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To study the current response to space charge in oil–paper insulation, a simultaneous space charge and external current measurement system are developed for a solid–liquid sample. The space charge and external current of oil-immersed paper are tested under different applied voltages. In the oil–paper sample, it accumulates heterocharge at 0.25 kV and homocharge at a higher voltage. The external currents first decrease and then increase with time. The changing timepoint decreases with the applied voltage. It shows that dynamic space charge evolution influences external current development. An unusual phenomenon is observed that the charge on both electrodes increases without heterocharge accumulation in a certain time range after voltage application, resulting in an increase in the average electric field. The transient electric field and displacement current at the cathode are calculated according to the amount of surface charge at the cathode. It indicates that displacement current takes up the main part of external current and decreases to zero when the surface charge amount stops increasing. After this stage, the conduction current is almost equal to the external current. The correlation between conduction current and electric field is analyzed. It reveals that when the electric field is lower than 5 kV/mm, the conduction current of oil–paper seems to be linear to the electric field strength, following Ohm's law. When the electric field is higher than 5 kV/mm, the conduction current of oil–paper follows the Fowler–Nordheim law that the ln(jc/E2) is linear to 1/E. The transient external current has great potential in diagnosing electrical equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parameter of tensile strength for transformer bushing insulating paper occupies an important position in the structural design and life evaluation of transformer bushing. In order to precisely achieve the effect of aging time and moisture content on the tensile strength of transformer bushing paper, transformer insulating paper samples with a thickness of 0.13 mm were prepared for tensile strength and dielectric strength testing under different moisture contents and aging states. The results show that the tensile strength (MPa) of insulating paper decreases linearly in the range of 0–648 h under accelerated thermal aging at 130 °C. However, there is a more serious exponential decline in the tensile strength (MPa) of insulation paper with its moisture content is boosted. The moisture content in insulation paper is the most important factor for insulation paper deterioration in oil-impregnated paper insulation equipment, which could accelerate the end of insulation service life. The value of capacitance increment ΔC of the insulation paper samples displayed closely linear growth with a moisture content from 0.5% to 5.9%. Strictly controlling the moisture content by monitoring the ΔC value of transformer insulation paper is of significance for prolonging its service life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne pathogens, food adulterants, allergens, and toxic chemicals in food can cause major health hazards to humans and animals. Stringent quality control measures at all stages of food processing are required to ensure food safety. There is, therefore, a global need for affordable, reliable, and rapid tests that can be conducted at different process steps and processing sites, spanning the range from the sourcing of food to the end-product acquired by the consumer. Current laboratory-based food quality control tests are well established, but many are not suitable for rapid on-site investigations and are costly. Microfluidic paper analytical devices (μPADs) are a fast-growing field in medical diagnostics that can fill these gaps. In this review, we describe the latest developments in the applications of microfluidic paper analytic device (μPAD) technology in the food safety sector. State-of-the-art μPAD designs and fabrication methods, microfluidic assay principles, and various types of μPAD devices with food-specific applications are discussed. We have identified the prominent research and development trends and future directions for maximizing the value of microfluidic technology in the food sector and have highlighted key areas for improvement. We conclude that the μPAD technology is promising in food safety applications by using novel materials and improved methods to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the assays, with low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We successfully developed an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method for making Ag noble nanoparticles on cheap, commercial filter paper consisting of three-dimensional porous glass fibers and investigated the evolution of Ag nanostructures with some key process parameters. By tuning Ag particle sizes and controlling the cycle numbers of ALD deposited Ag films, we were able to obtain high-density isolated Ag nanoparticles with average sizes in 3–9 nm without the formation of agglomerates and continuous Ag films. We proved the presence of strong localized surface plasmon resonance peaks near a target wavelength of 632 nm. We further proved the presence of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals on the Ag coated filter paper substrates using pyridine as the test analyte. Our results demonstrate that ALD is a very promising technique for a rational design of SERS substrates and, thus, has great potential for the fabrication of large-area, low-cost SERS substrates for future commercial applications, as compared to other existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe vibration of the core of ultra-high voltage (UHV) shunt reactors under operating conditions often leads to the occurrence of suspension electrode, and such a suspended discharge defect will destroy the oil-paper insulation. It is necessary to investigate the influence of vibration on suspended discharge when determining the best operating condition of UHV shunt reactors. The vibration frequency of the suspension electrode and the phase difference between the applied voltage and the vibration are studied by simulation and experiment. The simulation results show that the phase difference between the voltage and the vibration parameters will lead to an increase in the surface maximum field strength. The distortion of the field intensity caused by several typical vibration frequencies of reactor vibration is ranked (in ascending order) thus: 100, 300, 50, and 200 Hz. There is a coupling relationship between the phase difference and the vibration frequency on the suspended discharge, which will lead to an inconsistency between the field intensity and each single factor. The partial discharge test results of the collision between the suspension electrode and the high-voltage electrode show that the discharge generated by vibration at 100 Hz is much higher than that at other frequencies, followed by those at 300 and 50 