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Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction technology has engaged significant attention due to its high efficiency, high selectivity, and environmental friendliness. However, its application is severely restrained by issues such as low separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and a limited light absorption range. This work proposes an innovative MgCr 2 O 4 /MgIn 2 S 4 magnesium-based spinel/spinel heterostructure photocatalyst to improve the photocatalytic CO 2 reduction efficiency through the synergistic contributions of S-scheme heterojunction and photothermal effect. On the one hand, the unique S-scheme charge transfer mechanism enables the effective separation of photogenerated carriers. On the other hand, the photothermal effect allows an accelerated charge migration by increasing the reaction center temperature. Moreover, the abundant oxygen vacancies serve as electron traps and CO 2 adsorption sites, unifying reaction and adsorption sites and substantially improving catalytic efficiency. Under UV-vis and UV-vis-NIR illumination, the average CO yields of the MgCr 2 O 4 /MgIn 2 S 4 composite are 8.03 and 15.62 μmol g -1 h -1 , respectively, greatly higher than those of pure MgCr 2 O 4 and MgIn 2 S 4 samples. Furthermore, the fabricated photocatalyst demonstrates excellent performance and structure stability. Therefore, this work may offer a new strategy for designing efficient and stable photocatalysts.

Herein, a palladium-catalyzed bicycloaromatization of o -(alkynyl)styrenes with alkynes is reported. In this protocol, the 6- endo - dig cyclization of o -(alkynyl)styrenes is followed by deprotonation to complete the first cycloaromatization, and then, a regioselective alkyne insertion/C-H activation occurs to achieve the second cycloaromatization, resulting in atom- and step-economical syntheses of polysubstituted chrysenes. Notably, the products can be further used to construct π-extended arenes using the Scholl reaction.

Overexpression of carboxyl/cholinesterase (CCE) genes has been reported to be associated with many cases of pesticide resistance in arthropods. However, it has been rarely documented that CCE genes participate in spirodiclofen resistance in Panonychus citri . In previous research, we found that spirodiclofen resistance is related to increased P450 and CCE enzyme activities in P. citri . In this study, we identified two CCE genes, PcCCE3 and PcCCE5 , which were significantly upregulated in spirodiclofen-resistant strain and after exposure to spirodiclofen. RNA interference of PcCCE3 and PcCCE5 increased the spirodiclofen susceptibility in P. citri . In vitro metabolism indicated that Pc CCE3 and Pc CCE5 could interact with spirodiclofen, but metabolites were detected only in the Pc CCE3 treatment. Our results indicated that Pc CCE3 participates in spirodiclofen resistance through direct metabolism, and Pc CCE5 may be involved in the spirodiclofen resistance by passive binding and sequestration, which provides new insights into spirodiclofen resistance in P. citri .

An unprecedented divergent aromatization reaction of α-halobenzyl γ-butenolides has been described for the selective and concise synthesis of highly substituted benzo and higher π-extended fluorenones, and 1,3-disubstituted naphthalenes depending on the migration ability of the quaternary α-substituent. This aromatization switch from Ag + -mediated planarization to ylidenebutenolides likely originates from selective protonation on the enolic double bond rather than the benzyl halides by TfOH.

Insecticide susceptibility is mainly determined by the insect host, but symbiotic bacteria are also an important affecting factor. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the structure of gut bacterial symbionts and insecticide susceptibility in Diaphorina citri , the important carrier of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus ( C Las), the causal agent of Huanglongbing (HLB). Our results indicated that antibiotic treatment significantly increased the susceptibility of D. citri to bifenthrin and thiamethoxam, and significantly decreased the relative abundance of Wolbachia and Profftella, enzyme activities of CarEs, and expression level of multiple CarE genes. The relative loads of Wolbachia and Profftella were positively correlated with DcitCCE13 , DcitCCE14 , DcitCCE15 , and DcitCCE16 . RNAi and prokaryotic expression revealed that DcitCCE15 is associated with bifenthrin metabolism. These results revealed that bacterial symbionts might regulate DcitCCE15 expression, which is involved in the susceptibility of D. citri to bifenthrin.

Nociceptor is an important receptor in the organism's sensory system; it can perceive harmful stimuli and send signals to the brain in order to protect the body in time. The injury degree of nociceptor can be divided into three stages: self-healing injury, treatable injury, and permanent injury. However, the current studies on nociceptor simulation are limited to the self-healing stage due to the limitation of the untunable resistance switching behavior of memristors. In this study, we constructed Al/2DP TPAK+TAPB /Ag memristor arrays with adjustable memory behaviors to emulate the nociceptor of biological neural network of all three stages. For this purpose, a PDMS/AgNWs/ITO/PET pressure sensor was assembled to mimic the tactile perception of the skin. The memristor arrays can not only simulate all the response of nociceptor, i.e., the threshold, relaxation, no adaptation, and sensitization with the self-healing injury, but can also simulate the treatable injury and the permanent injury. These behaviors are both demonstrated with a single memristor and in the form of pattern mapping of the memristor array.

Lipid membranes interact with protein filaments on a superstructural level such that they may colocalize or spatially segregate in a living cell, whereas higher-order organization of membranes and fibers is less well explored in artificial systems. Herein, we report on the structural separation of a dispersed, membranous phase and a continuous, fibrous phase in a synthetic system. Systematic characterization of its thermodynamics and kinetics uncovers a physical principle governing phase separation: Interlamellar repulsion, favoring expansion of the membranous phase, is balanced by fibrous network elasticity, preferring the opposite. A direct consequence of this principle is the spatial addressability of the phase separation, preferably localized to soft regions of the fibrous network. Guided by this principle, we design a fibrous network with different spatial heterogeneity to modulate the phase separation, realizing a "memory" effect, patterned separation, and gradient separation. The current spatially addressable phase separation is in great contrast to the conventional ones, in which nucleation is difficult to predict or control. The fact that the membranous and fibrous phases compete for space has implications for the intracellular interactions between endoplasmic reticulum membranes and cytoskeletal filaments.

Monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) with a suitable direct band gap and strong optical absorption is very attractive for utilization in solar cells and photocatalytic water splitting. Nevertheless, the broader utilization of MoS 2 is impeded by its low carrier mobility and limited responsiveness to infrared light. To overcome these challenges, we constructed a variety of stackings for the boron phosphide (BP)/MoS 2 van der Waals heterostructure (vdWH), all of which display S-scheme band alignments except for the AC' stacking. The constituent BP monolayer has superior carrier mobility and strong infrared and visible light response, which makes up for the shortcomings of MoS 2 . The study revealed that the AB stacking exhibits a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 22.27%, indicating its significant application prospect in solar cells. Additionally, the AB stacking also exhibits a promising application prospect in photocatalytic water splitting due to its suitable band structure, S-scheme band alignment, strong optical adsorption characteristic, high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency, and robust built-in electric field. Meanwhile, applying uniaxial tensile strains along the x -axis direction is more beneficial for photocatalytic water splitting. Hence, the AB-stacked BP/MoS 2 vdWH shows significant potential for use in both solar cells and photocatalytic water splitting. This work paves the way for exploring the application of S-scheme heterostructures in solar energy conversion systems.

By integration of oxocarbenium activation and Lewis acid coordination activation via conformational proximity-driven, Pd(II)- or Cu(I)-catalyzed intramolecular ketone haloacylation, regio- and stereoselective heterolytic ring-opening 1,5-haloacylation of cyclopropyl ketones, including those with weak single alkyl donors, has been developed for the synthesis of valuable α-quaternary halo-γ-butenolides. The vicinal carboxylic acid and ketone acceptors are no longer just spectator activators. Further, this reaction delivers a constant regioselectivity regardless of the electronic nature of substituents, even the malonate.

Overactivation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is implicated in the occurrence of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and inhibition of cGAS with a specific inhibitor has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy. However, only a few low-potency cGAS inhibitors have been reported, and few are suitable for clinical investigation. As a continuation of our structural optimization on the reported cGAS inhibitor 6 (G140), we developed a series of spiro[carbazole-3,3'-pyrrolidine] derivatives bearing a unique 2-azaspiro[4.5]decane structural motif, among which compound 30d- S was identified with high cellular effects against cGAS. This compound showed improved plasma exposure, lower clearance, and an oral bioavailability of 35% in rats. Moreover, in the LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mice model, oral administration of compound 30d- S at 30 mg/kg markedly reduced lung inflammation and alleviated histopathological changes. These results confirm that 30d- S is a new efficacious cGAS inhibitor and is worthy of further investigation.

The traditional prescription of Liangxue-Qushi-Zhiyang decoction (LQZ) has been demonstrated to be efficacious in treating atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disorder marked by intense itching, redness, rashes, and skin thickening. Nevertheless, there has been an inadequate systematic exploration of the potential targets, biological processes, and pathways for AD treatment through LQZ. The study objective was to evaluate the efficacy and possible mechanism of LQZ in AD mice. In our study, we identified the primary compounds of LQZ, analyzed hub targets, and constructed a network. Subsequently, the predicted mechanisms of LQZ in AD were experimentally studied and validated in vivo, as determined by network pharmacological analysis. A total of 80 serum components of LQZ were identified through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), among which 49 compounds were absorbed into the bloodstream. Our results indicated that LQZ targets six putative key factors in the MAPK signaling pathway, which play essential roles in AD, namely, EGFR, p-MAPK1/3, p-MAPK14, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. We observed spleen coefficient, dermatitis scores, and ear thickness were all downregulated in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced mice after LQZ treatment. Histological analysis of the dorsal and ear skin further revealed that LQZ significantly decreased skin inflammation, epidermal thickness, and mast cell numbers compared to the DNCB group. Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of LQZ in reducing epidermal and dermal damage in a mouse model of AD. Furthermore, our findings suggest that downregulating the MAPK signaling pathway could be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Cyetpyrafen is a recently developed acaricide. The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), has developed significant resistance to cyetpyrafen. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the cyetpyrafen resistance in P. citri remains unclear. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play a critical role in arthropod pesticide resistance. This study showed that GSTs were potentially related to the resistance of P. citri to cyetpyrafen through synergistic experiments and enzyme activity analysis. An omega-family GST gene, PcGSTO1, was significantly up-regulated in the egg, nymph, and adult stages of the cyetpyrafen-resistant strain. Additionally, silencing of PcGSTO1 significantly increased the mortality of P. citri to cyetpyrafen and recombinant PcGSTO1 demonstrated the ability to metabolize cyetpyrafen. Our results indicated that the overexpression of PcGSTO1 is associated with cyetpyrafen resistance in P. citri , and they also provided valuable information for managing resistance in P. citri.

The lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery has been widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage for its good cyclicity, high level of safety, and low cost. The massive application of LFP battery generates a large number of spent batteries. Recycling and regenerating materials from spent LFP batteries has been of great concern because it can significantly recover valuable metals and protect the environment. This paper aims to critically assess the latest technical information available on the echelon utilization and recycling of spent LFP batteries. First, it focuses on the progress of disassembly, evaluation and detection, regrouping, and application in echelon utilization. Then, the recycling technologies, including pretreatment, direct repair, and material regeneration, of spent LFPs are summarized. Finally, the paper proposes some challenges in the echelon utilization and recycling of spent LFP batteries, and concludes with recommendations for an intelligent, refined, and clean LFP battery circulation system that are required to ensure the sustainable development of spent LFP battery recycling.

Diabetic skin wounds are difficult to heal quickly due to insufficient angiogenesis and prolonged inflammation, which is an urgent clinical problem. To address this clinical problem, it becomes imperative to develop a dressing that can promote revascularization and reduce inflammation during diabetic skin healing. Herein, a multifunctional collagen dressing (CTM) was constructed by loading large efficacy-potentiated exosome-mimicking nanovesicles (L-Meseomes) into a porous collagen sponge with transglutaminase (TGase). L-Meseomes were constructed in previous research with the function of promoting cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis and inhibiting inflammation. CTM has a three-dimensional porous network structure with good biocompatibility, swelling properties, and degradability and could release L-Meseome slowly. In vitro experiments showed that CTM could promote the proliferation of fibroblasts and the polarization of macrophages to the anti-inflammatory phenotype. For in vivo experiments, on the 21st day after surgery, the wound healing rates of the control and CTM were 83.026 ± 4.17% and 93.12 ± 2.16%, respectively; the epidermal maturation and dermal differentiation scores in CTM were approximately four times that of the control group, and the skin epidermal thickness of the CTM group was approximately 20 μm, which was closest to that of normal rats. CTM could significantly improve wound healing in diabetic rats by promoting anti-inflammation, angiogenesis, epidermal recovery, and dermal collagen deposition. In summary, the multifunctional collagen dressing CTM could significantly promote the healing of diabetic skin wounds, which provides a new strategy for diabetic wound healing in the clinic.

