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Supercritical CO2 is an appealing nontoxic, environmentally friendly solvent for the industrial extraction of many classes of compounds, from caffeine to natural product drug precursors to petrochemical impurities. Apolar in isolation, the ability of supercritical CO2 to dissolve polar species has been empirically shown to be greatly enhanced by the addition of a small molar percentage of a polar cosolvent, often ethanol. Computational work predicts that the isolated ethanol-CO2 complex can exist either in an electron-donor configuration or through a hydrogen-bonding one; yet, neither has been previously experimentally observed. Here, we demonstrate by rotational spectroscopy that the isolated, gas-phase ethanol-CO2 dimer is an electron donor-acceptor complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented here is a set of demonstrations that are used as visual tools for engaging students in a discussion of reaction chemistry and thermodynamics. Students are first shown a series of simple exothermic reactions: (1) the reaction of H2SO4 with sugar, (2) the decomposition of KClO3, and (3) the reaction of H2SO4 with KClO3. These three basic reactions are then combined as a pyrotechnic chlorate demonstration in which H2SO4 is used to ignite a KClO3 + sugar mixture. It is finally shown that this latter reaction is very effective for igniting the highly exothermic thermite redox reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, searches were made for H 2 CCS and HCCSH in a variety of interstellar environments─all of them resulted in nondetections of these two species. Recent findings have indicated the importance of destruction pathways, e.g., with atomic hydrogen, in explaining the consistent nondetection of other species, such as the H 2 C 3 O family of isomers. We have thus performed ab initio calculations looking at reactions of H 2 CCS, HCCSH, and related species with atomic hydrogen. Our results show that H 2 CCS and HCCSH are both destroyed barrierlessly by atomic hydrogen, thus providing a plausible explanation for the nondetections. We further find that subsequent reactions with atomic hydrogen can barrierlessly lead to CH 3 CH 2 SH, which has been detected. Astrochemical simulations including these reactions result not only in reproducing the observed abundance of H 2 CCS in TMC-1 but also show that CH 3 CH 2 SH, produced via our H-addition pathways and subsequently trapped on grains, can desorb in warmer sources up to abundances that match previous observations of CH 3 CH 2 SH in Orion KL. These results, taken together, point to the importance of grain-surface H-atom addition reactions and highlight the chemical links between cold prestellar cores and their subsequent, warmer evolutionary stages.

Astrochemistry lies at the nexus of astronomy, chemistry, and molecular physics. On the basis of precise laboratory data, a rich collection of more than 200 familiar and exotic molecules have been identified in the interstellar medium, the vast majority by their unique rotational fingerprint. Despite this large body of work, there is scant evidence in the radio band for the basic building blocks of chemistry on earth-five- and six-membered rings-despite long-standing and sustained efforts during the past 50 years. In contrast, a peculiar structural motif, highly unsaturated carbon in a chainlike arrangement, is instead quite common in space. The recent astronomical detection of cyanobenzene, the simplest aromatic nitrile, in the dark molecular cloud TMC-1, and soon afterward in additional prestellar and possibly protostellar sources, establishes that aromatic chemistry is likely widespread in the earliest stages of star formation. The subsequent discovery of cyanocyclopentadienes and even cyanonaphthalenes in TMC-1 provides further evidence that organic molecules of considerable complexity are readily synthesized in regions with high visual extinction but where the low temperature and pressure are remarkably low. This review focuses on laboratory efforts now underway to understand the rich transition region between linear and planar carbon structures using microwave spectroscopy. We present key features, advantages, and disadvantages of current detection methods, a discussion of the types of molecules found in space and in the laboratory, and approaches under development to identify entirely new species in complex mixtures. Studies focusing on the cyanation of hydrocarbons and the formation of benzene from acyclic precursors are highlighted, as is the role that isotopic studies might play in elucidating the chemical pathways to ring formation.

Supercritical CO 2 is an appealing nontoxic, environmentally friendly solvent for the industrial extraction of many classes of compounds, from caffeine to natural product drug precursors to petrochemical impurities. Apolar in isolation, the ability of supercritical CO 2 to dissolve polar species has been empirically shown to be greatly enhanced by the addition of a small molar percentage of a polar cosolvent, often ethanol. Computational work predicts that the isolated ethanol-CO 2 complex can exist either in an electron-donor configuration or through a hydrogen-bonding one; yet, neither has been previously experimentally observed. Here, we demonstrate by rotational spectroscopy that the isolated, gas-phase ethanol-CO 2 dimer is an electron donor-acceptor complex.