Hz, and the discharge generated by vibration at 200 Hz is very small. When the phase difference of voltage advance vibration is between 0° and 90°, the quantity of local discharge is large. When the phase difference is between 90° and 180°, the local discharge is small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvent-pumped evaporation-driven concentration of an initial distribution of solutes on a porous substrate is considered in one and two dimensions. Approximate analytic solutions to the isotropic advection–dispersion equations are first found for a Gaussian kernel and an infinite domain, following the smoothed particle approximation. Analytic solutions for more general initial distributions are then found as sums of Gaussians, and comparison is made with numerical solutions. In each case, initial distributions are advected toward the stagnation point and concentrated. Two-dimensional analysis is then extended to describe anisotropy in permeability and diffusion, and hydrodynamic dispersion. Radial-flow experiments are performed using filter papers and water-soluble dyes. Diffusion coefficients, temperature and humidity profiles, and the evolution of spot distributions are measured. The results confirm minor anisotropy in permeability and diffusion, limited hydrodynamic dispersion, and largely uniform evaporation. Péclet numbers over 2500 are demonstrated. Evaporation-driven concentration provides a mechanism for solute transport over long timescales. Potential applications lie in the design of paper spray microanalytical devices operating by solvent pumping rather than capillary flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a liquid metal microstrip antenna on a printing paper whose resonant frequency was tunable by folding the paper. The gallium-based alloy was used as liquid metal, which is instantly oxidized in ambient air. The oxidized liquid metal is easily wettable on printing paper surfaces, while it is non-wettable on laser-printed toner surfaces. An antenna with a 3 mm wide and 39 mm long copper-liquid metal overlapped-feedline linked to the liquid metal microstrip rectangle-shaped patch (40 × 31 mm2) was designed. The antenna pattern was printed on a printing paper using a laser printer. A liquid metal soaked roller was rolled on the antenna pattern printed paper, resulting in a liquid metal pattern where there was no toner. The resonant frequency of the liquid metal on the paper microstrip patch antenna was 2.88 GHz with −18.5 dB S11. The measured characteristics of the antenna were in good agreement with the simulation results. When the antenna was folded, the resonant frequency was changed to 2.68 GHz (x-axis folding) or 2.72 GHz (y-axis folding). Liquid metal on paper fabrication is simple but effective for creating custom-designed antennas that are easily re-designed and fabricated in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial Discharges (PDs) are a significant factor in reducing the insulation life of traction transformers. In recent years, the Acoustic Emission (AE) method has become the most advanced method for detecting PD signals in transformers. The AE method utilizes AE sensors placed on the transformer tank to detect ultrasonic signals emitted by PD and determine the Time Of Arrival (TOA) of the head wave. The windings and cores of a traction transformer consist mainly of metal, which greatly affects the propagation of PD ultrasonic waves. This paper establishes a 110 kV "pressure acoustic, transient" physical field model of the traction transformer with dimensions of 4.63 × 1.48 × 2.84 m3. The model is used to carry out the PD pressure acoustic physical field simulation study of the traction transformer, to clarify the physical characteristics of the ultrasound of the PD defects, and to establish observation points on the transformer tanks to receive ultrasonic time-domain waveforms for PD detection. The simulation results indicate that PD ultrasonic waves exhibit complex propagation characteristics, including reflection, refraction, and reverberation, as they pass through the windings and cores to the observation points. The TOA of the head wave in the ultrasound time-domain waveform is indicated by the first maximum value of the wave crest line. Finally, this paper proposes a multi-level localization method based on the AE method to determine which winding generates the PD in the large-scale traction transformer using only four dynamically moving observation points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of 3D cell culture for spheroid formation holds significant implications in cancer research, contributing to a fundamental understanding of the disease and aiding drug development. Conventional methods such as the hanging drop technique and other alternatives encounter limitations due to smaller drop volumes, leading to nutrient starvation and restricted culture duration. In this study, we present a straightforward approach to creating superhydrophobic paper cones capable of accommodating large volumes of culture media drops. These paper cones have sterility, autoclavability, and bacterial repellent properties. Leveraging these attributes, we successfully generate large spheroids of ovarian cancer cells and, as a proof of concept, conduct drug screening to assess the impact of carboplatin. Thus, our method enables the preparation of flexible superhydrophobic surfaces for laboratory applications in an expeditious manner, exemplified here through spheroid formation and drug screening demonstrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regular operation of transformers is significantly impacted by the insulation effectiveness of the transformer insulation oil–paper. In order to explore the mechanism of the influence of an electric field on the thermal decomposition performance of insulating oil–paper, this paper simulated the process of electrothermal coupling decomposition of insulating oil–paper from the micro-level based on molecular dynamics. It was determined that the insulating oil is made up of three 16-carbon hydrocarbon molecules, while the insulating paper is made up of 30 fibrous disaccharide molecules. Using the molecular dynamics simulation approach, the pyrolysis of the insulating oil and insulating paper under various electric field strengths was simulated, and the lysis of reactants and the distribution of products were statistically examined. This paper also studied how the electric field affected the microscopic process of the insulating oil–paper pyrolysis. The findings demonstrate that under the influence of electrothermal coupling, the big molecules of the insulating oil and insulating paper are pyrolyzed to produce a variety of tiny molecules. For the insulating oil, it is easily subject to electron displacement polarization under the influence of an external electric field since it contains non-polar molecules, especially impacted by an electric field of 100 V/m. For the insulating paper, its polar nature, on the other hand, makes itself a good candidate for guiding