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PDF file - 1195K, Supplementary Figure 4: RPTOR and mTOR silencing impair S6K phosphorylation.

PDF file - 848K, Supplementary Figure 2: Inhibition of mTORC1 activates EMT and reduces cell proliferation.

PDF file - 441K, Supplementary Figure 1: SiRNA screening procedure.

PDF file - 741K, Supplementary Figure 5: Silencing of mTOR and RPTOR activates ZEB1 mRNA expression in various cell lines.

XLSX file - 170K, Supplementary Table 1: Results of the first siRNA screen aimed at identifying new EMT regulators among protein kinases Supplementary Table 2: Selected pro-MET genes from the first siRNA screen Supplementary Table 3: Selected pro-EMT genes from the first siRNA screen Supplementary Table 4: Selected pro-MET genes challenged with 2 additional siRNAs Supplementary Table 5: Selected pro-EMT genes challenged with 2 additional siRNAs

PDF file - 91K

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a transdifferentiation process that converts epithelial cells into highly motile mesenchymal cells. This physiologic process occurs largely during embryonic development but is aberrantly reactivated in different pathologic situations, including fibrosis and cancer. We conducted a siRNA screening targeted to the human kinome with the aim of discovering new EMT effectors. With this approach, we have identified mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), a nutrient sensor that controls protein and lipid synthesis, as a key regulator of epithelial integrity. Using a combination of RNAi and pharmacologic approaches, we report here that inhibition of either mTOR or RPTOR triggers EMT in mammary epithelial cells. This EMT was characterized by the induction of the mesenchymal markers such as fibronectin, vimentin, and PAI-1, together with the repression of epithelial markers such as E-cadherin and ZO-3. In addition, mTORC1 blockade enhanced in vivo migratory properties of mammary cells and induced EMT independent of the TGF-β pathway. Finally, among the transcription factors known to activate EMT, both ZEB1 and ZEB2 were upregulated following mTOR repression. Their increased expression correlated with a marked reduction in miR-200b and miR-200c mRNA levels, two microRNAs known to downregulate ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression. Taken together, our findings unravel a novel function for mTORC1 in maintaining the epithelial phenotype and further indicate that this effect is mediated through the opposite regulation of ZEB1/ZEB2 and miR-200b and miR-200c. Furthermore, these results suggest a plausible etiologic explanation for the progressive pulmonary fibrosis, a frequent adverse condition associated with the therapeutic use of mTOR inhibitors. Cancer Res; 73(22); 6621–31. ©2013 AACR.