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Biomass, as harvested, is composed of inorganic compounds both intrinsically and extrinsically and can be quite abrasive. The present study investigates the wear modes and mechanisms of two types of blades of hammer mills used in biomass size reduction (impacting particle size and distribution) and densification (impacting size, shape, and density). The dominant wear modes for the stage 1 steel blades are determined to be erosive and polishing wear. For the stage 2 blades with a carbide weld overlay, the main wear mechanisms are erosion and fracture. Partial replacement of Co by Fe in the outer layer of carbide grits, likely induced by diffusion during the high-temperature welding, has been correlated to the microcracking observed. The microcracking is believed to weaken the grit strength and fracture toughness and make the overlay prone to fracture and erosion due to repetitive contact with the inorganic contents in chopping biomass.

Here, we report on the effects of loblolly pine residue variability on material throughput, pilot plant uptime, operator intervention, product yield, and product quality for grinding, fast pyrolysi...

Early lignocellulosic biorefineries have been plagued with numerous issues that involve feedstock handling problems and variations in conversion efficacy that stem from feedstock variability and co...

The inorganic content of biomass impairs size reduction tool life and the conversion process. Conventional ash extraction relies on furnace combustion that inevitably alters the inorganic compounds due to oxidation and decomposition. This study developed composition-preserving methods for extracting and analyzing extrinsic and intrinsic inorganic compounds. Comprehensive characterization was carried out on selected biomass feedstocks, including corn stover, pine residue, and pine anatomical fractions, to reveal their inorganic species and morphology. The extrinsic inorganic compounds were found to be dominated by quartz, along with other minor minerals, such as albite, microcline, and gehlenite, and have particle sizes ranging from tens to hundreds of micrometers. Among the pine anatomical fractions, the needles contain the highest intrinsic silicon content while the bark trapped the most extrinsic minerals. By correlation of the total ash and extrinsic inorganic contents to the wear behavior, both the extrinsic and intrinsic inorganic compounds were concluded to have made significant contributions to the wear process. The results here validated a new approach to characterize inorganic compounds in biomass and provided fundamental insights for their potential impact on preprocessing tool wear.

Agricultural waste was used as substrate for fermentation by Gluconobacter oxydans to produce lixiviant for rare earth element (REE) recovery from industrial waste materials, i.e., spent fluid cata...

A bioleaching process to extract rare-earth elements (REE) from fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts was optimized using a heterotrophic bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans to produce organic acids from glucose. Parameters optimized included agitation intensity, oxygen levels, glucose concentrations, and nutrient additions. Biolixiviants from the optimized batch process demonstrated REE leaching efficiencies up to 56%. A continuous bioreactor system was subsequently developed to feed a leach process and demonstrated leaching efficiencies of 51%. A techno-economic analysis showed glucose to be the single largest expense for the bioleach process, constituting 44% of the total cost. The bioleaching plant described here was found profitable, although the margin was small. Lower cost carbon and energy sources for producing the biolixiviant, sourcing FCC catalysts with higher total REE content (>1.5% by mass), and improved leaching efficiencies would significantly increase the overall profit. A life cycle a...

Biomass feedstock costs remain one of the largest impediments to biofuel production economics. Municipal solid waste (MSW) represents an attractive feedstock with year-round availability, an established collection infrastructure paid for by waste generators, low cost, and the potential to be blended with higher cost feedstocks to reduce overall feedstock costs. Paper waste, yard waste, and construction and demolition waste (CD yard waste consisted of grass clippings, and C&D wastes consisted of engineered wood products obtained from a construction waste landfill. The waste materials were tested for thermochemical conversion potential using a bench scale fast micropyrolysis process. Bio-oil yields were the highest for the C&D materials and lowest for the paper waste. The C&D wastes had the...

A fiber-optic immunosensor was developed to measure the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1). Monoclonal antibodies produced against FB1 were covalently bound through a heterobifunctional silane to an etched 800 μm core optical fiber. An evanescent wave effect was utilized to excite fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled FB1 (FB1-FITC) molecules near the surface of the fiber. A direct competitive assay was used to measure FB1 concentrations with the following steps: saturation of antibody binding sites by FB1-FITC, competition of FB1 and FB1-FITC with displacement of the labeled toxin, and resaturation of binding sites by FB1-FITC. The signal generated in the assay was found to be inversely proportional to the FB1 concentration. This sensor exhibited a working range of 10−1000 ng of FB1/mL, an IC50 of 70 ng/mL, and a limit of detection of 10 ng/mL. These values compared favorably with those for currently available ELISA techniques. The sensor exhibited cross-reactivity with fumonisin B2 but did not react with hydrol...