polarization when exposed to an external electric field. So, the greater the electric field strength is, the greater the impact on the thermal decomposition of the insulating paper is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based evaporation concentrators with linear and radial geometries are compared. A new method of finding approximate analytic solutions of the advection–dispersion equation is proposed, based on the behavior of concentrators with infinite sources. Analytic approximations are compared with numerical solutions, and the advantage of radial concentration is highlighted: linear concentration rates scale with the square root of the Péclet number Pe while radial rates scale with Pe itself, leading to faster radial concentration beyond a critical value. Experiments are performed with Brilliant Blue FCF dye, using optical transmission and the Beer–Lambert law for quantitation. Dye concentrations are chosen for operation in the linear absorbance regime. Radial concentration is demonstrated under ambient conditions on filter paper disks with 60 mm diameter evaporation areas fed from a perimeter source, in a reverse of the well-known "coffee stain" experiment. Airflow enhanced concentration in strips and wedges is compared directly, using laser-patterned chromatography paper. The advantage of radial concentration is confirmed (and enhanced by diversion of concentrate to the corners of strips) and concentration factors greater than ∼ 500 (the dynamic range of measurement) are obtained in ∼2 h using 30 mm long columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotechnical designs and analyses of earth structures and foundations exclusively involve the assessment and consideration of unsaturated soil shear strength. The laboratory testing equipment and methods for predicting the unsaturated soil shear strength are complicated and more expensive. The experimental program attempted to involve undrained triaxial and filter paper for evaluating the unsaturated soil shear strength of identically compacted clayey soil. This study undertakes a comparison of shear strength in clayey soil under undrained loads, examining both saturated and unsaturated conditions. A 60 kPa air entry suction value is the key point at which linearity between the unsaturated shear strength parameter Øb and effective friction Ø′ with 15° linear slopes turns to non-linearity. Unsaturated shear strength increased by 22.76% in optimally wet conditions, 52.68% in optimum conditions, and 77.81% in optimally dry conditions as compared to saturated shear strength. This study utilizes an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict clayey soil's unsaturated shear strength, finding that the optimal ANN configuration (2-5-1 topology, Levenberg–Marquard optimization, and logsig transfer function) achieved high reliability with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9289 and mean square error values of 2.22, 7.12, and 3.012 for training, testing, and validation, respectively. This experimental investigation improves our understanding of clayey soil shear strength and emphasizes the importance of saturation and moisture content in geotechnical assessments under undrained loading conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important high-voltage electrical equipment in the substation, the performance stability of high-voltage current transformers is directly related to the safe operation of the power grid. The insulating medium of the traditional oil-immersed current transformer is an oil-immersed paper structure. When the oil-immersed current transformer malfunctions, it is easy to cause fire and explosion, resulting in very serious consequences. If the transformer with the epoxy resin impregnated paper insulation medium is used, there is no oil and gas inside; thus, it has high reliability, which greatly reduces the risk of fire and explosion. Based on this, considering the application research on the high-voltage current transformers epoxy resin impregnated paper technology, this paper mainly analyzes some precautions for the application of epoxy resin impregnated paper technology to the high-voltage current transformers from three aspects: the research on the insulation performance of the epoxy resin impregnated paper transformers, the research on the mechanical properties, and the research on the relevant experimental methods of the epoxy resin impregnated paper technology application to the high-voltage current transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) is widely used to estimate oil–paper insulation. The high moisture and long aging change the FDS characteristics of the insulating oil–paper, so normalization processing is required. Still, the choice of single activation energy needs further research. This paper studies the FDS characteristic of oil–paper insulation samples with different moisture and aging degrees and improves the traditional temperature correction method. The enhanced Arrhenius model uses the segmented activation energy to make the normalized FDS curve coincide better with the target curve, and the error is reduced. In addition, to verify the method's effectiveness, this paper proposes an iterative correction process. It corrects the tan δ-f curve of the bushing with an aging time of 800 h based on segmented activation energy, and the overall normalization effect is improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we composite coated silica nanoparticles with functional groups on paper to form a double-size surface roughness, then hexafluorobutyl methacrylate was polymerized with 3-trimethoxymethylsilyl propyl methacrylate (TSPM), a one-step method is used to prepare a hydrophobic polymer with low surface energy (PHFMA-co-TSPM), and the superhydrophobic surface was prepared by hydrophobic treatment of the paper with a low surface energy polymer. Further tests show that the superhydrophobic paper prepared by this method not only exhibits extremely strong hydrophobicity, but also has strong stability, transparency, and self-cleaning properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper has attracted significant attention recently as a microfluidic component and platform, especially in passive pumping devices due to its porous and uniform absorbing nature. Many investigations on 1D and 2D fluid flows were carried out. However, no experimental work has been reported on the three-dimensional effect in porous geometry to improve pumping characteristics in microchannels. Therefore, in this study, the fluid flow in 3D paper-based passive pumps was investigated in microchannels using cylindrical pumps. The effect of pump diameter, porosity, and programmability was investigated to achieve desired flow variations. The results indicated that the flow rate of water increased with an increase in the diameter and porosity of paper pumps. Maximum flow rates achieved for 14 mm diameter pumps of 0.5 and 0.7 porosities were 5.29 mm3/s (317.4 μl/min) and 6.97 mm3/s (418.2 μl/min), respectively. The total volume