Search

High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) provide a versatile platform for encapsulating large volumes of therapeutics that are immiscible in water. A stable scaffold is obtained by polymerizing the external phase, resulting in polyHIPEs. However, fabrication of polyHIPEs usually requires using a considerable quantity of surfactants along with nonbiocompatible components, which hinders their biological applications, e.g., drug-eluting devices. We describe here a straightforward method for generating porous biomaterials by using proteins as both the emulsifier and the building blocks for the fabrication of polyHIPEs. We demonstrate the versatility of this method by using different essential oils as the internal phase. After the gelation of protein building blocks is triggered by the addition of reducing agents, a stable protein hydrogel containing essential oils can be formed. These oils can be either extracted to obtain protein-based porous scaffolds or slowly released for antimicrobial applications.

We herein report an I2/CuCl2-copromoted diamination of C(sp3)-H bonds for the preparation of 2-acyl-4-aminoquinazolines from methyl ketones, 2-aminobenzonitriles, and ammonium acetate. This reaction features operational simplicity, commercially available substrates, mild reaction conditions, and good functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies indicate that CuCl2 plays a pivotal role in this transformation. This study uses a methyl group as a novel input to construct 2-acyl-4-aminoquinazoline derivatives for the first time.

We herein report an iodine-mediated formal [2 + 2 + 1] cyclization of methyl ketones, p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazines, and 1-aminopyridinium iodide for preparation of 4-aryl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles under metal- and azide-free conditions. Notably, this is achieved using p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazines and 1-aminopyridinium iodide as azide surrogates, providing a novel route toNH-1,2,3-triazoles. Furthermore, this approach provides rapid and practical access to potent inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).

A novel iodine promoted cyclization of enaminone with aryl methyl ketones has been developed as a straightforward method for constructing 2-hydroxy-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. This strategy affords structurally diverse 2-hydroxy-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones rings in high yields. Moreover, a quarternary alcohol has been constructed efficiently in the reaction. Product purification required only washing with CH2Cl2 solvent, thereby avoiding traditional chromatography and recrystallization, making this an example of group-assisted purification chemistry.

A novel [2 + 1 + 3] cyclization reaction for the synthesis of 2-aryl-4-quinolinecarboxylates from aryl methyl ketones, arylamines, and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds has been established. This metal-free process achieved the C-C bond cleavage of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds directly as a single-carbon synthon. The reaction is highly efficient and has good substrate compatibility while operating under mild conditions. This method has good practicability and successfully realized the synthesis of bioactive molecules.

A novel I2-mediated Povarov reaction of arylacetylenes and anilines for the synthesis of 2,4-substituted quinolines has been developed, in which arylacetylene first acts as both a diene precursor and dienophile. This work further develops the Povarov reaction to expand the types of diene precursors. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the I2/DMSO system realized the oxidative carbonylation of C(sp)-H of arylacetylene and then undergoes a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction.

Hydrodynamic approaches are important for biomedical diagnostics, chemical analysis, and a broad range of industrial applications. Size-based separation and sorting is an important tool for these applications. We report the integration of hypersound technology with patterned protein films to provide efficient sorting of microparticles based on particle charge and size. We employed a hypersonic resonator for the acoustic streaming of the fluidic system to generate microvortices that exert drag forces on the objects on the surface that are dictated by their radius of curvature. We demonstrate a size-based sorting of anionic silica particles using protein patterns and gradients fabricated using attractive cationic and repulsive anionic proteins.

Collagen I (Col-I) is widely used in the fabrication of biomaterials due to its biocompatibility; however, Col-I based biomaterials are susceptible to mechanical failure during handling, which limits their applicability to biomaterials. Chemical or physical treatment can improve the mechanical properties of collagen; however, these processes can create issues of cytotoxicity or denaturation. We report here an alternative strategy to improve the stability and mechanical properties of Col-I while preserving its native structure, through thermal treatment in fluorous media. Thermal treatment of Col-I in fluorous solvent generates compact, stable films with significantly increased mechanical strength. Furthermore, the use of fluorous media significantly reduces the extent of swelling and the rate of proteolytic degradation, but it preserves the high cell biocompatibility.

