations and form two vibro-polariton modes. The angle-resolved transmission spectra of the coupled system are detected by using a terahertz time-domain spectrometer, demonstrating an anti-crossing effect with a clear Rabi splitting. By retrieving the coupling strength and Hopfield coefficients of polariton bands from the measured data, we further verify that these two bands originate from the strong coupling between LSPs and molecular vibration mode. Moreover, we show that it is possible to implement molecular concentration sensing based on this strong coupling effect. This study demonstrates a unique approach to investigate vibro-polaritons at the terahertz regime and provides a testbed for future applications of strong coupling effects in chemical detection and biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional optical elements, such as waveplates and polarization beam splitters, are essential for quantum state tomography (QST). Yet, their bulky size and heavy weight are prejudicial for miniaturizing quantum information systems. Here, we introduce nondiffractive silicon metasurfaces with high transmission efficiency to replace the traditional optical elements for QST of polarization-entangled states. Two identical silicon metasurfaces are employed, and each metasurface comprises four independent districts on a micrometer scale. The unit cell of each district consists of two silicon nanopillars with different geometrical sizes and orientation angles, and the interference of the scattered waves from the nanopillars leads to a single output beam from the district with a specific polarization state with a transmission efficiency above 92%. When the two-photon polarization-entangled state shines on different districts of two metasurfaces, each photon of the photon pair interacts with the local nanopillars within the district, and the two-photon state is projected onto 16 polarization bases for state reconstruction. We experimentally demonstrate the reconstruction of four input Bell states with high fidelities. This approach significantly reduces the number of conventional optical components in the QST process and is inspiring for advancing quantum information technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet (UV) photodetection has attracted much attention for applications like monitoring ozone holes and light communication. Although UV photodetectors based on conventional inorganic semiconductors have been widely investigated, fast response devices with high sensitivity remain needed for UV communication systems. This Letter reports on flexible ultrathin methylammonium lead bromide(MAPbBr3)-based UV photodetectors. In the UV regime, the response time reaches 3.3/4.0 μs, and the 3 dB bandwidth is 0.22 MHz. No current degradation is detected after repeated bending cycles, indicating the excellent mechanical flexibility and reliability of flexible high-speed UV photodetectors. Moreover, MAPbBr3 nanosheet-based photodetectors have been integrated into a UV communication system as signal receivers transmitting messages encrypted by international Morse codes. These results reveal the potential of ultrathin perovskite nanosheets in developing flexible optoelectronic devices for UV communications and related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the dispersion equation obtained from the Helmholtz equation in the plasma sheath region and main plasma column for surface waves, the propagation constant properties on the interface of the plasma sheath region and main plasma column region are studied. The analytic formula of propagation constant for the azimuthally symmetric surface wave (m=0 mode) and non-symmetric surface waves (m=1, 2, 3, and 4 modes) on the interface is presented, which indicates the effect of the thickness of the plasma sheath region on the propagation constant characteristics. The analytical result shows that the thickness has a significant influence on the propagation constant when the thickness is 0.01 times smaller than the thickness of the main plasma column region for both the symmetric and non-symmetric surface waves, while there is a significant difference in the propagation constant amplitude between the m=1 mode and other four modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase and attenuation properties of azimuthal symmetric surface waves are investigated analytically in an un-magnetized cylindrical plasma column based on the transcendental dispersion relation. A novel method of calculating the wave power deposition in terms of complex electric conductivity is proposed. Electron density distribution is obtained theoretically through charged particle balance theory. It is shown that the effect of the electron temperature on the dispersion curve can be neglected when kzα < 1. Both the phase/attenuation characteristics and wave energy deposition properties of the azimuthal symmetric surface wave have an evident dependence on the electron density and the electron collision frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses a study which investigated the voltage-withstanding mechanism of BaTiO[sub3] ceramic semiconductors. Concept by which the mechanism can be explained; Voltage effect that will greatly reduce the voltage-withstanding ability; Problem with the application of a material under high voltage; Way of effectively reducing the voltage effect.