of fluid imbibition ranged between 266 and 567 μl for 8 and 14 mm diameter pumps, respectively. Moreover, 3D passive pumps can transport larger volumes of liquid with an improved flow rate, programmability, and control, in addition to being inexpensive and simple to design and fabricate. Most importantly, a single 3D paper pump showed an increasing, decreasing, and constant flow rate all in a single microchannel. With these benefits, the passive pumps can further improve the pumping characteristics of microfluidic platforms enabling a cost effective and programmable point-of-care diagnostic device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work concerns field electron emission (FE) from large-area emitters. It corrects literature weaknesses in analyzing experimental current–voltage data and related emitter characterization. A recent paper in Applied Surface Science exemplifies these difficulties: (1) for many modern emitters, traditional data-analysis methodologies, such as the Fowler–Nordheim plot developed in 1929, yield spurious results; (2) confusion occurs between the concepts of local and macroscopic (or "emitter average") current density; (3) data analysis uses 1920s-style emission equations that were proved seriously incorrect (by a factor typically of order 100) in the 1950s. These weaknesses can combine to yield large undetected discrepancies between theory and experiment in published papers (a factor of 1016 in the example under discussion). The present work shows how a recently introduced validity test—the "magic emitter" test—can sometimes be used, at the immediate-presubmission or review stage, to help uncover scientific problems. In literature concerning large-area FE over the last 15 years or so, there seem many papers (perhaps hundreds) with some or all of the weaknesses discussed: very many authors and reviewers in this community, and many editors, seem to have been "hoaxed" by what sociologists of science call a "pathological literature." The scientific integrity of this research area, and the related peer review processes, appear significantly damaged, and attempts to correct this by normal procedures have had limited effect. There seems a growing case for independent "official" wider investigation into research integrity issues of this general kind, and maybe, for a later regulatory action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct and investigate paper-based microfluidic devices, which model long-term fluid harvesting, transport, sensing, and analysis in new wearables for sweat analysis. Such devices can continuously wick fluid mimicking sweat and dispose of it on evaporation pads. We characterize and analyze how the action of capillarity and evaporation can cooperatively be used to transport and process sweat mimics containing dissolved salts and model analytes. The results point out that non-invasive osmotic extraction combined with paper microfluidics and evaporative disposal can enable sweat collection and monitoring for durations longer than 10 days. We model the fluid flow in the new capillary–evaporative devices and identify the parameters enabling their long-term operation. We show that the transport rates are sufficiently large to handle natural sweat rates, while we envision that such handling can be interfaced with osmotic harvesting of sweat, a concept that we demonstrated recently. Finally, we illustrate that the salt film deposited at the evaporation pad would eventually lead to cessation of the process but at the same time will preserve a record of analytes that may be used for long-term biomarker monitoring in sweat. These principles can be implemented in future platforms for wearable skin-interfacing assays or electronic biomarker monitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart materials with reversible wettability have attracted a lot of attention for application in sewage treatment. In this work, a pH-responsive polymer was prepared via the one-step free radical polymerization of 3-(trimethoxysilyl) acrylate and 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. The obtained pH-responsive polymer was then coated with a hydrogenated styrene–ethylene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer to endow the material with pH-responsive switchable superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic properties. Due to the excellent self-cleaning and mechanical stability of the coating, it was used to modify paper, which was then successfully utilized in the treatment of oily wastewater, showing great potential for use in advanced applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood can be a window to health, and as a result, is the most intensively studied human biofluid. Blood tests can diagnose diseases, monitor therapeutic drugs, and provide information about the health of an individual. Rapid response blood tests are becoming increasingly essential, especially when subsequent treatment is required. Toward this need, paper-based devices have been excellent tools for performing blood tests due to their ability to conduct rapid and low-cost diagnostics and analyses in a non-laboratory environment. In this Perspective, we review recent advances in paper-based blood tests, particularly focusing on the specific techniques and assays applied. Additionally, we discuss the future of these paper-based devices, such as how the signal intensity can be enhanced and how the in situ synthesis of nanomaterials can be used to improve the sensitivity, functionality, and operational simplicity. With these advances, paper-based devices are becoming increasingly valuable tools for point-of-care blood tests in various practical scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based microfluidics are an increasingly popular alternative to devices with conventional open channel geometries. The low cost of fabrication and the absence of external instrumentation needed to drive paper microchannels make them especially well suited for medical diagnostics in resource-limited settings. Despite the advantages of paper microfluidics, many assays performed using conventional open channel microfluidics are challenging to translate onto paper, such as bead, emulsion, and cell-based assays. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a hybrid open-channel/paper channel microfluidic device. In this design, wick-driven paper channels control the flow rates within conventional microfluidics. We fabricate these hybrid chips using laser-micromachined polymer sheets and filter paper. In contrast to previous efforts that utilized external, macroscopic paper-based pumps, we integrated micro-scale paper and open channels onto a single chip to control multiple open channels and control complex laminar flow-pattern within individual channels. We demonstrated that flow patterns within the open channels can be quantitatively controlled by modulating the geometry of the paper channels, and that these flow rates agree with Darcy's law. The utility of these hybrid chips, for applications such as bead-, cell-, or emulsion-based assays, was demonstrated by constructing a hybrid chip that hydrodynamically focused micrometer-sized polystyrene beads stably for >10 min, as well as cells, without external instrumentation to drive fluid flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate monitoring of insulation aging of oil-paper insulation power equipment such as oil-immersed transformers is a key and difficult point in the field of high voltage research. In this paper, a method based on Raman spectroscopy to diagnose the aging degree of oil-paper insulation is discussed. Raman detections of the samples were carried out on a self-built Raman detection platform. The partial least squares method was used to extract and analyze the spectral features. The aging time of the sample was used to supervise the feature extraction of oil-paper insulation Raman data, and the intrinsic mathematical relationship between the Raman features of oil-paper insulation and the aging was excavated. Finally, a quantitative aging diagnostic model based on Raman spectral features of oil-paper insulation to predict its aging state was built with the assistance of the support vector regression method. The results of aging time prediction for 30 test samples show that the mean square error is 0.0123 and the square of correlation coefficient is 0.987. The proposed method provides a new idea for Raman aging diagnosis of oil-paper insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Point-of-care (POC) detection and diagnostic platforms provide critical information about health and safety conditions in austere and resource-limited settings in which medical, military, and disaster relief operations are conducted. In this work, low-cost paper materials commonly used in POC devices are coated with liquid-infused polymer surfaces and folded to produce geometries that precisely localize complex liquid samples undergoing concentration by evaporation. Liquid-infused polymer surfaces were fabricated by infusing silicone-coated paper with a chemically compatible polydimethylsiloxane oil to create a liquid overlayer. Tests on these surfaces showed no remaining bacterial cells after exposure to a sliding droplet containing a concentrated solution of Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus, while samples without a liquid layer showed adhesion of both microdroplets and individual bacterial cells. Folding of the paper substrates with liquid-infused polymer surfaces into several functional 3D geometries enabled a clean separation and simultaneous concentration of a liquid containing rhodamine dye into discrete, predefined locations. When used with bacteria, which are known for their ability to adhere to nearly any surface type, functional geometries with liquid-infused polymer surfaces concentrated the cells at levels significantly higher than geometries with dry control surfaces. These results show the potential of synergistically combining paper-based materials with liquid-infused polymer surfaces for the manipulation and handling of complex samples, which may help the future engineering of POC devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid degradation of cellulosic paper in archival books, periodicals, and historic documents is a serious and widespread problem. Using acidic page samples from ∼40 year old books, we demonstrate that atomic layer deposition (ALD) ZnO can adjust and controllably neutralize the paper acid content. The paper samples were collected and analyzed in accordance with recognized Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) test standards. The average pH of the starting paper was 3.7 ± 0.4 and 4.4 ± 0.1 as determined using the TAPPI surface probe and cold water extraction methods, respectively. After 50 ALD ZnO cycles, the same tests on the coated paper produced an average pH of 7.39 ± 0.08 and 7.3 ± 0.4, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the cellulose structure remained intact during ALD. Additional tests of recently printed newspaper samples coated with ALD ZnO also show that ALD can effectively prevent paper discoloration and embrittlement caused by UV sunlight photoexposure. While there are many known methods for paper preservation, including others using diethyl zinc, the control afforded by ALD provides attractive advantages over other known approaches for preservation of archival paper and other natural fibrous materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a novel strategy for fabrication of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) by selective wet etching of hydrophobic filter paper using a paper mask having a specific design. The fabrication process consists of two steps. First, the hydrophilic filter paper was patterned hydrophobic by using trimethoxyoctadecylsilane (TMOS) solution as the patterning agent. Next, a paper mask penetrated with NaOH solution (containing 30% glycerol) was aligned onto the hydrophobic filter paper, allowing the etching of the silanized filter paper by the etching reagent. The masked region turned highly hydrophilic whereas the unmasked region remains highly hydrophobic. Thus, hydrophilic channels, reservoirs, and detection zones were generated and delimited by the hydrophobic barriers. The effects of some factors including TMOS concentration, etching temperature, etching time, and NaOH concentration on fabrication of μPAD were studied. Being free of any expensive equipment, metal mask and expensive reagents, this rapid, simple, and cost-effective method could be used to fabricate lPAD by untrained personnel with minimum cost. A flower-shaped μPAD fabricated by this presented method was applied to the glucose assay in artificial urine samples with good performance, indicating its feasibility as a quantitative analysis device. We believe that this method would be very attractive to the development of simple microfluidic devices for point-of-care applications in clinical diagnostics, food safety, and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method of delaying the aging of natural ester oil-paper insulation systems by adding glyceryl triacetate is proposed in this work. A study was conducted on the thermal aging performance of soybean insulating oil mixed with glyceryl triacetate at a volume fraction of 7.5%. Through a 42-day accelerated thermal aging experiment, it was found that the addition of glyceryl triacetate effectively delayed the increase in kinematic viscosity of the insulating oil and reduced the generation of aging products such as moisture and acid. However, the polar compounds in glyceryl triacetate reduced the breakdown voltage of the mixed oil and made the dielectric loss factor higher than that of pure oil. In addition, tests were conducted on the insulating paper immersed in two types of oil, and it was found that the addition of glyceryl triacetate helps to distribute mixed oil molecules on the surface of insulating paper, which effectively helped absorb moisture from the paper, weakening the hydrolysis reaction of cellulose and