RNA interference-based gene therapy has led to a strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI) therapy. However, there have been high requirements regarding the optimal gene delivery vector for siRNA-based SCI gene therapy. Here, we developed an injectable and photocurable lipid nanoparticle GelMA (PLNG) hydrogel scaffold for controlled dual siRNA delivery at the SCI wound site. The prepared PLNG scaffold could efficiently protect and retain the bioactivity of the siRNA nanocomplex. It facilitated sustainable siRNA release along with degradation in 7 days. After loading dual siRNA targeting phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) simultaneously, the locally administered siRNAs/PLNG scaffold efficiently improved the Basso mouse scale (BMS) score and recovered ankle joint movement and plantar stepping after treatment with only three doses. We further proved that the siRNAs/PLNG scaffold successfully regulated the activities of neurons, microglia, and macrophages, thus promoting neuron axon regeneration and remyelination. The protein array results suggested that the siRNAs/PLNG scaffold could increase the expression of growth factors and decrease the expression of inflammatory factors to regulate neuroinflammation in SCI and create a neural repair environment. Our results suggested that the PLNG scaffold siRNA delivery system is a potential candidate for siRNA-based SCI therapy.

It is an important strategy to design composite materials with a special microstructure and a tunable electronic structure through structural compatibility. In this work, a novel hexagonal/cubic ZnIn 2 S 4 polymorphic heterophase junction with a three-dimensional multihierarchical structure is successfully constructed by in situ growth of hexagonal ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheets on the surface of cubic ZnIn 2 S 4 flower-like microspheres prepared by topological chemical synthesis. On the one hand, the multihierarchical architecture provides large specific surface area, abundant active sites, and excellent light trapping capability. On the other hand, the construction of a direct S-scheme heterophase junction enables the formation of a special charge-transfer channel under the force of a built-in electric field, which not only improves the separation efficiency of carriers but also ensures the stronger reaction activity of charges. The prepared ZnIn 2 S 4 heterophase junction composite photocatalyst exhibits greatly boosted photocatalytic efficiency in rhodamine B degradation, hexavalent chromium reduction, and water splitting for hydrogen production, which are 12.3, 6.5, and 3.1 times higher than that of pure hexagonal ZnIn 2 S 4 and 8.1, 5.1, and 2.3 times higher than that of pure cubic ZnIn 2 S 4 , respectively, demonstrating its significant potential for applications in energy and environmental fields.

Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based gene therapy has great potential for cancer gene therapy. However, the effectiveness of mRNA in cancer therapy needs to be further improved, and the delivery efficiency and instability of mRNA limit the application of mRNA-based products. Both the delivery efficiency can be elevated by cell-penetrating peptide modification, and the immune response can be enhanced by tumor cell lysate stimulation, representing an advantageous strategy to expand the effectiveness of mRNA gene therapy. Therefore, it is vital to exploit a vector that can deliver high-efficiency mRNA with codelivery of tumor cell lysate to induce specific immune responses. We previously reported that DMP cationic nanoparticles, formed by the self-assembly of DOTAP and mPEG-PCL, can deliver different types of nucleic acids. DMP has been successfully applied in gene therapy research for various tumor types. Here, we encapsulated tumor cell lysates with DMP nanoparticles and then modified them with a fused cell-penetrating peptide (TAT-iRGD) to form an MLSV system. The MLSV system was loaded with encoded Bim mRNA, forming the MLSV/Bim complex. The average size of the synthesized MLSV was 191.4 nm, with a potential of 47.8 mV. The MLSV/mRNA complex promotes mRNA absorption through caveolin-mediated endocytosis, with a transfection rate of up to 68.6% in B16 cells. The MLSV system could also induce the maturation and activation of dendritic cells, obviously promoting the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC-II both in vitro and in vivo . By loading the encoding Bim mRNA, the MLSV/Bim complex can inhibit cell proliferation and tumor growth, with inhibition rates of up to 87.3% in vitro . Similarly, the MLSV/Bim complex can inhibit tumor growth in vivo , with inhibition rates of up to 78.7% in the B16 subcutaneous tumor model and 63.3% in the B16 pulmonary metastatic tumor model. Our results suggest that the MLSV system is an advanced candidate for mRNA-based immunogene therapy.

Bottom-up fabrication protocols for uniform 3D hierarchical structures in solution are rare. We report two different approaches to fabricate uniform 3D spherulites and their precursors using mixtures of poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) (PFS) block copolymer (BCP) and PFS homopolymer (HP). Both protocols are designed to promote defects in 2D assemblies that serve as intermediate structures. In a multistep seeded growth protocol, we add the BCP/HP mixture to (1D) rod-like PFS micelles in a selective solvent as first-generation seeds. This leads to 2D platelet structures. If this step is conducted at a high supersaturation, secondary crystals form on the basal surface of these platelets. Co-crystallization and rapid crystallization of BCP/HP promote the formation of defects that act as nucleation sites for secondary crystals, resulting in multilayer platelets. This is the key step. The multilayer platelets serve as second-generation seeds upon subsequent addition of BCP/HP blends and, with increasing supersaturation, lead to the sequential formation of uniform (3D) hedrites, sheaves, and spherulites. Similar structures can also be obtained by a simple one-pot direct self-assembly (heating-cooling-aging) protocol of PFS BCP/HP blends. In this case, for a carefully chosen but narrow temperature range, PFS HPs nucleate formation of uniform structures, and the annealing temperature regulates the supersaturation level. In both protocols, the competitive crystallization kinetics of HP/BCP affects the morphology. Both protocols exhibit broad generality. We believe the morphological transformation from 2D to 3D structures, regulated by defect formation, co-crystallization, and supersaturation levels, could apply to various semicrystalline polymers. Moreover, the 3D structures are sufficiently robust to serve as recoverable carriers for nanoparticle catalysts, exhibiting valuable catalytic activity and opening new possibilities for applications requiring exquisite 3D structures.

CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 is capable of exhibiting a superior photoresponse to visible light, but its self-powered devices are typically formed through p - n junctions. In this study, we fabricated a Ag/CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /C dual-terminal asymmetric electrode device using a single CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite micro/nanowire, enabling both the photoresponse and self-powered characteristics of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 to visible light. Compared with traditional p - n junction devices, this simple device demonstrates enhanced interface photovoltaic effects by optimizing the combination of the Ag electrode with CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , resulting in superior self-powered characteristics. Under low bias voltage, the device achieves a significant on/off ratio of 10 3 , with superior sensitivity and responsivity as well as a maximum rectification ratio of about 12. The photogenerated voltage and current reach approximately 0.8 V and 2 nA, respectively. This simple, compact, and self-powered asymmetric device exhibits great potential for applications in self-powered optoelectronics and wearable devices. This research provides a promising approach for recognizing and utilizing surface state effects in single nanoscale structures.

The wide applications of the aryl Schiff base require extensive understanding of the mechanism of its formation, which remains unclear. In this work, the detailed formation mechanisms between benzaldehyde and aniline or 4-(9-anthryl) ethynyl aniline were investigated at the CCSD(T)//B3LYP level, and the influence of water molecules and acid catalysis and the stereoselectivity were addressed. The results show that the participation of explicit water molecules greatly accelerates the reactions by alleviating the ring tension of the transition states, and acid catalysis strongly favors the imine formation and provides driving force for the forward reaction. In acidic conditions, both N-protonated carbinolamine formations and imine formations are achieved under mild conditions with the assistance of water molecules, and the proton transfer is more advanced than the C-N and C═N bond formation, which is in good agreement with the experimental observations. In contrast, under neutral conditions, even with the assistance of two water molecules, the reaction is hard to take place at room temperature owing to the high Gibbs free energy barriers with the proton transfer and the C-N or C═N bond formation concerted. The analysis of stereoselectivity shows that the formation of trans imine is both kinetically and thermodynamically more favorable than the cis one under the acidic condition with the assistance of water molecules, and the presence of conjugated substituent 4-(9-anthryl) ethynyl of aniline marginally raises the energy barriers. This work provides a systematic view of the mechanism for the formation of aryl imine and is expected to offer insights for the control of the dynamic covalent chemistry and the synthesis of covalent organic frameworks.

The decoration of 2D nanostructures using heteroepitaxial growth is of great importance to achieve functional assemblies employed in biomedical, electrical, and mechanical applications. Although the functionalization of polymers before self-assembly has been investigated, the exploration of direct surface modification in the third dimension from 2D nanostructures has, to date, been unexplored. Here, we used living crystallization-driven self-assembly to fabricate poly( ε -caprolactone)-based 2D platelets with controlled size. Importantly, surface modification of the platelets in the third dimension was achieved by using functional monomers and light-induced polymerization. This method allows us to selectively regulate the height and fluorescence properties of the nanostructures. Using this approach, we gained unprecedented spatial control over the surface functionality in the specific region of complex 2D platelets.

Biomimic mineralization of hard tissues with hierarchical structures is a challenging task, while designing multifunctional materials possessing both the ability of biomimic mineralization and drug delivery is even more difficult. Herein, inspired by the multilevel structure and mineralization ability of amelogenin, a novel carboxyl-functionalized covalent organic framework (COF) nanosphere material was designed and synthesized, which exhibited a significant biomimetic remineralization ability as demonstrated on SiO 2 glass, Ti 6 Al 4 V, and an acid-etched enamel surface. Furthermore, the nanoporous structure also enables the COF nanospheres to serve as a drug delivery system for the controlled release of antibacterial drugs. This work provides a promising strategy for the design of multifunctional biomimic materials.

The creation of artificial high-performance photosynthetic assemblies with a tailorable antenna system to deliver absorbed solar energy to a photosynthetic reaction center, thereby mimicking biological photosynthesis, remains a major challenge. We report the construction of recyclable, high-performance photosynthetic nanofibers with a crystalline π-conjugated polyfluorene core as an antenna system that funnels absorbed solar energy to spatially defined sensitized Co(II) porphyrin photocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Highly effective energy funneling was achieved by tuning the dimensions of the nanofibers to exploit the very long exciton diffusion lengths (>200 nm) associated with the highly crystalline polyfluorene core formed using the living crystallization-driven self-assembly seeded growth method. This enabled efficient solar light-driven hydrogen production from water with a turnover number of over 450 for 8 h of irradiation, an H 2 production rate of ca. 65 mmol h -1 g -1 , and an overall quantum yield of 0.4% in the wavelength region (<405 nm) beyond the absorption of the molecular photocatalyst. The strategy of using a tailored antenna system based on π-conjugated polymers and maximizing exciton transport to a reaction center reported in this work opens up future opportunities for potential applications in other fields such as solar overall water splitting, CO 2 reduction, and photocatalytic small molecule synthesis.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is a highly tumor-specific treatment, while its efficacy is compromised by the intratumoral Fenton reaction efficiency, which is determined by the following reaction factors, including the availability of Fenton ions (e.g., Fe 2+ ), the amount of H 2 O 2 , and the degree of acidity. Synchronous optimization of these factors is a big challenge for efficient CDT. Herein, a strategy of comprehensively optimizing Fenton reaction factors was developed for traceable multistage augmented CDT by charge-reversal theranostics. The customized pH-responsive poly(ethylene)glycol-poly(β-amino esters) (PEG-PAE) micelle (PM) was prepared as the carrier. Glucose oxidase (GOx), Fe 2+ , and pH-responsive second near-infrared (NIR-II) LET-1052 probe were coloaded by PM to obtain the final theranostics. The activity of metastable Fe 2+ remained by the unsaturated coordination with PEG-PAE. Then tumor accumulation and exposure of Fe 2+ were achieved by charge-reversal cationization of PEG-PAE, which was further enhanced by a GOx catalysis-triggered pH decrease. Together with the abundant H 2 O 2 generation and pH decrease through GOx catalysis, the limiting factors of the Fenton reaction were comprehensively optimized, achieving the enhanced CDT both in vitro and in vivo . These findings provide a strategy for comprehensively optimizing intratumoral Fenton reaction factors to overcome the intrinsic drawbacks of current CDT.

Bulk Td -WTe 2 is a semimetal, while its monolayer counterpart is a two-dimensional (2D) topological insulator. Recently, electronic transport resembling a Luttinger liquid state was found in twisted-bilayer WTe 2 (tWTe 2 ) with a twist angle of ∼5°. Despite the strong interest in 2D WTe 2 systems, little experimental information is available about their intrinsic microstructure, leaving obstacles in modeling their physical properties. The monolayer, and consequently tWTe 2 , are highly air-sensitive, and therefore, probing their atomic structures is difficult. In this study, we develop a robust method for atomic-resolution visualization of monolayers and tWTe 2 obtained through mechanical exfoliation and fabrication. We confirm the high crystalline quality of mechanically exfoliated WTe 2 samples and observe that tWTe 2 with twist angles of ∼5 and ∼2° retains its pristine moiré structure without substantial deformations or reconstructions. The results provide a structural foundation for future electronic modeling of monolayer and tWTe 2 moiré lattices.