The structure of the drift-island surface of passing fast ions (PFIs) is investigated in the presence of the resonant interaction with a magnetic island. Two overlapping regions of the drift-island surface and the magnetic island surface are found, one corresponding to local overlapping region and the other to non-local one. Here, the word "nonlocal" denotes that the resonances in the core plasma can have effects on the PFIs near the plasma boundary, while the "local" represents that the PFIs just near the resonant location are influenced. The nonlocal overlapping constructs a transport path along which the PFIs can become losses. There are three kinds of drift-island surfaces to join in forming the transport paths. A pitch angle region, which is called pitch angle gap, is found near the plasma boundary, where the drift-island surface cannot be formed and few PFIs are lost. The pitch-angle selective features of PFI losses are obtained by analyzing the three kinds of drift-island surfaces. The coupling between the crowd drift island surfaces and the collision can induce the prompt losses of PFIs and rapidly slowing down of PFI energy. The time of the prompt losses and the slowing down rate are calculated. Qualitatively, the theoretical results are in well agreement with the experimental observations in ASDEX Upgrade [M. García-Muñoz et al., Nucl. Fusion 47, L10 (2007)]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhanced transport of passing energetic ions (PEIs) in presence of the resonant interactions with a rotating magnetic island is investigated within the drift kinetic framework. When the island rotation plays a role in the resonant interaction, we find that the velocities of PEIs satisfy a constraint relation of resonant flux surface in phase space. The resonant flux surfaces overlap with the magnetic flux surfaces in real space. A new transport channel responsible for the PEIs moving across the magnetic flux surfaces, i.e., continuously overlapping, is found. Two kinds of radial motions can be induced by the surface overlapping: one arises from the coupling between the resonance and the collision with the background plasma and the other from not completely overlapping of the two surfaces. The two radial motions and the symmetry-breaking induced radial motion constitute the total radial motion. When the pitch-angle scattering rate is very weak, the surface-shear induced transport is dominant. Only a small increase in the collision rate can significantly influence the total transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we demonstrate that resonant full transmission of acoustic waves exists in subwavelength H-shaped metallic gratings, and transmission peaks can be efficiently tuned by adjusting the grating geometry. We investigate this phenomenon through both numerical simulations and theoretical calculations based on rigorouscoupled wave analysis. The transmission peaks are originated from Fabry-Perot resonances together with the couplings between the diffractive wave on the surface and the multiple guided modes in the slits. Moreover, the transmission modes can be efficiently tuned by adjusting the cavity geometry, without changing the grating thickness. The mechanism is analyzed based on an equivalent circuit model and verified by both the theoretical calculations and the numerical simulations. This research has potential application in acoustic-device miniaturization over a wide range of wavelengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measured the inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) characteristics of metal-moleculemetal junctions made with alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers. The molecular junctions were fabricated using a direct metal transfer method, which we previously reported for high-yield metalmolecule-metal junctions. The measured IETS data could be assigned to molecular vibration modes that were determined by the chemical structure of the molecules. We also observed discrepancies and device-to-device variations in the IETS data that possibly originate from defects in the molecular junctions and insulating walls introduced during the fabrication process and from the junction structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new titanium dioxide (TiO2) slurry formulation is herein reported for the fabrication of TiO2 photoanode for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The prepared TiO2 photoanode featured a highly uniform mesoporous structure with well-dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles. The energy conversion efficiency of the resulting TiO2 slurrybased DSSC was ~63% higher than that achieved by a DSSC prepared using a commercial TiO2 slurry. Subsequently, the incorporation of acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the TiO2 slurry was examined. More specifically, the effect of varying the concentration of the CNTs in this slurry on the performance of the resulting DSSCs was studied. The chemical state of the CNTs-incorporated TiO2 photoanode was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A high energy conversion efficiency of 6.23% was obtained at an optimum CNT concentration of ~0.06 wt.