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There is increasing demand for starch-based bioplastic because of increasing public awareness and also its unique properties such as renewable, biodegradable, abundance, non-toxic and more. However, due to undesirable characteristics such as poor mechanical and lack of water barrier properties have limited their potential. Despite their limitations, much research has shown the effectiveness addition of fillers (organic and inorganic) towards starch-based bioplastic to improve mechanical and barrier properties. Therefore, this review focuses on discussing the effect of organic filler (microcrystalline cellulose, nanocrystalline cellulose, fiber and starch nanocrystals) and inorganic filler (graphene oxide, eggshell powder, montmorillonite, and titanium dioxide nanoparticle) towards the mechanical and water barrier properties of starch-based bioplastic. Since both of the filler exhibited similar results, it can be concluded that by addition of filler either organic or inorganic into starch-based bioplastic can improve the mechanical and water barrier properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano fibrillated Cellulose (NFC) refers to nanoparticles derived from cellulose, serving as a reinforcing agent in bioplastics to enhance their mechanical properties. This research aims to develop cellulose-based macroinitiators from NFC for use as an eco-friendly bioplastic raw material. The NFC isolation process involved extracting α-cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB), encompassing steps such as delignification, swelling, bleaching, and hydrolysis. The cellulose isolation yield achieved was 29.33%. The synthesis of macroinitiators was undertaken to substitute the hydroxyl group (-OH) in cellulose with an alkyl halide, specifically Ethyl-α-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB). The FTIR spectra of α-cellulose and NFC exhibited primary absorption regions at wavelengths of 3411.01 cm−1 and 3317.3 cm−1; 1064.71 cm−1 and 1021.3 cm−1; and 1157.28 cm−1 and 1155.4 cm−1, indicating the presence of OH, CH, and COC bonds, respectively. The cellulose-BiB macroinitiator displayed absorption peaks at 3379.89 cm−1, 1749.24 cm−1, and 500-600 cm−1, signifying OH, C=O, and C-Br bonds, respectively. SEM analysis results indicated the separation of fibers due to the removal of hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. TEM analysis revealed that the produced NFC had an average diameter of 9 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is very abundant of agricultural waste including rice husk, it can be used as raw material for bioplastics. This research has been effecting of rice husk cellulose extraction method on the physico-chemical properties bioplastics with addition plasticizers. The extraction method consists of precipitation and heating methods. This study to determine effect of cellulose preparation with extraction on physico-chemical properties of bioplastics. Rice husk precipitation method was each addition 5% NaOH and Na2CO3, The rice husk autoclave method added 6% NaOH, 2.5% H2O2 and water. Rice husk were added NaOH 5 M of microwave exposure. The results of maseration method was greater are 55.68% cellulose content than using autoclave and microwave pretreatments, but the color was whiter through microwave exposure. The tensile strength value of bioplastics with the optimum extraction and heating methods (autoclave and microwave) has a tensile strength of 2.08 MPa; 3.96 MPa, 2.57 MPa and 0.97% elongation; 0.54%; and 0.75%. The physical characteristic data obtained were using a two-way randomized completely design analyzed of variance (ANOVA) if there is very real difference proceed with the Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). F-value (557.04) > F-table (4.46) has shown that cellulose extraction pretreatment method had a very significant effect on all test parameters. Soaking and heating greatly affect the amount of cellulose from the rice husks produced. Likewise the white color produced after beaching. Rice Husk Cellulose Bioplastics can be degraded within 21 days on soil media. Functional groups that appeared the peak of O-H stretching of PSS bioplastic has a shift in wave number from 3414.00 to 3441.01 cm−1. The AUS and MCS bioplastics which shifted from 3415.93 to 3419.79 cm−1 and 3412.08 to 3439.08 cm−1. The C-N peak was in the 1350-1000 cm−1 area. 1641.42 cm−1 for MSS and AUS bioplastics, H-O-H as a water absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of plastic in daily life results in environmental pollution. Synthetic plastics are difficult to degrade in nature so it is necessary to be environmentally friendly plastics made from starch, cellulose acetate and glycerol derived from nature. In this study starch was obtained from tapioca flour, while cellulose acetate was obtained from CPO waste. This research aims to determine the effect of cellulose acetate and glycerol on the resulting bioplastic characteristics based on strong tensile tests, biodegradation tests, water resistance tests, FTIR tests and TGA tests. Bioplastic manufacturing is carried out by varying the weight of cellulose acetate 0.5 g, 1.5 g 2 g 3g; and vary the amount of glycerol 2, 2,5, 3, 3,5 and 4 ml. The results showed bioplastics obtained in the form of brownish yellow sheets, strongest pull 0.49 MPa and a degradation time of 8 days, obtained at glycerol 2 ml and cellulose acetate 3 gr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioplastics are plastics that microorganisms can degrade from compounds in plants such as starch, cellulose, and lignin. The study determines "Potential of Starch Substrate from Waste as a substrate for Bioplastic Production by Microbe". Qualitative determination of bioplastic accumulation was carried out by Sudan black painting. Painting was carried out on bacterial colonies in minimally solid media at a temperature 30°C in 48 hours. Colonies bacterial that grew then dissolved in ethanol and grown in media liquid minimally, a source of starch carbon from the waste. Use a shaker speed in 125 rpm and temperature of 30 °C for 72 hours. Cells bacterial were extracted by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 3000 rpm. Determined content of the bioplastic was using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at