A highly efficient, palladium-catalyzed glycosylation between 3,4- O -carbonate glycals and acid-labile oximes is disclosed. This approach features broad substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, and easy scalability, delivering glycosyl oximes in excellent yields with exclusive β-selectivity and retention of Z / E geometries. The power of this method is demonstrated by a set of site-selective transformations of glycosylation products and late-stage glycodiversification of bioactive molecules. Overall, our strategy provides an efficient toolkit for facile access to valuable N-O-linked glycosides.

The viscoelasticity of wormlike micelles composed of ionic surfactants typically shows an exponential decrease with increasing temperature, which limits their application in relatively high-temperature (>90.0 °C) oilfields and the synthesis of functional materials as supramolecular templates at high temperatures. In this work, a series of imidazolium gemini surfactants, 1,9-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(3-alkyl-1 H -imidazol-3-ium) bromide ([C n -2-C n im]Br 2 , n = 12, 14, 16, 18, 20), were synthesized. Their surface activities and aggregation behaviors in water were studied by electrical conductivity, rheology, polarization optical microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, ζ potential, and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. [C 12 -2-C 12 im]Br 2 and [C 14 -2-C 14 im]Br 2 mainly precipitate in water. [C n -2-C n im]Br 2 ( n = 16, 18, 20) forms lamellar liquid crystals over a large range of concentrations at low temperatures. With the increase of temperature, the lamellar liquid crystals transit to wormlike micelles. Interestingly, the viscoelasticity of the three wormlike micelles first increases to the maximum and then decreases with increasing temperature. These wormlike micelles without additives retain high viscoelasticity up to 90.0 °C or above. With the increase of the alkyl chain length of the surfactants, the transition temperature of lamellar liquid crystal to wormlike micelles and the disintegration temperature of wormlike micelles increase. The unusual increase of the viscoelasticity of wormlike micelles was due to the desorption of weakly bound counterions and the extension of the long hydrophobic chains of surfactants at high temperatures.

Currently, the primary source of ribonucleic acids (RNAs), which is used as a flavor enhancer and nutritional supplement in the food manufacturing and processing industries, for large-scale industrial production is yeast, where the challenge is to optimize the cellular RNA content. Here, we developed and screened yeast strains yielding abundant RNAs via various methods. The novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain H1 with a 45.1% higher cellular RNA content than its FX-2 parent was successfully generated. Comparative transcriptomic analysis elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying RNA accumulation in H1. Upregulation of genes encoding the hexose monophosphate and sulfur-containing amino acid biosynthesis pathways promoted RNA accumulation in the yeast, particularly in the presence of glucose as the sole carbon source. Feeding methionine into the bioreactor resulted in 145.2 mg/g dry cell weight and 9.6 g/L of cellular RNA content, which is the highest volumetric productivity of RNAs achieved in S. cerevisiae . This strategy of breeding S. cerevisiae strain with a higher capacity of accumulating abundant RNAs did not employ any genetic modification and thus will be favored by the food industry.

Dispersion is present in every optical setup and is often an undesired effect, especially in nonlinear-optical experiments where ultrashort laser pulses are needed. Typically, bulky pulse compressors consisting of gratings or prisms are used to address this issue by precompensating the dispersion of the optical components. However, these devices are only able to compensate for a part of the dispersion (second-order dispersion). Here, we present a compact pulse-shaping device that uses plasmonic metasurfaces to apply an arbitrarily designed spectral phase delay allowing for a full dispersion control. Furthermore, with specific phase encodings, this device can be used to temporally reshape the incident laser pulses into more complex pulse forms such as a double pulse. We verify the performance of our device by using an SHG-FROG measurement setup together with a retrieval algorithm to extract the dispersion that our device applies to an incident laser pulse.

Photocatalysis has long been considered a promising technology in green energy and environmental remediation. Since the poor performance of single components greatly limits the practical applications, the construction of heterostructures has become one of the most important technical means to improve the photocatalytic activity. In this work, based on the synthesis of oxygen-vacancy-rich ZnCr 2 O 4 nanocrystals, ZnCr 2 O 4 /ZnIn 2 S 4 composites are prepared via a low-temperature in situ growth, and the oxygen-vacancy-induced Z-scheme heterojunction is successfully constructed. The unique core-shell structure offers a tight interfacial contact, increases the specific surface area, and promotes the rapid charge transfer. Meanwhile, the oxygen-vacancy defect level not only enables wide-bandgap ZnCr 2 O 4 to be excited by visible light enhancing the light absorption, but also provides necessary conditions for the construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions promoting charge separation and migration and allowing more reactive charges. The reaction rates of visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production (3.421 mmol g -1 h -1 ), hexavalent chromium reduction (0.124 min -1 ), and methyl orange degradation (0.067 min -1 ) of the composite reach 3.6, 6.5, and 8.4 times those of pure ZnIn 2 S 4 , and 15.8, 41.3, and 67.0 times those of pure ZnCr 2 O 4 , respectively. This work presents a novel option for constructing high-performance photocatalysts.

Cardiovascular disease has become one of the most globally prevalent diseases, and autologous or vascular graft transplantation has been the main treatment for the end stage of the disease. However, there are no commercialized small-diameter vascular graft (SDVG) products available. The design of SDVGs is promising in the future, and SDVG preparation using an in vitro bioreactor is a favorable method, but it faces the problem of long-term culture of >8 weeks. Herein, we used different oxygen (O 2 ) concentrations and mechanical stimulation to induce greater secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) from cells in vitro to rapidly prepare SDVGs. Culturing with 2% O 2 significantly increased the production of the ECM components and growth factors of human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs). To accelerate the formation of ECM, hDFs were seeded on a polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold and cultured in a flow culture bioreactor with 2% O 2 for only 3 weeks. After orthotopic transplantation in rat abdominal aorta, the cultured SDVGs (PCL-decellularized ECM) showed excellent endothelialization and smooth muscle regeneration. The vascular grafts cultured with hypoxia and mechanical stimulation could accelerate the reconstruction speed and obtain an improved therapeutic effect and thereby provide a new research direction for improving the production and supply of SDVGs.