Surface properties are an essential feature in a wide range of functional materials. In this article, we summarize strategies developed in our group that employ nanoparticles and proteins as nanobricks to create thin-film coatings on surfaces. These coatings contain tailorable surface functionality based on the properties of the predesigned nanobricks, parlaying both the chemical and structural features of the precursor particles and proteins. This strategy is versatile, providing the rapid generation of both uniform and patterned coatings that provide "plug-and-play" customizable surfaces for materials and biomedical applications.

A phosphorus flame retardant named resorcinol bis(cyclic 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol phosphate) (RCDMPP) was synthesized and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mass spectra (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Its thermal stability was evaluated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the fusion enthalpy and melting point of RCDMPP were detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The solubilities of RCDMPP in selected solvents at T = 293.15 to 333.15 K and atmospheric pressure were measured via a static-analytic method. The solubility data were correlated with modified Apelblat, Scatchard–Hildebrand, Buchowski-Ksiazczak (λh), nonrandom two liquid (NRTL), Wilson, and universal quasichemical (UNIQUAC) equations. The calculated results obtained from these models showed good agreement with the experimental data, and the NRTL, Wilson, and UNIQUAC models give better correlation results compar...

A phosphorus flame retardant named N,N′-piperazinebis(neopentylglycol)phosphoramidate (PBNGP) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Its thermal properties were evaluated via thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The solubilities of PBNGP in selected solvents at T = (293.15 to 333.15) K and atmospheric pressure were measured via a static-analytic method. The experimental data were correlated with Scatchard–Hildebrand, Buchowski-Ksiazczak, Wilson, nonrandom two liquid, and universal quasichemical equations. The calculated results showed that all of these models can reproduce the experimental data well, and the Wilson model gives the best correlation, with an overall relative standard deviation of 0.70%. The solubility parameter of PBNGP was calculated using the Scatchard–Hildebrand methodology.

We present here a highly efficient sensor for bacteria that provides an olfactory output, allowing detection without the use of instrumentation, and with a modality that does not require visual identification. The sensor platform uses nanoparticles to reversibly complex and inhibits lipase. These complexes are disrupted in the presence of bacteria, restoring enzyme activity and generating scent from odorless pro-fragrance substrate molecules. This system provides rapid (15 min) sensing and very high sensitivity (102 cfu/mL) detection of bacteria using the human sense of smell as an output.

Bacteria attach to the surfaces of medical devices and implants, resulting in life-threatening infections. Nonfouling coatings can be used to prevent adhesion of bacteria on the surface, while biocidal coatings kill the microbes. Combining nonfouling and biocidal properties can yield highly effective antimicrobial coatings. We demonstrate here a nanoimprint lithography (NIL)-based method to generate antibacterial coatings that both resist bacterial attachment and kill bacteria. In this strategy nanoimprint lithography was used to create water-stable films of bovine serum albumin (BSA) that are nonadhesive toward bacteria because of their negative/zwitterionic surface potential. Biocidal activity was then imparted through chlorination of cysteine sulfurs, providing slow release of chlorine and potent antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria.

Dissolution trend and solubility data of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O gypsum) in aqueous Na, Ca, Mg, and Al chloride salt solutions have been studied at 278.15 K to 308.15 K. The concentration ranges were up to 4.5 mol·L–1 for NaCl, 3.0 mol·L–1 for MgCl2, 2.0 mol·L–1 for CaCl2, and 1.6 mol·L–1 for AlCl3, respectively. Measurement results show that except for CaCl2, the other three salts allow the solubility of gypsum to rise a lot first and then descend smoothly after attaining the maximum. Because of common ions effect, the solubility of CaSO4·2H2O drops sharply in CaCl2 solution at low concentration and continues to fall almost linearly as concentration exceeds 0.2 mol•kg–1. Impacts of Na, Mg, Al chloride salts on solubility of CaSO4·2H2O are explained on the basis of dissolution and thermodynamic equilibrium. The solubility of CaSO4·2H2O in AlCl3 solution is highest compared with that in NaCl and MgCl2 solution because two sulfur-bearing chemical complex Al(SO4)2–(aq) and AlSO4+(aq) are expect...