delaying the aging of insulating paper. In addition, the insulating paper immersed in the mixed oil maintains good power frequency breakdown voltage and dielectric properties throughout the thermal aging experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based devices have a wide range of applications in point-of-care diagnostics, environmental analysis, and food monitoring. Paper-based devices can be deployed to resource-limited countries and remote settings in developed countries. Paper-based point-of-care devices can provide access to diagnostic assays without significant user training to perform the tests accurately and timely. The market penetration of paper-based assays requires decreased device fabrication costs, including larger packing density of assays (i.e., closely packed features) and minimization of assay reagents. In this review, we discuss fabrication methods that allow for increasing packing density and generating closely packed features in paper-based devices. To ensure that the paper-based device is low-cost, advanced fabrication methods have been developed for the mass production of closely packed assays. These emerging methods will enable minimizing the volume of required samples (e.g., liquid biopsies) and reagents in paper-based microfluidic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidics approaches have gained popularity in the field of directed cell migration, enabling control of the extracellular environment and integration with live-cell microscopy; however, technical hurdles remain. Among the challenges are the stability and predictability of the environment, which are especially critical for the observation of fibroblasts and other slow-moving cells. Such experiments require several hours and are typically plagued by the introduction of bubbles and other disturbances that naturally arise in standard microfluidics protocols. Here, we report on the development of a passive pumping strategy, driven by the high capillary pressure and evaporative capacity of paper, and its application to study fibroblast chemotaxis. The paper pumps—flowvers (flow + clover)—are inexpensive, compact, and scalable, and they allow nearly bubble-free operation, with a predictable volumetric flow rate on the order of μl/min, for several hours. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we combined the flowver pumping strategy with a Y-junction microfluidic device to generate a chemoattractant gradient landscape that is both stable (6+ h) and predictable (by finite-element modeling calculations). Integrated with fluorescence microscopy, we were able to recapitulate previous, live-cell imaging studies of fibroblast chemotaxis to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), with an order-of-magnitude gain in throughput. The increased throughput of single-cell analysis allowed us to more precisely define PDGF gradient conditions conducive for chemotaxis; we were also able to interpret how the orientation of signaling through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway affects the cells' sensing of and response to conducive gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the thermal stability of insulation paper cellulose in micro-water environment, the molecular simulation was used to compare and analyze the thermal stability of polysiloxane-grafted cellulose with 3% micro-water content in the present study. The static mechanics, glass transition temperature and number of hydrogen bonds are used to characterize the thermal stability of insulating paper cellulose in this paper. First, analysis of the mechanical properties of the model demonstrated that the value of the elastic moduli (E) and bulk moduli (K) of the grafted model were greater than those of the ungrafted model at each temperature. Second, the glass transition temperature of the grafted model was 60 K higher than that of the ungrafted model. Finally, the analysis of the radial distribution function (RDF) and hydrogen bonding showed that polysiloxane-grafted insulation paper cellulose can reduce the number of hydrogen bonds formed between the water molecules and the cellulose chains, which can reduce the damage caused to the cellulose chains by the water molecules. Therefore, the present study shows that the polysiloxane-grafted insulation paper cellulose can improve its thermal stability in micro-water environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the field of flexible electronics has become one of the cross-disciplinary research hotspots, attracting worldwide attention and making rapid advances. So far, there has been plenty of research on the use of two-dimensional (2D) materials in flexible electronics, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenide, and so on. In this work, we successfully prepared quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) Nb2Pd0.73S5.97 superconductors on flexible paper by mechanical friction and systematically studied their physical properties at low temperatures. Superconductivity with transition temperature (Tc) ∼ 6.05 K by Meissner effect was observed in Nb2Pd0.73S5.97 wires coated on flexible paper, and a resistance drop at 4.80 K was confirmed in electrical transport measurements. The lower critical field (Hc1) of coated paper shows anisotropy effect under parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields, exhibiting a 2D-like feature, unlike the bulk Nb2Pd0.73S5.97 fibers. Our work provides a broader platform for the application of low-dimensional materials in flexible functional devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy of insulation defect diagnosis based on the dielectric spectrum response is severely influenced by temperature for oil-impregnated paper bushing. The dielectric loss (tan δ) mathematical model with a temperature–frequency factor to restrict the application of the frequency domain dielectric spectrum (FDS) for insulation diagnosis is not clear. In this paper, five temperatures are selected to study the frequency temperature characteristic of the FDS and polarization current for oil-impregnated paper bushing. The experimental results show that the temperature has different effects on the lower frequency (0.001 Hz–1 Hz) and higher frequency (1000 Hz–10 kHz) of FDS. With the increasing temperature, the lower frequency tan δ of 1 mHz–1 Hz shows a better pattern of exponential growth, while the higher frequency tan δ at 1 kHz–10 kHz shows the declining law with the rising temperature. With the increasing temperature, the polarization current shows a better pattern of exponential growth, while resistance obviously shows the declining law of the exponential pattern. The FDS curve of oil-impregnated paper bushings can be amended by the mathematical model of tan δ for the dielectric response on site for accuracy diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have coated phase change materials (PCMs) on rough and flexible substrates to achieve multicolor changeable devices. The principle of the device is based on an earlier discovery that lights