wavelength of 235 nm with concentrated H2SO4 as solvent. The research conducted by screening indigenous bacteria for bioplastic production showed that from 24 bacterial isolates, 13 isolates produced bioplastic using peel starch cassava, 5 isolates produced bioplastic using cassava rice-washed, and there were no bacterial isolates using peel starch banana. The results of the screening of 13 isolates showed that the bacterial isolate with code S110-5A1 had an absorbance value of 3.6989, and the results of the screening of 5 isolates showed that the bacterial isolate with the code S110-3A2 had an absorbance value of 1.5654, indicated which the potential producer of bioplastics good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional plastic which is difficult to decompose that's very serious environmental problem currently. For that reason, this study will discuss the manufacture of bioplastics from corn starch and nanofibers cellulose from oil palm mesocarp fiber and glycerol as plasticizer that friendly environment. Nanofiber cellulose (NFC) was added to corn starch matrix bioplastic with concentration of 1,2,3,4,5% (w/w) and glycerol as a plasticizer with concentration of 0,10,20,30,40%. The effect of adding NFC and glycerol towards the mechanical properties of bioplastic with tensile strength, elongation at break using a universal testing machine (UTM) and water uptake analysis. The test results showed that the best tensile strength value is obtained with the addition of 3% NFC and 30% glycerol at value is 18.52 MPa. The highest elongation at break was obtained at 14.524% with the addition of 4% NFC and 40% glycerol. The highest water absorption ability was added at 83.5% with 2% NFC and 30% glycerol. Mechanical properties of various analyzes have different results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose-based bioplastics have been developed to reduce the use of synthetic plastics. In this work, a renewable material, cellulose-cysteine was synthesized using the esterification method to improve mechanical properties by adding disulfide bonds therein. Avicel PH101 and PH102 were used as raw materials for the manufacture of cellulose-cysteine. The SEM-EDX analysis showed that cysteine was successfully grafted with 1.44-1.72% on sulfur element content with a rougher surface structure than avicel. The FT-IR peak at 1749 cm-1 and 1429 cm-1 showed the presence of C=O esters and N-H groups of cysteine, respectively. Thus, it was confirmed that cysteine has bound to cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance of non-biodegradable plastic waste in the environment has concerned the world since its mass production in the 1950s. On the other hand, the same problem happened to biomass waste, i.e., poultry feathers. In this work, keratin extracted from chicken feathers by acid hydrolysis was blended with microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and glycerol to form bioplastic via solution casting. Keratin and cellulose ratios of 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, and 0:4 were blended with PVA dan glycerol. Their mechanical strength, thermal character, and degradability properties were observed. Adding keratin to cellulose lowering tensile strength but increasing biodegradability, while the best thermal property was achieved at keratin:cellulose ratio of 2:2. The result showed that keratin-based bioplastic has a high potential for further development to become high-functioning bioplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of plastic in daily life results in environmental pollution. Synthetic plastics are difficult to degrade in nature so it is necessary to be environmentally friendly plastics made from starch, cellulose acetate and glycerol derived from nature. In this study starch was obtained from tapioca flour, while cellulose acetate was obtained from CPO waste. This research aims to determine the effect of cellulose acetate and glycerol on the resulting bioplastic characteristics based on strong tensile tests, biodegradation tests, water resistance tests, FTIR tests and TGA tests. Bioplastic manufacturing is carried out by varying the weight of cellulose acetate 0.5 g, 1.5 g 2 g 3g; and vary the amount of glycerol 2, 2,5, 3, 3,5 and 4 ml. The results showed bioplastics obtained in the form of brownish yellow sheets, strongest pull 0.49 MPa and a degradation time of 8 days, obtained at glycerol 2 ml and cellulose acetate 3 gr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioplastic as an alternative to conventional plastic was synthesized through a crosslinking method by adding maleic acid to reduce the mobility of the structure and to increase the mechanical strength of plastic. The plastic was then reinforced with two different fillers, pure cellulose and cellulose palmitate, which is useful to reduce the level of water intake and increase the strength of the crosslinked PVA/starch. The plastics were then characterized and tested in the level of tensile strength, and swelling ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adverse environmental degradation created by various plastics produced from petroleum products is a major concern for the world nations. The developed and developing nations have adopted various strategies on the production and usage of highly hazardous conventional plastics. Various research works have been undertaken to formulate a sustainable alternative for the conventional plastics. In this regard, an effort was made to synthesis a biodegradable polymer for large scale commercial usage in packaging applications. Biodegradable polymers can be produced from various resources. The study involves the production of bio-plastic from Banana peel and Prosopis juliflora. Cellulose, a major component required for biopolymer synthesis was extracted from Prosopis juliflora which then combined and processed with dried banana peel. Additives and preservatives that contributes to the polymer characteristics were added in suitable proportions and processed under defined conditions. The mixture was then dried at a temperature of 130℃ to yield the final product. The biopolymers thus produced were tested for its water absorption capacity, thermal resistance, tensile strength, biodegradability and microbial attacks. It was observed that water