Fruit cracking seriously affects the commercial value of table grapes. To explore whether cell wall disassembly influences grape berry cracking, first, the differences in the cell wall metabolism were compared between cracking-resistant "Shennongjinhuanghou" (SN) and cracking-susceptible "Xiangfei" (XF) varieties. Our results showed that cell wall disassembly events were extremely different between "SN" and "XF." The cracking-resistant "SN" had a higher pectinmethylesterase activity in the early stage and lower polygalacturonase, β-galactosidase, pectate lyase, and cellulase activities from veraison, cooperatively yielding higher ionically bound pectin, covalently bound pectin, hemicellulose, and lower water-soluble pectin, leading to a stronger skin break force and elasticity and conferring "SN" with higher cracking resistance. Furthermore, the function of the VvPL1 gene in fruit cracking was verified by heterologously transforming tomatoes. The transgenic experiment showed that overexpressed fruits had a higher activity of pectate lyase from the breaking stage and a lower level of covalently bound pectin, ionically bound pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose and a higher level of water-soluble pectin at the red ripe stage, which resulted in a significantly reduced skin break force and flesh firmness and increased fruit cracking incidences. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the cracking susceptibility of the grape berry is closely related to cell wall disassembly events and VvPL1 plays an important role in fruit cracking.

The widespread application of dyes and heavy metals causes increasing environmental pollution. One effective way to mitigate environmental pollution is to use semiconductor photocatalysts for redox purification of pollutants. Heterostructured photocatalysts can reduce the electron-hole recombination rate and improve light utilization. In this work, a novel SnO 2 /In 3- x S 4 composite with oxygen vacancy defect-mediated Z-scheme heterostructure is constructed for the first time by a one-pot method, in which SnO 2 ultrasmall nanocrystals are decorated on nanopetals of flower-like In 3- x S 4 . Material analyses show that the as-built three-dimensional hierarchical architecture is able to essentially increase the specific surface area and thus the active sites of the products. More importantly, the formation of Z-scheme heterojunction between the oxygen vacancy-induced SnO 2 defect level and the In 3- x S 4 band structure not only promotes the separation of photogenerated charges but also makes them more reactive. Through the optimization of the composition ratio between the two phases, the visible-light-driven photocatalytic reaction rates of rhodamine B degradation and Cr(VI) reduction for the developed SnO 2 /In 3- x S 4 composite photocatalyst are 12.8 and 6.3 times of bare In 3- x S 4 and 32.0 and 76.0 times of bare SnO 2 , respectively. This work should provide a promising implication for designing new high-performance composite photocatalysts.

The application of composite materials that combine the advantages of carbonaceous material and metal alloy proves to be a valid method for improving the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). Herein iron-cobalt-nickel (FeCoNi) ternary alloy nanoparticles (FNC) that spread on nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) are obtained by a strategy of low-temperature sol-gel followed by annealing at 800 °C under an argon/hydrogen atmosphere. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of different components of FNC and the conductive network provided by the NC, not only can the "shuttle effect" of lithium polysulfides (LiPS) be suppressed, but also the conversion of LiPS, the diffusion of Li + , and the deposition of Li 2 S can be accelerated. Taking advantage of those merits, the batteries assembled with an FNC@NC-modified polypropylene (PP) separator (FNC@NC//PP) can deliver a high reversible specific capacity of 1325 mAh g -1 at 0.2 C and maintain 950 mAh g -1 after 200 cycles, and they can also achieve a low capacity fading rate of 0.06% per cycle over 500 cycles at 1 C. More impressively, even under harsh test conditions (the ratio of electrolyte to sulfur (E/S) = 6 μL mg -1 and sulfur loading = 4.7 mg cm -2 and E/S = 10 μL mg -1 and sulfur loading = 5.9 mg cm -2 ), the area capacity of batteries is still much higher than 4 mAh cm -2 .

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) represents a powerful tool in nanoscience as a result of enhanced luminescence in the condensed state. Although AIEgenic materials have been utilized in a wide range of applications, well-defined self-assembled nanoparticles with tailorable and uniform dimensions and morphology remain challenging to access. Herein, we use the seeded growth, living crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) method to prepare size-tunable and uniform AIE-active 2D nanoplatelets from amphiphilic block copolymer (BCP) precursors with a crystallizable core-forming block and a corona-forming block to which tetraphenylethene (TPE) groups were covalently grafted as AIE-active pendants. The nanoplatelets were formed as a result of a solvophobicity-induced 1D to 2D morphology preference change, which accompanied the seeded growth of a BCP with a quaternized corona-forming block bearing the TPE luminogen. The 2D nanoplatelets exhibited a solvent-responsive fluorescent emission, and examples with coronas containing homogeneously distributed AIE-active TPE groups and Hg(II)-capturing thymine units exhibited excellent performance as proof-of-concept "turn-on" sensors for Hg(II) detection with a rapid response, high selectivity, and a low detection limit (5-125 × 10 -9 M, i.e., 1-25 ppb). The fluorescence intensity was found to be nonlinear with respect to analyte concentration and to increase with the area of the nanoplatelet. This behavior is consistent with a cooperative mechanism based on changes in the steric compression of the corona chains, which gives rise to a restriction of the intramolecular motion (RIM) effect.

Biomimetic artificial vision is receiving significant attention nowadays, particularly for the development of neuromorphic electronic devices, artificial intelligence, and microrobotics. Nevertheless, color recognition, the most critical vision function, is missed in the current research due to the difficulty of downscaling of the prevailing color sensing devices. Conventional color sensors typically adopt a lateral color sensing channel layout and consume a large amount of physical space, whereas compact designs suffer from an unsatisfactory color detection accuracy. In this work, we report a van der Waals semiconductor-empowered vertical color sensing structure with the emphasis on compact device profile and precise color recognition capability. More attractive, we endow color sensor hardware with the function of chromatic aberration correction, which can simplify the design of an optical lens system and, in turn, further downscales the artificial vision systems. Also, the dimension of a multiple pixel prototype device in our study confirms the scalability and practical potentials of our developed device architecture toward the above applications.

