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Promoters are key elements regulating gene expression levels, therefore their selection is an important step in genetic engineering research. The reporter gene gfp, which encodes green fluorescent protein (GFP), was transiently expressed in leaf tissues of Aztec tobacco Nicotiana rustica L. Compared to other species of the Nicotiana genus, Aztec tobacco has a large potential for expression of heterologous proteins, a large vegetative biomass, can be easily infiltrated, and is unpretentious in cultivation. Six genetic constructs were used with different promoter sequences: the 35S promoter of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (35S CaMV), the double-enhanced 35S promoter (D35S CaMV), promoters of the RbcS1B and RbcS2B genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., and promoters of the LHB1B1 and LHB1B2 genes from A. thaliana encoding chlorophyll a/b binding proteins. The gfp gene expression was detected visually, spectrofluorimetrically, and by protein content (Bradford assay) on the seventh day after infiltration. The highest level of expression was observed using the double-enhanced 35S promoter (D35S CaMV) and the lowest using the LHB1B1 gene promoter.

An optimized regeneration method for commercial winter rape of the Bn1 line was proposed. Hypocotyl fragments of 6-day-old seedlings were used as explants. Regeneration occurred via organogenesis on an MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L of 6-benzylaminopurine and 2 mg/L of 2-isopentyladenine. All obtained regenerated plants successfully formed roots on hormone-free media and were adapted to the soil conditions. The vernalization conditions were specified to promote budding and flowering at the level of 83.93 ± 5.33%. The PCR analysis using the ISSR 2 and ISSR 15 markers has shown that no somaclonal variations in Bn1 winter rape occur under the protocols based on the proposed methodology. Thus, the developed methodology is efficient and economically profitable for obtaining biotechnology-based winter rape plants.

The genetic improvement of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other hexaploid wheat species (T. spelta, T. spherococcum, T. petropavlovskyi, and T. compactum) is important. This can be done by transferring genes of interest (resistance to biotic and abiotic factors). For this purpose, phylogenetic connections of the studied genotypes should be investigated. This problem can be solved by using a multilocus system based on ISSR markers. The marker system is highly polymorphic and convenient for analysis. The study presents the results of a comparison of 20 different hexaploid wheat genotypes based on ISSR markers. In addition, the level of polymorphism was determined and a dendrogram reflecting the phylogenetic connections between the studied genotypes was constructed. It was shown that the species located next to each other according to the systematics turned out to be more remote after the ISSR-marker analysis, and, vice versa, the species that were systematically more distant showed a higher level of kinship.