have strong interference effect in PCM films, leading to various colors by reflection. In this work, paper substrates are laminated by parylene layers to protect the device from water before coated with functional PCM films. The PCM-based color printing (PCP) on paper is not affected by rough surfaces and shows a similar color appearance as that on smooth surfaces. In particular, the color-printed device can be patterned by UV lithography to display a clear and tunable optical image, and it exhibits a low sensitivity to the angle of view. Such PCP has potential applications for low-cost, disposable, and flexible displays. © 2017 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report the development of semiquantitative counting-based lateral flow assay (LFA)-type microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μ PADs) to analyze samples at submicroliter volumes. The ability to use submicroliter sample volumes is a significant advantage for μ PADs since it enables enhanced multiplexing, reduces cost, and increases user-friendliness since small sample volumes can be collected using methods that do not require trained personnel, such as finger pricking and microneedles. The challenge of accomplishing a semiquantitative test readout using submicroliter sample volumes was overcome with a counting-based approach. In order to use submicroliter sample volumes, we developed a flow strategy with a running liquid to facilitate flow through the assay. The efficacy of the devices was confirmed with glucose and total human immunoglobulin E (IgE) tests using 0.5 μ l and 1 μ l of sample solutions, respectively. Semiquantitative results were generated to predict glucose concentrations in the range of 0–12 mmol/l and IgE concentrations in the range of 0–400 ng/ml. The counting-based approach correlates the number of dots that exhibited a color change to the concentration of the analyte, which provides a more user-friendly method as compared with interpreting the intensity of a color change. The devices reported herein are the first counting-based LFA-type μ PADs capable of semiquantitative testing using submicroliter sample volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermodynamic properties of cellulose insulation paper are vital factors affecting the life of a transformer; in order to obtain cellulose insulation paper with better thermodynamic properties, three types of silane coupling agents—3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (KH550), 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane (KH560), and 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (KH570)—were grafted on the surface of nano-SiO2, and thermodynamic properties of cellulose modified with nano-SiO2 were explored. The molecular dynamics method was used to establish a composite model of nano-SiO2/cellulose. Also, different silane coupling agent grafted nano-SiO2/cellulose models were established to explore the effect of mechanical properties, interaction energy, free volume, and hydrogen bonds on thermodynamic properties. The results showed that KH550 was the best modification of the nano-SiO2/cellulose system among the three grafted silane coupling agents because KH550 grafted on the surface of nano-SiO2 formed more hydrogen bonds in the cellulose system. The interfacial bonding strength between the nano-SiO2 and the cellulose chains can effectively improve the thermal stability of the cellulose insulating paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Reflections series takes a look back on historical articles from The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America that have had a significant impact on the science and practice of acoustics.

The profiles of the edge of rectangular sheets of paper folded so as to join opposite edges were measured and compared with the profiles calculated with the theory of elasticity. I show how the calculation can be accomplished by using the aspect ratio of the loops as the only input parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the overly averaged element sensitivity in the topological optimization of an irregular structure with a grid independent filter, a topological optimization model was built for the structural domain. The maximization of stiffness was first taken as the goal for the topological optimization of irregular structure stiffness. Subsequently, an element size filter was proposed to address the overly averaged local element sensitivity with the grid independent filter when the designed domain element size varied dramatically. Finally, the element sensitivity of the objective function was derived under the given constraints. A case study was then conducted on a naval gun mount with the maximization of structural flexibility as the objective function and the volume of structural material as a constraint. A stiffness optimization model based on the bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization algorithm was adopted for the topological optimization of the gun mount. Structural optimization was conducted for the gun mount with different shooting angles to realize its optimal stiffness and strength under the constraint of consistent material volume. The optimization results proved that the element independent filter proposed in this paper could be effectively applied in the topological optimization of an irregular structure and used to explore the topological optimization of the supporting structure under impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) represent a modest and feasible alternative for conventional analytical methods. However, the inadequate sensitivity of these devices limits the possible applications of μPADs. In this scenario, inducing ion concentration polarization (ICP) on μPADs has shown promise to overcome this limitation by preconcentrating the analytes of interest. Here, we report a μPAD implementing ICP using an off-shelf Nafion® membrane as the perm selective membrane. Two types of devices with a geometrical configuration of a straight channel converging at the middle connecting to circular reservoirs at the end of channels were fabricated. The devices are comprised of a single input channel and an absorption channel. The Nafion membrane is attached to the absorption channel of the device, which is encased by heating with paraffin films at both sides to lower the electro-osmotic flow generated by an applied DC electric field that is needed for ICP. The field induced ICP enables obtaining a maximum concentration factor of more than 2000 folds for fluorescein sodium salt solution on the μPAD. Also, since evaporation of the sample solution was reported to be of great influence on the concentration factor, we analyze the effect of sample solution evaporation on sample preconcentration. Furthermore, our reported fabrication method for μPAD can lower the fabrication cost down to 0.3 USD. This device shows the potential to be developed for serving as a diagnostic and environmental monitoring platform., (Copyright © 2020 Author(s).)

