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Ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim](+)[PF(6)](-)) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim](+)[BF(4)](-)) were found to promote an unusual Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of steroidal 16α,17α-epoxides leading to unnatural 13-epi-18-nor-16-one derivatives as the main products. These compounds were isolated in good to excellent yields. 16α-Hydroxy-Δ(13)-18-norsteroids, the results of the usual rearrangement, were obtained as minor components of the reaction mixtures. The ionic liquid [bmim](+)[PF(6)](-) was shown to induce C-ring aromatization of 16α,17α-epoxyestranes due to the formation of HF, the hydrolysis product of [PF(6)](-). Increasing amounts of HF and [PO(2)F(2)](-) were detected by (19)F and (31)P NMR when the ionic liquid was reused. The structures of the steroidal products, 16-oxo-18-nor-13α-steroid derivatives, 16α-hydroxy-Δ(13)-18-norsteroids, and C-aromatic compounds were determined by two-dimensional NMR techniques and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The ionic liquids were recirculated efficiently.

High levels of androgen receptor (AR) are often indicative of recurrent, advanced, or metastatic cancers. These conditions are also characterized by a high proliferative fraction. 5-Radioiodo-3'-O-(17beta-succinyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one)-2'-deoxyuridine 8 and 5-radioiodo-3'-O-(17beta-succinyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one)-2'-deoxyuridin-5'-yl monophosphate 13 target AR. They are also degraded intracellularly to 5-radioiodo-2'-deoxyuridine 1 and its monophosphate 20, respectively, which can participate in the DNA synthesis. Both drugs were prepared at the no-carrier-added level. Precursors and methods are readily adaptable to radiolabeling with various radiohalides suitable for SPECT and PET imaging, as well as endoradiotherapy. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm the AR-dependent interactions. Both drugs bind to sex hormone binding globulin. This binding significantly improves their stability in serum. Biodistribution and imaging studies show preferential uptake and retention of 8 and 13 in ip xenografts of human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells NIH:OVCAR-3, which overexpress AR. When these drugs are administered at therapeutic dose levels, a significant tumor growth arrest is observed.

The knowledge of the structure of a molecular crystal is frequently a prerequisite for the understanding of its solid state properties. Even though single-crystal diffractometry is the method of choice when it comes to crystal structure determination, methods using powder diffraction data become more and more competitive. There has been much recent interest in the development of a new generation of "direct-space" approaches that are particularly suited for molecular crystals. The crystallographic structure of a steroid derivative molecule (17,17-di-n-propyl-17a-aza-D-homo-5alpha-androstan-3beta-ol) was obtained in two independent ways: from a single crystal by laboratory X-rays and from a polycrystalline powder by high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction. The molecule crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) (a = 6.5346, b = 17.6006 and c = 19.6978 A). Hydrogen bonds form infinite chains of molecules parallel to the c axis.

The goal of this study was to develop a series of allopregnanolone analogues substituted by conformationally constrained 17beta side chains to obtain additional information about the structure-activity relationship of 5alpha-reduced steroids to modulate GABA(A) receptors. Specifically, we introduced alkynyl-substituted 17beta side chains in which the triple bond is either directly attached to the 17beta-position or to the 21-position of the steroid skeleton. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of C22 and C20 modification. The in vitro binding affinity for the GABA(A) receptor of the new analogues was measured by allosteric displacement of the specific binding of [(3)H]4'-ethynyl-4-n-propyl-bicycloorthobenzoate (EBOB) to GABA(A) receptors on synaptosomal membranes of rat cerebellum. An allosteric binding model that has been successfully applied to ionotropic glycine receptors was employed. The most active derivative is (20R)-17beta-(1-hydroxy-2,3-butadienyl)-5alpha-androstane-3-ol (20), which possesses low nanomolar potency to modulate cerebellar GABA(A) receptors and is 71 times more active than the control compound allopregnanolone. Theoretical conformational analysis was employed in an attempt to correlate the in vitro results with the active conformations of the most potent of the new analogues.

A series of per-6-substituted cyclodextrin derivatives was synthesized as synthetic host molecules for rocuronium, a steroidal muscle relaxant. By forming host-guest complexes with rocuronium, these cyclodextrin derivatives reverse the muscle relaxation induced by rocuronium in vitro and in vivo. The isothermal microcalorimetry data are consistent with the biological data supporting the encapsulation mechanism of action. Binary and biphasic complexes are reported with NMR experiments clearly showing free and bound rocuronium. [structure: see text]

A series of mono- and per-6-substituted cyclodextrin derivatives were synthesized as synthetic receptors (or host molecules) of rocuronium bromide, the most widely used neuromuscular blocker in anaesthesia. By forming host-guest complexes with rocuronium, these cyclodextrin derivatives reverse the muscle relaxation induced by rocuronium in vitro and in vivo and therefore can be used as reversal agents of the neuromuscular blocker to assist rapid recovery of patients after surgery. Because this supramolecular mechanism of action does not involve direct interaction with the cholinergic system, the reversal by these compounds, e.g., compound 14 (Org 25969), is not accompanied by cardiovascular side effects usually attendant with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine. The structure-activity relationships are consistent with this supramolecular mechanism of action and are discussed herein. These include the effects of binding cavity size and hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction on the reversal activities of these compounds.