Bacterial biofilms are widely associated with persistent infections. High resistance to conventional antibiotics and prevalent virulence makes eliminating these bacterial communities challenging therapeutic targets. We describe here the fabrication of a nanoparticle-stabilized capsule with a multicomponent core for the treatment of biofilms. The peppermint oil and cinnamaldehyde combination that comprises the core of the capsules act as potent antimicrobial agents. An in situ reaction at the oil/water interface between the nanoparticles and cinnamaldehyde structurally augments the capsules to efficiently deliver the essential oil payloads, effectively eradicating biofilms of clinically isolated pathogenic bacteria strains. In contrast to their antimicrobial action, the capsules selectively promoted fibroblast proliferation in a mixed bacteria/mammalian cell system making them promising for wound healing applications.

Using a static analytical method, the solubilities of phosphonic acid, P,P′-(1,4-piperazinediyl)bis-P,P,P′,P′-tetraphenyl ester (PAPBE), N,N′-[1,3-phenylenebis(methylene)]bis(phosphoramidic acid)P,P,P′,P′-tetraphenyl ester (PNBE), and 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxido-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (PEPA) were measured from 293.15 K to 343.15 K in four selected organic solvents. Several thermodynamic models were used to correlate the experimental solubility data, such as Scatchard–Hildebrand, Wilson, nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL), and UNIQUAC. The calculated results showed that all the models reproduced the experimental data very well, and the UNIQUAC equation gives the best correlation. Using the group contribution methods, the solubility parameters of phosphorus flame retardants can be calculated, which were compared with the previous values calculated with the Scatchard–Hildebrand model.

A phosphorus flame retardant of 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxido-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (PEPA) was synthesized by pentaerythritol and phosphorus oxychloride at a certain condition. The structural features of PEPA were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR methods. The thermal behavior of PEPA was carried out with differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis instruments. A static analytic method was used to measure the solubilities of the PEPA in several organic solvents. The measurements were accurately acted in ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, acetone, methanol, and chloroform at the temperature range from 292.75 K to 333.45 K. Using the Scatchard–Hildebrand methodology, the activity coefficients of the solute have been calculated, and the partial molar excess enthalpies at infinite dilution were also predicted.

N,N′-[1,3-Phenylenebis(methylene)]bis(phosphoramidic acid) P,P,P′,P′-tetraphenyl ester (PNBE) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and IR and NMR spectroscopy. The melting point and the enthalpy of fusion of PNBE were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry, and the thermal stability of PNBE was measured by thermogravimetric analysis. The solubilities of PNBE in selected solvents were determined by a gravimetric method. The experimental data were correlated with the Wilson, nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL), and universal quasichemical (UNIQUAC) equations. The calculated results showed good agreement with the experimental data. Among them, the Wilson model gave the best description of the solubility data. The solubility parameter of PNBE was evaluated using the Scatchard–Hildebrand model. The data presented in this work will be helpful for the choice of solvents for the solution-casting process and optimization of the dissolution or purification of PNBE.

Phosphonic acid, P,P′-(1,4-piperazinediyl)bis-,P,P,P′,P′-tetraphenyl ester (PAPBE), as a versatile flame retardant, was prepared by a literature method. The solubilities of PAPBE in selected solvents have been measured under a range of temperatures from 283.15 K to 343.15 K. The experimental data were correlated with the Buchowski–Ksiazczak (λh), Scatchard–Hildebrand, Wilson, nonrandom two liquid (NRTL), and universal quasichemical (UNIQUAC) equations. The calculated results showed good agreement with the experimental data. The differential values of enthalpy and entropy of dissolution at saturation were also calculated by the van’t Hoff equation. Toluene and acetone are shown to be good candidates as reaction solvents that can be applied to optimize the reactive crystallization process.

N,N′-(Methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bis(phosphoramidic acid) tetraphenyl ester (PNBTE), a flame retardant with high thermal stability, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis (EA), mass...

Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (TAT) was produced by condensation of acetonitrile and trioxane as a low cost precursor for the production of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). However, 1,3,5-triacetyl-hexahydro-s-triazine (TRAT) was also produced as a byproduct. To develop an efficient and economical method for the separation of TAT and TRAT, the solubilities of TAT and TRAT in ethyl acetate, methanol, acetonitrile and deionized water were investigated at temperatures between 298 K and 318 K. TAT was found to be relative insoluble in ethyl acetate with a maximum solubility of about 0.0295 mol/kg ethyl acetate at 318 K, which was an order of magnitude lower than that of TRAT (0.371 mol/kg ethyl acetate). TRAT was also relatively insoluble in water (0.712 mol/kg water). Accordingly, a method for the separation of TAT and TRAT based on recrystallization in ethyl acetate and precipitation by deionized water was developed. TAT was recrystallized from ethyl acetate with a ...

Activity coefficients at infinite dilution, γi,3∞, for organic solutes (alkanes, alkenes, alkyl benzenes, alcohols, chloromethanes, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone) in 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [HMIM][PF6] and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [OMIM][PF6] have been determined using gas–liquid chromatography at temperatures from 303.15 to 363.15 K with the ionic liquids as the stationary phase. The partial molar excess enthalpies at infinite dilution of the ionic liquids were calculated for the solutes from the temperature dependence of the experimental activity coefficients at infinite dilution. The solubility parameters of ionic liquids were also determined by the regular solution theory. The selectivities of various ionic liquids for the alkane/aromatic hydrocarbon and aromatic/aromatic were summarized from literature and calculated from γi,3∞.

Tris-(o-phenylenedioxy)-cyclotriphosphazene (TPP) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The melting point and the enthalpy of fusion of TPP were measured by da ifferential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and the thermal stability of TPP was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Using a static analytical method, the solubility data of TPP in nine solvents were measured and correlated with an empirical equation. Moreover, using the Scatchard–Hildebrand model, activity coefficients have also been calculated and compared with the experimental values. The partial molar excess enthalpies at infinite dilution were also predicted.

Solubilities of two ionic liquids, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([HMIM][NO3]) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([OMIM][NO3]), in 10 organic solvents (n-pentane, n-hexane, cyclohexane, n-heptane, n-octane, benzene, toluene, o-xylene, p-xylene, and m-xylene) were measured in the range between (278.15 and 343.15) K using a static analytical gravimetric method, respectively. The logarithm of the mole fraction solubilities of these two ILs in the 10 selected solvents was correlated by a linear function of inversed temperatures.

Activity coefficients at infinite dilution of 21 organic solutes in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([BMIM][NO3]) have been determined using gas−liquid chromatography over a temperature range of (303.15 to 363.15) K with the ionic liquid as the stationary phase. The partial molar excess enthalpies at infinite dilution and the solubility parameters of ionic liquid were determined for the solutes from the temperature dependence of the experimental activity coefficient at infinite dilution values.

Phenylphosphinic acid (PPA), methylphenylphosphinic acid (MPPA), hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), and hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCCP) were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Using a static analytical method, the solubilities of PPA, MPPA, HCCP, and HPCCP were measured in ten solvents and correlated with an empirical equation. The calculated results showed good agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, using the Scatchard−Hildebrand model, activity coefficients have also been calculated and compared with the experimental values. The partial molar excess enthalpies at infinite dilution were also predicted.

The middle range (MR) parameters of the LIQUAC model were improved as a function of temperature to allow the calculation of the activities of all the species in the solution over a wide temperature...

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants (FRs) 3,9-dihydroxy-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-[5.5]-undecane-3,9-dioxide (dihydroxy-TDUD), 3,9-diphenoxy-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-[5.5]-undecane-3,9-dioxide (diphenoxy-TDUD), hydroxymethylphenylphosphinic acid (HMPPA), 2-carboxyethylphenylphosphinic acid (CEPPA), tri(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphine (TMOPP), and tri(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide (TMOPPO) were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Using a static analytical method, the solubilities of solutes in selected solvents were measured and correlated with an empirical equation. The estimated uncertainty of all of the solubility values based on error analysis and repeated observations was within 2.0 %.

