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Experimental electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) and quantum mechanics diagnosed the most populated conformer of tetrahydrofuran in the gas phase diagnosed as the [C.sub.s] conformer. The identification of [C.sub.s] leads to the orbital-based assignment of the ionization binding energy spectra of tetrahydrofuran on the basis of the outer valence Green function model and density functional theory.

Single crystal reflects the intrinsic physical properties of a material, and single crystals with high-crystalline quality are highly desired for the acquisition of high-performance devices. We found that large single crystals of perovskite CH3NH3PbI3(Cl) could be grown rapidly from chlorine-containing solutions. Within 5 days, CH3NH3PbI3(Cl) single crystal as large as 20 mm × 18 mm × 6 mm was harvested. As a most important index to evaluate the crystalline quality, the full width at half-maximum (fwhm) in the high-resolution X-ray rocking curve (HR-XRC) of as-grown CH3NH3PbI3(Cl) single crystal was measured as 20 arcsec, which is far superior to so far reported CH3NH3PbI3 single crystals (~1338 arcsec). The unparalleled crystalline quality delivered a low trap-state density of down to 7.6 × 108 cm-3, high carrier mobility of 167 ± 35 cm2 V-1 s-1, and long transient photovoltaic carrier lifetime of 449 ± 76 μs. The improvement in the crystalline quality, together with the rapid growth rate and excellent carrier transport property, provides state-of-the-art single crystalline hybrid perovskite materials for high-performance optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]