%. The obtained efficiency corresponds to a 63% enhancement when compared with that obtained from a DSSC based on a commercial TiO2 slurry. The higher efficiency was attributed to the improvement in the collection and transport of excited electrons in the presence of the CNTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, we have demonstrated that serrated metal gratings, which introduce gradient coatings, can give rise to broadband transmission enhancement of acoustic waves. Here, we have experimentally and theoretically studied the acoustic transmission properties of metal gratings with or without serrated boundaries. The average transmission is obviously enhanced for serrated metal gratings within a wide frequency range, while the Fabry-Perot resonance is significantly suppressed. An effective medium hypothesis with varying acoustic impedance is proposed to analyze the mechanism, which was verified through comparison with finite-element simulation. The serrated boundary supplies gradient mass distribution and gradient normal acoustic impedance, which could efficiently reduce the boundary reflection. Further, by increasing the region of the serrated boundary, we present a broadband high-transmission grating for wide range of incident angle. Our results may have potential applications to broadband acoustic imaging, acoustic sensing, and acoustic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-temperature plasma technique is one of the critical techniques in IC manufacturing process, such as etching and thin-film deposition, and the uniformity greatly impacts the process quality, so the design for the plasma uniformity control is very important but difficult. It is hard to finely and flexibly regulate the spatial distribution of the plasma in the chamber via controlling the discharge parameters or modifying the structure in zero-dimensional space, and it just can adjust the overall level of the process factors. In the view of this problem, a segmented non-uniform dielectric module design solution is proposed for the regulation of the plasma profile in a CCP chamber. The solution achieves refined and flexible regulation of the plasma profile in the radial direction via configuring the relative permittivity and the width of each segment. In order to solve this design problem, a novel simulation-based auto-design approach is proposed, which can automatically design the positional sequence with multi independent variables to make the output target profile in the parameterized simulation model approximate the one that users preset. This approach employs an idea of quasi-closed-loop control system, and works in an iterative mode. It starts from initial values of the design variable sequences, and predicts better sequences via the feedback of the profile error between the output target profile and the expected one. It never stops until the profile error is narrowed in the preset tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we experimentally and theoretically demonstrate that oblique metal gratings with optimal tilt angles can become transparent for broadband terahertz waves under normal incidence. Direct imaging is applied to intuitively prove this broadband transparency phenomenon of structured metals. The transparency is insensitive to the grating thickness due to the non-resonance mechanism, and the optimal tilt angle is determined only by the strip width and the grating period. The oblique metal gratings with broadband transparence may have many potential applications, such as transparent conducting panels, white-beam polarizers, and stealth objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we demonstrate that acoustic waves can achieve extremely flat transmission through a metallic grating under oblique incidence within multiple frequency bands separated by Wood's anomalies. At the low-frequency band, the transmission of acoustic wave is independent of the frequency and presents a flat curve with the transmission efficiency reaching about 100%; while at high-frequency bands, the transmission decreases to be lower flat curves due to the diffraction effect. The transmission efficiency is insensitive to the thickness of the grating. This phenomenon is verified by experiments, numerical simulations, and an analytical model. The broadband high transmission is attributed to the acoustic impedance matching between the air and the grating. This research may open up a field for various potential applications of acoustic gratings, including broadband sonic imaging and screening, grating interferometry, and antireflection cloaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we investigate electronic band structures and transport properties in dimerlike graphene superlattices (DGSLs), where the modulated potentials of square barrier A and well B on graphene are arranged as S(m) = (AB)m(BA)m. Here m is the repeated number of units. It is found that the mirror symmetry of the potential distribution on graphene can induce extra Dirac points (DPs), which originates from the dimerlike positional correlations in the system. The induced DPs, which are exactly located at the energy corresponding to zero averaged wave number, do not exist in the periodic graphene superlattices of (AB)m. The number and the position of DPs in the zero averaged wave number gap of DGSL can be manipulated. Correspondingly, multiple perfect transmissions are observed at the resonant modes. Moreover, the conductance for DGSL presents extra resonant peaks accompanying with the emergence of the induced DPs. The investigations may have potential applications in graphene-based electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]