Mutual solubilities of water and the ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate were measured between (278.15 and 364.15) K at atmospheric pressure. The temperature dependence of the solubilities of ILs in water and water in ILs have calculated from experimental data. The proposed correlations showed a relative maximum deviation from the experimental mole fraction data of 4.7 %. The liquid−liquid equilibrium data were correlated by the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) equation, and the average root-mean-square deviation of the mole fractions for the three ionic liquid + water mixtures is 0.0025.

The solubilities of NaCl, KCl, LiCl, and LiBr in pure methanol, ethanol, and acetone were measured over a temperature range from 293.15 to 333.15 K. Furthermore salt solubilities in the mixed solvents (water + methanol, water + ethanol, water + acetone, methanol + ethanol, methanol + acetone, ethanol + acetone) were determined at 313.15 K. For a few systems solubility data are reported for the first time. In a few cases a comparison with published data stored in the Dortmund Data Bank (DDB)(1) showed disagreement. The LIQUAC model was used to correlate the experimental data. The calculated salt solubilities are in good agreement with the experimental results for the systems NaCl + water + methanol and KCl + water + methanol.

A phosphorus-containing flame retardant (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)diphenyl phosphine oxide (HPO) was characterized by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 31P NMR). Using a static analytical method, the solubilities of HPO were measured in 12 solvents and correlated with an empirical equation. The estimated uncertainty of all of the solubility values on error analysis and repeated observations was within 2.0 %.

Methyldiphenylphosphine oxide (MDPPO) was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 31P NMR), and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Using a static analytical method, the solubilities of MDPPO were measured in benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, ethyl acetate, and binary solvent mixtures: acetone + n-hexane (volume ratio = 3:7) and benzene + ethyl acetate (volume ratio = 1:1). The experimental results were correlated with an empirical equation. The estimated uncertainty of all the solubility values was within 2.0 %.

Dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes of the type MoO2X2L2 (X, L = Cl, OPPh3 (1); Br, OPPh3 (2); Cl, OPMePh2 (3); Br, OPMePh2 (4)) were synthesized and characterized by the melting point, elemental analysi...

Densities and viscosities for the binary mixtures of H2O (1) + 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([BMIM][CF3SO3]) (2) were measured over the entire mole fraction range from (303.15 to 343.15) K at atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations as a function of mole fraction average were derived, and the results were fitted to the Redlich−Kister equation using a multiparametric nonlinear regression method. Estimated coefficients of the Redlich−Kister equation and standard error calculated from the Redlich−Kister equation to the experimental data are also presented. The results show that the densities and viscosities are dependent on water content and temperature.

Activity coefficients at infinite dilution γi∞ have been measured for 17 polar solutes (linear and branched C1 to C5 alcohols, acetonitrile, acetone, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, and chloromethanes) in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([BMIM][CF3SO3]) by the gas–liquid chromatographic method with the ionic liquid as the stationary phase. The measurements were carried out in the temperature range of (303.15 to 363.15) K. The partial molar excess enthalpies at infinite dilution HiE,∞ of the solutes in the ionic liquid were also derived from the temperature dependence of the γi∞ values.

Densities and viscosities of four ternary mixtures made from heptane, octane, nonane, and hexyl benzene were measured. The temperature ranged from 293.15 K to 313.15 K. The experimental viscosities of the four pure hydrocarbons and their ternary mixtures vs temperature were fitted to the Andrade equation with an average absolute deviation of 0.13 %. On the basis of these data, the excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations were calculated. The prediction results based on the Przezdiecki−Sridhar method and the Sastri−Rao method for low-temperature liquid viscosity estimation, the Dymond−Assael hard sphere model, and an equation of state based viscosity model proposed by Fan and Wang were compared with the experimental data.

The solubilities of 3,9-dichloro-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5.5]undecane-3,9- dioxide from (303.15 to 311.35) K in dichloromethane and from (298.15 to 357.65) K in acetic acid, 3,9-dihydroxy-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5.5]undecane-3,9-dioxide from (309.35 to 331.55) K in acetonitrile and from (295.75 to 319.15) K in acetone, 2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-dioxide-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5.5]undecane-3,9-melamine salt from (293.15 to 343.15) K in water, and 3,9-(bis-2,2'-carboxyetheyl)-3,9-dioxo-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5.5] undecane from (332.15 to 342.15) K in ethyl acetate were determined using a gravimetric method. The estimated uncertainty of all the solubility values based on error analysis and repeated observations was within 2.5 %.