Cantilevers are one of the most utilized mechanical elements for acoustic sensing. In comparison to the edge clamped diaphragms of different shapes, a single edge clamped cantilever makes an acoustic sensor mechanically sensitive for detection of lower pressure. The aspect ratio of cantilevers is one of the most important parameters which affect sensitivity. Herein, we present a mathematical, finite element method and experimental analysis to determine the effect of the aspect ratio on the resonant frequency, response time, mechanical sensitivity, and capacitive sensitivity of a cantilever-based acoustic pressure sensor. Three cantilevers of different aspect ratios (0.67, 1, and 1.5) have been chosen for sound pressure application to detect capacitance change. The cantilever with the smallest aspect ratio (0.67) has the highest response time (206 ms), mechanical sensitivity, and capacitive sensitivity (22 fF), which reduce after increasing the aspect ratio. The resonant frequency of the cantilever was also analyzed by applying sweep in sound frequency. It was found to be minimum for the cantilever with the smallest aspect ratio (510 Hz) and increases with an increase in the aspect ratio. We have applied the garage fabrication process using low cost, recyclable, and easily available materials such as metal coated polymer sheets, mounting tapes and glass slides as alternative materials for expensive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of plasma treatment of clay-coated paper is presented. The wettability of the paper surface before and after the plasma treatment was determined by measuring the water contact angle and surface free energy. The appearance of the surface-functional groups was determined by using high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while changes in the surface morphology were monitored by scanning electron microscopy. Already after 0.25 s of the plasma treatment, the paper surface improved its wettability. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed a gradual increase of oxygen-rich functional groups on the surface while scanning electron microscopy analyses did not show a significant modification of the morphology and no alternation of the surface structure after the plasma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and quantitative profiling of air particulate matter (PM) compositions is essential for assessing local pollution information. The method combining mobile aerial sampling using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and prompt analysis excels in this regard as it allows spatiotemporal mapping of air pollution, especially in the vertical direction. However, applications of the method are still scarce as it is limited by a lack of sampling reliability due to insufficient aerial sampling time and a lack of accurate, portable quantification techniques. In this work, by integrating mobile aerial sampling with in-flight tethered charging and smartphone-based colorimetric analysis in a cost-effective paper microfluidic device, we present a method for quantitative, reliable profiling of spatiotemporal variation in air PM compositions. The method extends aerial sampling time to 12–15 flight hours per deployment, thereby significantly improving sampling reliability while maintaining the maneuverability of the UAVs. Also, smartphone-based colorimetric analysis combined with paper-based microfluidics enables portable, economically efficient analysis and is well-suited for using in low-resource settings. We demonstrated the utility of the method by carrying out a spatiotemporal variation study of air PM trace metal components (Fe, Ni, and Mn) at 4 geographical locations in Fuzhou, China, for a period of 21 days, and the results were in good agreement with results obtained from using a commercial instrument. Beside air PM composition study, this method is universally applicable and holds great potential to be extended to multipollutant analysis, such as prompt detection of airborne viruses, bacteria, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have developed a novel paper based immunoassay for the quantitative detection of immunoreactions using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Paper provides an attractive platform for fabrication of simple, low cost, and portable diagnostic devices as it allows passive liquid transport, is biocompatible, and has tunable properties such as hydrophilicity, flexibility, permeability, and reactivity. We have used screen-printing to fabricate interdigitated electrodes (finger width and gap of 200 μm) on the paper substrate, while UV-lithography enables patterning of the paper into hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions. As a proof of concept, we have used this immunosensor to detect the immune response of Human Serum Albumin (HSA) antibody-antigen complex formation. To enable efficient immobilization of HSA antibodies, we have utilized dielectrophoresis to trap microprobes (MPs) on the electrode surface. The microprobes consist of an alumina nanoparticle core with a well-adhered polyaniline outer coating to which the HSA antibodies are conjugated in an oriented manner via covalent chemistry. The efficacy of the impedance-based immunosensor is compared when MPs are immobilized specifically on the electrode surface using dielectrophoresis (DEP) as opposed to being dropped and immobilized via physical absorption on the entire sensing area. Results show that a more reproducible and sensitive response is observed when DEP is utilized to trap the microprobes. Furthermore, the normalized impedance variation during immunosensing shows a linear dependence on the concentration of HSA with an observed limit of detection of 50 μg/ml, which is lower than conventionally used paper based urine dipsticks used for urinary protein detection. Thus, we have developed a low cost paper based immunoassay platform that can be used for the quantitative point of care detection of a wide range of immunoreactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charles Édouard Guillaume (1861–1928) was a Swiss physicist who received the 1920 Nobel Prize in physics for his precision measurements and discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys. In this work, we present a complete and commented translation of his remarkable article of 1896 on the temperature of interstellar space. The importance of this work is that it is the oldest estimate known to us of the temperature acquired by a black body, which is in interstellar space far from other stars. This temperature was presumed to be due to an equilibrium state in which the radiation received by this body from the stars around it would be equal to the radiation emitted by the body. He arrived at a temperature of 5.6 K , regarding this figure as an upper limit on the effect he was seeking to estimate. In 1926, Arthur Eddington (1882–1944) arrived at a temperature of 3.18 K , utilizing essentially the same procedure but with better data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]