absorption capacity of the biopolymer was lower for lesser starch and higher cellulose concentrations. The tensile strength was found to be 0.67 N/mm² which was due to the addition of zinc oxide. No microbial attack was observed during storage and it was also found that the biopolymer was able to withstand high temperature up to 130℃ during its usage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been considerable attention in the development of biodegradable plastic. Our current use and disposal of synthetic-based conventional plastics caused high rates of land-fill problems because of its persistence in the environment. Many renewable resources have been used as a source of starch and cellulose as bioplastic constituents. One of the most available biomasses that have not been explored is water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes). In the present study, we investigated the fabrication of biodegradable plastic made with a matrix of 3% and 5% mixture of starch and cellulose extracted from water hyacinth in different weight ratios of 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, and 7:3. The addition of water hyacinth cellulose was purposed as a reinforcing agent to improve the performances of the starch bioplastics. Chitosan with a matrix of 1% was also added to improve the mechanical function of starch bioplastic. There were two main steps performed to isolate water hyacinth cellulose, i.e., bleaching and alkali treatment. The chemical and physical characteristics of starch-based bioplastics and their composites were then analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the tensile strength and bioplastic degradation tests were also conducted to study the performance and biodegradability. The FTIR data shows that the functional group's absorption revealed corresponds to the pure cellulose indicating the successful cellulose isolation from water hyacinth. The tensile strength of bioplastic starch-chitosan increases with the addition of water hyacinth cellulose. The improvement of the physical properties of bioplastic starch was achieved through the addition of chitosan and water hyacinth. The mixture of starch-chitosan combined with water hyacinth cellulose produces environmentally friendly bioplastics shown by the increased mechanical and physical properties compared to starch-alone bioplastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable plastic or bioplastic as eco-friendly polymers are used for replacement of commercial plastics in the market due to its biodegradability and non-pollutant properties. Bioplastics give many advantages for food packaging and medical purposes. Bioplastics can be manufactured from natural fiber as the main source. One of the main potentials of natural fibers in Indonesia is rice straw. The aims of this research were to manufacture bioplastics and to study their physical and mechanical characteristics. Bioplastics were made by mixing rice straw pulp as main cellulose source with plasticizer and chitosan as additives. Glycerol as a plasticizer was added with the variation of glycerol concentrations of 25%, 30%, and 35%. The test done on the bioplastics were molecular structure analysis using Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), water swelling test, oil swelling test, tensile strength test using Universal Testing Machine, and soil-based biodegradation test. Results showed that best bioplastics (bioplastic with 35% glycerol) in this study contains functional groups of N-H (3393.9 cm−1), O-H (3391cm−1), C-H (2938.68 cm−1), C-O (1111.05 cm−1), C-N (1230.64 cm−1). It resulted 86.866% in water swelling test, 29.109% in oil swelling test, 6 MPa in tensile strength test, and it broke at 65% elongation. During biodegradation test for 15 days under dry soil and wet soil, the weight of the bioplastic reduced 18.496% and 21.317%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is introducing new natural fibers for use as fillers in a polymeric matrix enabling production of cost-effective, biodegradable, and lightweight composites for load carrying structures. Abaca (Musa textilis) fiber, one such kind, is rich in cellulose relatively inexpensive, and abundantly available. In this study, investigations on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of abaca fiber are carried out, such as the density, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are determined experimentally. Analysis of the tensile force of the fiber, elongation of the fiber, and water absorption of the fiber in load direction and fiber length are also carried out. The data of chemical and physical analysis showed the abaca fiber has high cellulose (66.43%), hemicellulose (24.7%), lignin (13.6%) and low water content (0.7%), that results caused the fiber has high value of mechanical property with tensile strength up to 308,7 MPa. The FTIR spectra showed the presence of several functional groups that can be found in lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. The surface microphotograph showed the fiber has micron size and curled shape. The DSC thermal analysis was performed to determine the thermal property of abaca fiber also to determine its suitability as bioplastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ polymerization is implemented to disperse crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) in poly(ethylene succinate) (PESu). This method resulted in excellent nanoparticle dispersion within the polymer matrix. The addition of small amounts of CNCs resulted in a slight decrease in viscosity, indicative of a reduction in the molecular weight of the polymer, attributed to altered polymerization kinetics in the presence of the CNC. Significant increases in the viscosity, with the presence of a yield stress were observed above 0.75 wt% CNC. PESu composites containing well-dispersed CNCs had higher crystallization temperatures and demonstrated significantly improved crystallization kinetics at loadings of up to 0.75 wt% CNC. Composites containing 0.25 wt% CNC retained their ductility, whereas at higher loadings the increases in Young's modulus were counteracted by a substantial loss in elongation at break. This work demonstrated that CNC is a very efficient nucleating agent for biodegradable aliphatic polyesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]