Retaining intrinsic photophysical performance and efficient therapeutic efficacy of cyanine dyes in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biowindow are challenges in the biomedical field. Herein, we develop a metal ion-assisted NIR-II fluorophore assembly strategy to modulate molecular arrangement behavior, thus overcoming the drawbacks and retaining the photophysical performance of cyanine dyes in aqueous media for cancer phototheranostics. By screening a series of metal ion-assisted fluorophore assemblies, we remarkably found gadolinium-based metallo-dye-supramolecular nanoassembly (denoted as Gd@IR1064) with the intrinsic optical properties of NIR-II cyanine dye (IR1064). Most intriguingly, the as-prepared Gd@IR1064 not only exhibits deep-tissue-penetrating NIR-II photoacoustic, fluorescence, and magnetic resonance imaging ability but also possesses enhanced photothermal conversion performance-induced hyperthermia, achieving a significant tumor elimination effect. Our study provides a promising guide for modulating dye arrangement with unique photophysical performance for biomedical applications.

The single molecule level determination with a transistor (SiMoT) platform has attracted considerable attention in the recognition of various ultralow abundance biomolecules, while complicated labeling and testing processes limit its further applications. Recently, organic field-effect transistor (OFET)-based biosensors are good candidates for constructing an advanced label-free SiMoT platform due to their facile fabrication process, rapid response time, and low sample volume with a wide range of detection. However, the sensitivity of most OFET-based biosensors is in the order of nM and pM, which cannot meet the detection requirements of ultralow abundance protein. Herein, a label-free SiMoT platform is demonstrated by integrating pillar[ n ]arene as a signal amplifier, and the detection limit can reach 4.75 aM. Besides, by simultaneous determination of α-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and prostate antigen, the proposed multiplexed OFET-based SiMoT platform provides a key step in reliable early cancer diagnosis.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Recent research studies have revealed that GM3 derivatives have considerable promise as potential therapeutic agents for cancer. To discover novel GM3 derivatives as potential antitumor agents, a one-pot enzymatic synthesis was established, yielding 14 GM3 derivatives in high total yields (22-41%). Subsequently, the inhibitory activities of GM3 derivatives were assessed by wound-healing assays and Transwell assays and tumor-bearing animal models. Among all the GM3 derivatives, N-12 showed excellent migration and invasion inhibitory effects in cells and marked antitumor activity in C57BL/6 mice. The subsequent analysis of cancer tissues and serum samples revealed that N-12 induces tumor inhibition, which was closely related to immune response. Taken together, N-12 can be further developed as an effective therapeutic for the treatment of cancer. An RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was then performed and indicated that the antitumor mechanism of N-12 involved focal adhesion and ECM-receptor interaction signaling pathways.

Dynamin (DNM) is a family of large GTPases possessing a unique mechanical ability to "pinch" off vesicles entering cells. DNM2 is the most ubiquitously expressed member of the DNM family. We developed a novel tool based on elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) technology to quickly, precisely, and reversibly modulate the structure of DNM2. ELPs are temperature-sensitive biopolymers that self-assemble into microdomains above sharp transition temperatures. When linked together, DNM2 and a temperature-sensitive ELP fusion organize into a range of distinct temperature-dependent structures above a sharp transition temperature, which were not observed with wild-type DNM2 or a temperature-insensitive ELP fusion control. The structures comprised three different morphologies, which were prevalent at different temperature ranges. The size of these structures was influenced by an inhibitor of the DNM2 GTPase activity, dynasore; furthermore, they appear to entrap co-expressed cytosolic ELPs. Having demonstrated an unexpected diversity of morphologically distinct structures, DNM2-ELP fusions may have applications in the exploration of dynamin-dependent biology.

Two-dimensional (2D) topological insulators (TIs) have recently attracted a great deal of attention due to their nondissipation electron transmission, stable performance, and easy device integration. However, a primary obstacle to influencing 2D TIs is the small bandgap, which limits their room-temperature applications. Here, we adopted first-principles to predict inversion-asymmetric group IV monolayers, PbSn(C 2 H) 2 and PbSn(CH 3 ) 2 , to be quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulators with large topological gaps of 0.586 and 0.481 eV, respectively. The nontrivial band topologies, which can survive in a wide range of strain, are characterized by topological invariants Z 2 , gapless edge states, and the Berry curvature. Another intriguing characteristic is the significant Rashba SOC effect which can also be tuned by feasible compressive and tensile strains. Meanwhile, the hexagonal boron nitride ( h -BN) provides a suitable substrate for growth of these films without influencing their topological phases. These novel materials are expected to accelerate the development of advanced quantum devices.

Visualization of glutathione (GSH) enables us to understand GSH-related pathophysiological processes in living subjects. Currently, in vivo visualization methods of GSH are based on visible or first near-infrared (NIR-I) window fluorescence (FL) probes, which possess limitations due to their low tissue penetration depth and strong tissue autofluorescence. Herein, we developed a GSH-activatable second near-infrared (NIR-II) window FL probe (denoted as LET-7) for highly sensitive and selective visualization of GSH in vivo . LET-7, composed of an anionic polymethylcyanide skeleton linked with a FL quenching group of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenethiol, can be specifically activated by GSH, thus triggering a significant NIR-II FL emission enhancement with excellent photostability, which enables us to efficiently distinguish GSH from closely related low-molecular-weight biothiols. The limit of detection of LET-7 for GSH was determined to be as low as 85 nM. Most intriguingly, the in vivo studies demonstrated that LET-7 showed high sensitivity and good selectivity toward GSH. Therefore, our study provides a solution to design activatable NIR-II FL probes for in vivo imaging of GSH and other disease-related biomarkers.

Methimazole (MMI) is a widely used antithyroid drug, but it can cause hepatotoxicity by unknown mechanisms. Previous studies showed that the hepatic metabolism of MMI produces N -methylthiourea, leading to liver damage. However, the specific enzyme responsible for the production of the toxic metabolite N -methylthiourea is still unclear. In this study, we screened cytochromes P450 (CYPs) in N -methylthiourea production from MMI. CYP2A6 was identified as the key enzyme in catalyzing MMI metabolism to produce N -methylthiourea. When mice were pretreated with a CYP2A6 inhibitor, formation of N -methylthiourea from MMI was remarkably reduced. Consistently, the CYP2A6 inhibitor prevented MMI-induced hepatotoxicity. These results demonstrated that CYP2A6 is essential in MMI bioactivation and hepatotoxicity.