Type 3 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) transforms 4-androstene-3,17-dione (Delta(4)-dione) into the androgen testosterone. To produce potent inhibitors of this key steroidogenic enzyme, we performed parallel liquid-phase synthesis of 3beta-substituted androsterone (ADT) libraries (A-D) in good yields and average high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purities of 92-94%. The first library (A) of 3 beta-amidomethyl-ADT derivatives (168 members), including two levels of molecular diversity on the amide (R(1) and R(2)), was synthesized with a parallel liquid-phase method (method I) in less time than with the classic chemistry method. The screening of library A revealed that relatively small hydrophobic chains at R(1) (5-8 carbons) and small hydrophobic substituents at R(2) (1-4 carbons) provided the most potent inhibitors. In accordance with these inhibition results, a second library (B) of 3 beta-amidomethyl-ADT derivatives (56 members) was generated in a very short time using an improved method based on scavenger resins and liquid-phase parallel chemistry. Library B produced more potent inhibitors than library A and provided useful structure-activity relationships that directed the design of a third library (C) of 49 members. Once again, very potent inhibitors were identified from library C and 3 beta-[(N-adamantylmethyl-N-butanoyl)aminomethyl]-3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one (C-7-3) was identified as the most potent inhibitor of the three libraries with an inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 35 nM) 18-fold higher than that of the natural substrate of the enzyme, Delta(4)-dione, (IC(50) = 650 nM) used itself as inhibitor. Finally, we designed a library (D) of 3-carbamate-ADT derivatives (25 members) using the efficient parallel liquid-phase method III, which allowed the synthesis of more rigid molecules with two levels of molecular diversity (R(1)/R(2) and R(3)) in the local area occupied by the adamantane group of C-7-3. Interestingly, one of the most potent inhibitors of library D, the 3R-spiro-[3'-[3' '-N-morpholino-2' '-(3' "-cyclopentyl-propionyloxy)propyl]-2'-oxo-oxazolidin-5'-yl]-5 alpha-androstan-17-one (D-5-4), showed an inhibitory activity on type 3 17 beta-HSD similar to that of compound C-7-3, while exhibiting a nonandrogenic profile.

The synthesis and binding affinities to the digitalis Na(+),K(+)-ATPase receptor of a series of 3 beta,14 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-androstane and 3 beta-hydroxy-14-oxoseco-D-5 beta-androstane derivatives bearing a 17 alpha-(aminoalkoxy)imino chain are reported; some derivatives were also studied for their inotropic activity. Our recently proposed model of interaction of molecules with the digitalis receptor was used to design these compounds. On that basis, the possibility to design novel potent inhibitors of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase without being constrained by the stereochemistry of the classical digitalis skeleton in the D-ring region was predicted. The binding affinities of the most potent compounds in the two series, (EZ)-17 alpha-[2-[(2-aminoethoxy)imino]ethyl]-5 beta-androstane-3 beta,14 beta-diol (6f) and (EZ)-3 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-[2-[(2-aminoethoxy)imino]ethyl]-14,15-seco-5 beta-androstan-14-one (24c) are higher than that of the potent natural compound digitoxigenin, despite the unusual alpha-exit of the substituent in position 17 of 6f or the disruption of the D-ring in 24c. These results further support the validity of our recently proposed model of binding at the digitalis receptor. Results of the inotropic tests on guinea pig atrium deserve further investigation on the pharmacological profile of these derivatives.

Various cyclic ether and other 3 alpha-hydroxyandrostane derivatives bearing a conformationally constrained hydrogen-bonding moiety were prepared. Their anesthetic potency and their binding affinity for GABA(A) receptors, measured by intravenous administration to mice and inhibition of [(35)S]TBPS binding to rat whole brain membranes, were compared with that of known anesthetic 3 alpha-hydroxypregnan-20-ones. Synthetic steroids with similar in vitro and in vivo activities to the endogenous 3 alpha-hydroxypregnan-20-ones all had an ether oxygen on the beta-face of the steroid D-ring. These results suggest that for optimal GABA(A) receptor modulation, the hydrogen bond-accepting substituent should be near perpendicular to the plane of the D-ring on the beta-face of the steroid.

A series of digitalis-like compounds with a 17-aminoalkoxyiminoalkyl or -alkenyl substituent was synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and for inotropic activity. The highest inhibition was found with compounds having the substituent in configuration 17beta and the amino group at a distance of 6 or 7 bonds from C(17) of the digitoxigenin skeleton. The presence of the oxime function strengthens the interaction with the receptor, more if alpha,beta-unsaturated, thus mimicking the electronic situation of the unsaturated lactone in natural digitalis compounds. The most active compounds showed Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitory potencies (IC(50)) 17-25 times higher than the standards digitoxigenin and digoxin and 3-11 times higher inotropic potencies (EC(50)) in isolated guinea pig left atria. These features are supported by a molecular model suggesting the possible interactions of the groups described above with particular amino acid residues in the H1-H2 domains of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. Some interactions are the classical ones already described in the literature; a new, very strong interaction of the basic group with the Cys138 was found and adds new possibilities to design compounds interacting with this region of the receptor. The most interesting compounds were also studied in vivo in the anesthetized guinea pig for evaluating their inotropic effect versus the lethal dose. Compounds 9 and 12 showed a slightly higher safety ratio than digoxin and deserve further evaluation.