Densities and viscosities of water (1) + 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (2) were measured over the entire mole fraction range from (303.15 to 353.15) K. From these data, excess molar volumes (VE), and viscosity deviations (Δη) were calculated. The VE and Δη were fitted to the Redlich−Kister equation using a multiparametric nonlinear regression method. Estimated coefficients of the Redlich−Kister equation and standard deviation calculated from the Redlich−Kister equation to the experimental data are also presented. The results show that the densities and viscosities are dependent strongly on water content. Comparatively, the viscosity deviation Δη is more sensitive to temperature than the excess molar volume VE.

The flame retardant 2-(6-oxido-6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-yl)-methanol (ODOPM) for epoxy resins was prepared by the reaction of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylphosphonic acid (HBP) with paraformaldehyde. The syntheses method is simple and can lower the production costs than conventional method. The basic solubilities data of ODOPM in water (303.57 to 361.63) K as required in the new process and in p-xylene (302.95 to 360.65) K as in the conventional process were measured. The solubilities of ODOPM in acetone, ethyl acetate, benzene, and toluene were also measured for comparison.

The solubilities of phenylphosphinic acid from (297.79 to 312.84) K, hydroxymethylphenylphosphinic acid from (307.45 to 357.11) K, p-methoxyphenylphosphinic acid from (303.35 to 337.35) K, and p-methoxyphenylhydroxymethylphosphinic acid from (303.95 to 346.45) K in water were measured. The concentration of the solution was determined by titration with sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as the indicator. The solubilities of triphenylphosphine from (299.65 to 327.15) K in methanol and from (297.45 to 327.65) K in ethanol, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphine from (293.35 to 322.65) K in methanol and from (298.25 to 328.15) K in ethanol, and tri(p-methoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide from (299.15 to 337.65) K in cyclohexane were determined using a dynamic method. The estimated uncertainty of all the solubility values based on error analysis and repeated observations was within 2.3 %.

The density of phenylphosphonic dichloride (C6H5POCl2) over a temperature range from 293.17 K to 342.85 K and viscosity over a temperature range from 293.21 K to 341.85 K were measured. The vapor pressure of phenylphosphorus dichloride (C6H5PCl2) and phenylphosphonic dichloride in the ranges from 349.26 K to 426.06 K and from 377.15 K to 457.65 K, respectively, were measured by a static method. The density data were fitted to a second-order polynomial, and the viscosity data were fitted to the Andrade equation. The results of vapor pressure of phenylphosphorus dichloride and phenylphosphonic dichloride were fitted to the Antoine equation. The density data of phenylphosphonic dichloride and vapor pressure data of phenylphosphorus dichloride and phenylphosphonic dichloride were compared with literature values.

The simplified mixing rule for the Peng−Robinson EOS parameters proposed by Ahlers and Gmehling has been extended to calculate the VLE behavior of polymer solutions. To avoid the calculation of the molar volumes in the mixing rule as required in the UNIFAC-FV model, the quadratic mixing rule for parameter b has been modified to take into account the free volume contribution to the excess Gibbs energy for the solvent−polymer solutions. The group interaction parameters and relative van der Waals surface area parameters of the original UNIFAC model are used for the calculations. Satisfactory predictions are obtained for 18 solvent−polymer systems, which cover a wide range of molar mass of the polymers. Additionally, activity coefficients at infinite dilution based on weight fraction for 36 systems have been calculated. The results of this paper show that the presented mixing rule results in a simple, predictive model with satisfying accuracy for the application in industrial process design.

New misfit cobaltites, containing lead and mercury, have been synthesized, [Pb0.7Sr1.9Co0.4O3][CoO2]1.8 and [Pb0.7Hg0.2Sr1.9Co0.2O3][CoO2]1.8. Their structural study, using high resolution electron...