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Antibiotic administration commonly induces allergic reactions, dysmicrobism and microbial resistance, but longterm effects due to changes in gut microbiota composition are difficult to assess. This paper aims to identify in the literature adverse effects induced by changes in gut microbiota composition after perinatal administration of antibiotics. Antibiotic administration during pregnancy is a predisposing factor for the development of bronchial asthma, eczema, or allergic rhinitis in children, but does not support the hypothesis as being a risk factor for childhood obesity/overweight. The effect on the newborn’s microbiota of prophylactic administration of antibiotics during caesarean section is controversial. Postnatal treatments with antibiotics frequently causes intestinal dysmicrobism, the most severe form being necrotizing enterocolitis, especially among premature infants, but effects on the changes in body weight are controversial. Early administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, particularly macrolides and cephalosporins, is strongly associated with the development of bronchial asthma at age 5 years. Recently, altered auditory processing and changes in recognition memory were described in newborn exposed to antibiotics in the absence of infection. More studies are needed to clarify the association between the type of antibiotic, the frequency, respectively period (both prenatal and intrapartum) of administration and long-term effects.

In intensive care units, the most prescribed drugs are antibiotics, as result of the high incidence of infections among patients admitted to these units. In medical practice, antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon with dramatic consequences, which has led to the development of new strategies to solve this public health problem, including the use of ”off-label” drugs. Classification as an off-label prescription of a drug mainly refers to: unapproved therapeutic indication, formulation, dose (including dose interval), age or unapproved route of administration. The aim of this paper is to present the categories of appropriate ”off-label” use of drugs with a detailed description of the principles of use in this regime of antibiotics as mono- or combo-therapy.

Onychosis therapy is an ongoing challenge considering the diversity of nail pathology and the barrier function of the nail plate. Among the nail diseases, we identify the primary onychodystrophies, caused by tics or mental disorders, as well as severe onychoses, caused by bacterial and/or fungal infections, manifested by the degradation of the matrix and the nail bed. Onychosis treatment is complex, lasting 6-8 months, and is often frustrating for both patients and healthcare professionals. In this article we have described a series of common onychoses from the etiopathological point of view, briefly presenting the general therapeutic approach. We also highlighted the classic and modern pharmaceutical formulations used in local nail medication. From the perspective of recent approaches, there is the development of therapeutic systems for transungual administration that ensure the prolonged and controlled drug release to optimize the pharmacotechnical performance of medication used in local therapy of onychosis.