Search

Nanobiotechnology has ushered in a new era of scientific discovery where the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, have been harnessed for a wide array of applications. This review explores gold nanoparticles' synthesis, properties, and multidisciplinary applications, focusing on their role as biosensors. Gold nanoparticles possess exceptional physicochemical attributes, including size-dependent optical properties, biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization, making them promising candidates for the development of biosensing platforms. The review begins by providing a comprehensive overview of gold nanoparticle synthesis techniques, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches. It then delves into the remarkable properties that underpin their success in biosensing, such as localized surface plasmon resonance and enhanced surface area. The discussion also includes the functionalization strategies that enable specific binding to biomolecules, enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of gold-nanoparticle-based biosensors. Furthermore, this review surveys the diverse applications of gold nanoparticles in biosensing, encompassing diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and drug delivery. The multidisciplinary nature of these applications underscores the versatility and potential of gold nanoparticles in addressing complex challenges in healthcare and environmental science. The review emphasizes the pressing need for further exploration and research in the field of nanobiotechnology, particularly regarding the synthesis, properties, and biosensing applications of gold nanoparticles. With their exceptional physicochemical attributes and versatile functionalities, gold nanoparticles present a promising avenue for addressing complex challenges in healthcare and environmental science, making it imperative to advance our understanding of their synthesis, properties, and applications for enhanced biosensing capabilities and broader scientific innovation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

The structural studies of the fluorinated Schiff base ligand and its copper complex were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared, UV-visible, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis unveils a dinuclear copper complex arising from double bridging acetate anions to copper ions that are chelated by the tridentate Schiff base ligand Cu(LS). The trigonality index τ 5 of 0.080 indicates a distorted square pyramidal coordination geometry for the metal. The SL ligand and complex exhibit intra- and intermolecular interactions, leading to unique supramolecular architectures. The structural changes between the free halogenated Schiff base ligand and upon coordination with the metal were extensively studied by experimental and theoretical approaches. The intra- and intermolecular interactions have been analyzed by Hirshfeld surface and quantum theory of atoms in molecules analysis, and the enrichment ratio highlights the most favored interactions in the formation of molecular packing. The chemical and physical properties, such as the HOMO - LUMO energy gap, chemical reactivity, and electron density topology, are studied using density functional theory studies. In addition, the Schiff base ligand compound is used to study the latent fingerprint analysis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

The clinical applications of nanotechnology are emerging as widely popular, particularly as a potential treatment approach for infectious diseases. Diseases associated with multiple drug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are a global concern of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains has increased the urgency associated with researching and developing novel bactericidal medicines or unorthodox methods capable of combating antimicrobial resistance. Nanomaterial-based treatments are promising for treating severe bacterial infections because they bypass antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Nanomaterial-based approaches, especially those that do not rely on small-molecule antimicrobials, display potential since they can bypass drug-resistant bacteria systems. Nanoparticles (NPs) are small enough to pass through the cell membranes of pathogenic bacteria and interfere with essential molecular pathways. They can also target biofilms and eliminate infections that have proven difficult to treat. In this review, we described the antibacterial mechanisms of NPs against bacteria and the parameters involved in targeting established antibiotic resistance and biofilms. Finally, yet importantly, we talked about NPs and the various ways they can be utilized, including as delivery methods, intrinsic antimicrobials, or a mixture., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

This research effort aims to evaluate the hazardous potential of the redox state (OH - ) of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) and its histopathological and oxidative stress toward Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus . X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) validated the nZVI nanoparticles' chemical composition, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that their physical form is round and oval. The exposure to 10 g/mL of nZVI induced the activation of the cellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Dose-dependent testing of O. mossambicus had a reduction in SOD and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, suggesting that nZVI caused oxidative damage. At a concentration of 100 g/mL, the catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities of diverse tissues exhibited a gradual decrease after 2 days of exposure and a fast increase until day 6. The scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the epidermis, liver, and gills of O. mossambicus deteriorated and accumulated gradually. MDA levels in the skin, gill, and liver tissues were substantially higher after 8 days of exposure to 100 and 200 g/mL nZVI compared to those of the control group and those exposed to 10 and 50 g/mL nZVI for 2 days. Extreme histological and morphological abnormalities were seen in the skin, gill, and liver tissues of experimental animals, demonstrating that the damage resulted from direct contact with nZVI in water. A one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post-test was performed to investigate significant differences., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

New 1,4-naphthoquinone derived by triphenylphosphaneylidene (Ph 3 P) and N -substituted-hydrazine-1-carbothioamides were obtained during a one-pot reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with thiosemicarbazides, Ph 3 P and in the presence of triethyl amine (Et 3 N) as a catalyst. The structure of the ligands was established by ESI, IR, and NMR spectra, in addition to elemental analyses and X-ray structure analysis. On subjecting the newly prepared ligands with CuCl 2 and Ph 3 P, autoxidation occurs, and ( E )-(2-(1,4-dioxo-3-(triphenyl phosphanylidene)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-2(1 H )-ylidene)carbamothioyl)hydrazinyl)-((triphenylphosphanyl)oxy)copper derivatives were formed in very good yields. The structure of the obtained complexes was proved by ESI, IR, NMR, and UV spectra, in addition to elemental analyses and theoretical calculations., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Clopamide (CPD, 1 ) is a piperidine and sulfamoylbenzamide-based diuretic drug and a potential photosensitizing sulfonamide; its phototransformation was investigated using N , N -dimethylaniline (DMA) as an electron donor and 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene (DCN) as an electron acceptor in an immersion-well-type photochemical reactor fitted with a medium-pressure mercury vapor lamp (450 W). Photodegradation of the drug Clopamide resulted in two significant products via photoinduced electron transfer. Structures of these products were deduced from their 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, mass, and IR spectra. The photoproducts are 2- choloro-5-((2,6-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)carbamoyl)benzenesulfonic acid ( 2 ) and 4-hydroxy- N -(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidyl)-3-sulfamoyl benzamide ( 3 ). In addition to this, the comparative antioxidant potentials of the parent drug and its photoproducts were investigated using in silico molecular docking against tyrosinase in order to better understand the in vivo relevance of pharmacological action of the drug as a result of light-drug interactions. UV light has been observed to modify substituents on the benzene ring, hence loss of biological activity at the time of storage and in vivo cannot be ruled out. This suggests that Clopamide users should avoid light (natural or artificial) exposure to prevent from drug-induced photosensitivity., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

The strategies of the syntheses of various (thio)ureas, semicarbazides, thiosemicarbazides, thiazolidones, and oxadiazole derived from the [2.2]paracyclophane molecule are achieved starting with 4-(2.2]paracyclophanyl)isocyanate. The structures of the obtained products were elucidated by NMR, mass spectrometry, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy in addition to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). X-ray structure analysis was also used to prove the assigned structure., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Unexpectedly, lithiation of N'-(2-(2-methylphenyl)ethyl)-N,N-dimethylurea with 3 equiv of n-butyllithium in anhydrous THF at 0 °C takes place on the nitrogen and on the CH(2) next to the 2-methylphenyl ring (α-lithiation). The lithium reagent thus obtained reacts with various electrophiles to give the corresponding substituted derivatives in excellent yields. Similarly, lithiation of N-(2-(2-methylphenyl)ethyl)pivalamide under similar reaction conditions followed by reaction with benzophenone as a representative electrophile gave the corresponding α-substituted product in high yield. Surprisingly, no products resulting from lateral lithiation were observed under the conditions tried, which sharply contrasts with the reported results for lateral lithiation of tert-butyl (2-(2-methylphenyl)ethyl)carbamate.