The synergistic effects of lotus seed resistant starch (LRS3) and sodium lactate (SL; a postbiotics of RS3) on hypolipidemic function and serum nontargeted metabolites of hyperlipidemia rats were investegated. Rats fed a high-fat diet were orally administered with LRS3 (HLRS group) or SL (HSL group) either alone or in combination (HLRSSL group) for consecutive 4 weeks. HLRSSL was found to control weight gain, regulate blood lipid levels, reduce accumulation of fat in liver cells, and improve lesions in rat cardiac arteries, liver, small intestine, and colon tissues more effectively compared to HLRS or HSL group alone. Compared to the high-fat control group (HMC), l-phenylalanine and LysoPC(22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) in serum were upregulated in HLRSSL rats, while aconitic acid and suberic acid were decreased. Correlation analysis showed that SM(d18:0/16:1(9Z)), taurochenodeoxycholic acid, LysoPC(22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), oleic acid, and retinol were negatively correlated with total cholesterol (TCHO), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Moreover, glutamic acid and serine showed a significant positive correlation with LDL-C and negative correlation with HDL-C. These differential metabolites were associated with reducing serum lipid levels in hyperlipidemia rats potentially through metabolic pathways such as linoleic acid, glutamine and glutamate, pyruvate, citric acid cycle, and glycerophospholipid.

Molecular orientation in polymer solar cells (PSCs) is a critical subject of investigation that promotes the quality of bulk heterojunction morphology and power conversion efficiency (PCE). Herein, the intrinsic polymer orientation transition can be found upon delicate control over the branching point position of the irregular alkoxy side chain in difluoroquinoxaline-thiophene-based conjugated polymers. Three polymers with branching points at the third, fourth, and fifth positions away from the backbone were synthesized and abbreviated as PHT3, PHT4, and PHT5, respectively. Temperature-dependent absorption behavior manifests the polymer aggregation ability in the order of PHT3 < PHT4 < PHT5. Surprisingly, the polymer orientation transition from typical face-on to edge-on emerged between PHT4 and PHT5, as evidenced by X-ray-scattering analysis. The enhanced face-on crystallinity of PHT4 endowed the o -xylene-processed PHT4:IT-4Cl-based devices with the highest PCE of 13.40%. For PHT5 with stronger aggregation, the related o -xylene-processed PSCs still showed a good PCE of 12.66%. Our results demonstrate that a delicate polymer orientation transition could be realized through a precisely controlled strategy of the side chain, yielding green-solvent-processed high-performance PSCs.

The concise, collective, and asymmetric total syntheses of four schizozygane alkaloids, which feature a "Pan lid"-like hexacyclic core scaffold bearing up to six continuous stereocenters, including two quaternary ones, are described. A new method of dearomative cyclization of cyclopropanol onto the indole ring at C2 was developed to build the ABCF ring system of the schizozygane core with a ketone group. Another key skeleton-building reaction, the Heck/carbonylative lactamization cascade, ensured the rapid assembly of the hexacyclic schizozygane core and concurrent installation of an alkene group. By strategic use of these two reactions and through late-stage diversifications of the functionalized schizozygane core, the first and asymmetric total syntheses of (+)-schizozygine, (+)-3-oxo-14α,15α-epoxyschizozygine, and (+)-α-schizozygol and the total synthesis of (+)-strempeliopine have been accomplished in 11-12 steps from tryptamines.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have developed into prospective nanomaterials for next-generation lighting and displays due to their intrinsic advantages of high stability, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, confined by the spin-forbidden nature of triplet state transitions, the highest theoretical value of external quantum efficiency (EQE) of fluorescent CQDs is merely 5%, which fundamentally limits their further application in electroluminescent light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Soluble phosphorescent CQDs offer a means of breaking the shackle to achieve efficient monochromatic electroluminescence, especially red emission, which is a pivotal constituent in full-color displays. Here, the synthesis of red (625 nm) phosphorescent carbon quantum dot organic frameworks (CDOFs) with a quantum yield of up to 42.3% and realization of high-efficiency red phosphorescent electroluminescent LEDs are reported. The LEDs based on the CDOFs exhibited a red emission with a maximum luminance of 1818 cd m -2 and an EQE of 5.6%. This work explores the possibility of a new perspective for developing high-performance CQD-based electroluminescent LEDs.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive cognitive decline. Early diagnosis and dynamic monitoring are essential to the treatment and care of AD but challenging. Here we develop a noninvasive, blood-based AD detection method based on surface plasmonic resonance imaging (SPRi) technique. The functionalized sensing SPRi chips were constructed with self-assembled loop-displaying peptoid nanosheets to improve the detection sensitivity of plasma amyloid β42 (Aβ 42 ). We analyze the plasma from 30 clinically diagnosed AD patients, 29 amnestic cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients, and 30 control individuals and demonstrate that this sensing system can significantly distinguish the three groups with high sensitivity and specificity. In the follow-up studies of the aMCI patients, we find that decrease in the binding signals in the patients correlates with the disease progression into AD whereas the almost unchanged signals correlate with stable disease remaining at aMCI status. These results show the capability of the peptoid-nanosheet-based SRPi sensing system for the early diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of AD.

Immunogene therapy provides a new strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Compared to plasmid DNA, mRNA possesses several advantages as a therapeutic nucleic acid material and shows high potential in cancer therapy. Although efforts have been made to conquer the limited efficiency of mRNA delivery, most of the current mRNA vectors possess complex structures or compositions, which introduces additional toxicity and hinders their further clinical application. Hence, it is highly necessary to develop potent mRNA delivery systems with simple structures. Here, we report efficient mRNA delivery using the biodegradable micelle delivery system of DMP (DOTAP-mPEG-PCL). Biodegradable DMP micelles were simply prepared by the self-assembly of cationic lipid DOTAP and the diblock polymer monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone). With an average size of only 30 nm, we proved that these single-structured cationic micelles are highly potent in condensing and protecting mRNA molecules, with a delivery efficiency of 60.59% on C26 mouse colon cancer cells. The micelles triggered specific internalization pathways and were fully degraded in vivo . After binding with IL-22BP (interleukin-22 binding protein)-encoding mRNA, a strongly elevated IL-22BP mRNA level was detected in C26 cells. After intraperitoneal and intratumoral injection of the DMP/mIL-22BP complex, strong inhibition effects on C26 colon cancer models were observed, with high therapeutic efficiency and safety when systemically administrated. These data suggest that the DMP micelle is an advanced single-structured mRNA delivery system with high safety.