Abiraterone (17-(3-pyridyl)androsta-5,16-dien-3beta-ol, 1) is a potent inhibitor (IC50 4 nM for hydroxylase) of human cytochrome P45017alpha. To assist in studies of the role of the 16,17-double bond in its mechanism of action, the novel 17alpha-(4-pyridyl)androst-5-en-3beta-ol (5) and 17beta-(3-pyridyl)-16,17alpha-epoxy-5alpha-androst-3beta-ol (6) were synthesized. 3beta-Acetoxyetienic acid was converted in three steps into 5 via photolysis of the thiohydroxamic ester 8. Oxidation of an appropriate 16,17-unsaturated precursor (21) with CrO3-pyridine afforded the acetate (23) of 6. Inhibition of the enzyme by 1, the similarly potent 5,6-reduced analogue 19 (IC50 5 nM), and the 4, 16-dien-3-one 26 (IC50 3 nM) and by the less potent (IC50 13 nM) 3,5, 16-triene 25 is slow to occur but is enhanced by preincubation of the inhibitor with the enzyme. Inhibition following preincubation with these compounds is not lessened by dialysis for 24 h, implying irreversible binding to the enzyme. In contrast under these conditions the still potent (IC50 27 nM) 17alpha-(4-pyridyl)androst-5-en-3beta-ol (5) showed partial reversal after 5 h of dialysis and complete reversal of inhibition after 24 h. This behavior was also shown by the less potent 16,17-reduced 3-pyridyl compounds 3 and 24. Further, in contrast to the compounds (1, 19, 25, 26) with the 16,17-double bond, the inhibition of the enzymic reaction was not enhanced by preincubation either with 5 or with the 17beta-pyridyl analogues 3, 4, and 24 which also lack this structural feature. The results show that the 16,17-double bond is necessary for irreversible binding of these pyridyl steroids to cytochrome P45017alpha. However oxidation to an epoxide is probably not involved since epoxide 6 was only a moderately potent inhibitor (IC50 260 nM).

A series of 17 beta-(hydrazonomethyl)-5 beta-androstane-3, beta,14 beta-diol derivatives was synthesized and evaluated in the displacement of [3H]ouabain binding from Na+,K(+)-ATPase. The data were explored with multiple linear regression and partial least-squares to find possible quantitatives structure-activity relationships. Good correlations were found between binding to the receptor and van der Waals volumes or molar refractivities of the 17 beta-hydrazonomethyl substituents and pKa values of the compounds. Equivalent results were obtained using the proton affinity (calculated using MOPAC) of the hydrazone residues instead of experimental pKa. As basicity or related electronic factors of the substituents explain a significant portion of the observed changes in the activity, an ion-pair interaction between a carboxylate residue of the enzyme and the protonated 17 beta-hydrazonomethyl group, as postulated by Thomas, plays an important role in the interaction of the ligand to the Na+,K(+)-ATPase receptor.

The effect of 6-methyl substitution of the ability of 7-(2-hydroxyethyl)benz[e]indene-3-carbonitriles to potentiate GABA-mediated chloride current and to directly gate a chloride current in the absence of GABA in cultured rat hippocampal neurons was investigated. Structurally analogous steroid 17-carbonitriles that either contained or did not contain a 19-methyl group were also investigated. Compounds were evaluated at 1 microM for their ability to potentiate GABA-mediated currents and at 10 microM for current activation in the absence of GABA. The benz[e]indene 3(R)-carbonitriles and analogous steroid 17 alpha-carbonitriles had no effects in either assay. The benz[e]indene-3(S)-carbonitriles and analogous steroid 17 alpha-carbonitriles were active in both assays. Relative to the 6-unsubstituted benz[e]indene 3(S)-carbonitrile, the following effects of 6-methyl substituents were observed: a 6(a)-methyl group increased both activities; a 6(e)-methyl group decreased both activities; and 6,6-dimethyl substituents had opposing effects so that both activities remained similar to those of the 6-unsubstituted compound. The activities of the steroid 17 beta-carbonitriles were not affected significantly by the presence or absence of a 19-methyl group. A conformational analysis using molecular modeling methods was also performed for the benz[e]indene 3S-carbonitriles and the steroid 17 beta-carbonitriles. The ability of the different 6-methyl substituents to differentially effect the conformations of the flexible benz[e]indenes and the inability of the steroid 19-methyl group to alter the conformations of the rigid steroid 17 beta-carbonitriles are suggested to explain the results.