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A fundamentally new integrated approach to the state activity on the adaptation to changing environmental conditions, namely, the territorial planning of land use is proposed by the example of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation being the most vulnerable region to climate change. Adaptation measures for natural ecosystems are scientifically grounded for the Arctic region: the prevention of permafrost surface cover disturbances, the minimization of other types of anthropogenic impact and pollution, the maintenance and increase in surface albedo in winter. The examples of development of a dual indicator system are given: for monitoring the implementation of measures and adaptation efficiency (the quantitative markers of climate-caused damage). The analysis of all indicators in the adaptation efficiency monitoring system, as well as the projections of indicators for 5–10 years ahead help to make reasoned management decisions to correct the applied adaptation measures. The practical application of the results includes the use of the developed approaches in the sectoral and regional plans and at the second stage of the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change.

The Early–Middle Carboniferous Turgoyak granite pluton and Middle Riphean Urenga and Upper Riphean Uitash formations are described. In the Late Vendian, both formations underwent regional metamorphism of the cummingtonite–amphibolite facies at 550–595°C and 250–440 MPa and, locally, diaphthoresis at 520–530°C and 130–170 MPa. During origination of the Turgoyak pluton at 770–810°C and 210–250 MPa, the country rocks were subjected to contact metamorphism leading to the removal of gold from black shales of the amphibole–hornfel facies zone and its redeposition within the albite–epidote–hornfel facies zone.

This work presents new data on the geology and petrogeochemistry of the Magnitogorsky, Neplyuevsky, and Kanzafarovsky rock complexes. It has been proven that these complexes belong to a gabbro–granite formation. These data provide allow combination of the Southern Ural and Middle Ural segments of the Early Carboniferous suprasubduction rift zone into a unified submeridional structure, which was formed in the Devonian back-arc basin. This structure was thrust over the western margin of the East Uralian Uplift at the collision stage of the development of the Southern Urals. The Cu–Mo specialization of granitoids of the Magnitogorsky and Neplyuevsky complexes was revealed.

The geological structure of the Stepninsky, Vandyshevsky, Biryukovsky, and Uisky massifs, which belong to the Stepninsky monzogabbro-granosyenite-granite complex, is described. It was concluded that the crystallization depth of granitoid massifs decreases successively in this series of rocks from hypabyssal to hypabyssal-subsurficial facies. It was shown that intrusions in the Stepninsky complex belong to intraplate formations. At the initial stage, mafic-intermediate rocks of the deep mantle origin considered as derivatives from a separate plume were formed; at the later stage, granites and leucogranites of the calc-alkaline series formed. In terms of geochemistry the later group of rocks is characterized by rare-metal specialization.

The materials on the geology and geochemical specialization of Riphean terrigenous rocks of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium, including carbonaceous shale and conglomerate, are reported. Conglomerate is characterized by a high concentration of Au and PGEs mostly related to intensely dislocated zones. It is concluded that potentially ore-bearing zones in terrigenous deposits of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium were formed as a result of multistage polygene processes controlled by the Riphean–Vendian geodynamic evolution of the region.

Based on the peculiarities of gold manifestations in carbonaceous schists of the Southern Urals, a model for the genesis of gold mineralization is proposed. The pattern takes a complex of related processes into consideration: sedimentation, transformation as a result of submergence, dynamometamorphism, and contact metamorphism. Hence, prognostic-prospecting factors for searching for the hydrothermal-metamorphogenic gold mineralization in carbonaceous deposits are proposed.

The methods for the removal of phenolic compounds (0.5–10 mmol/dm3) from aqueous solutions and selective separation of its mixtures based on the oxidation of phenols using tyrosinase isolated from Agaricus bisporus and immobilized on polymer carriers as well as the removal of bioconversion products by inorganic coagulants were developed.

The interior structure and geochemistry of ultrabasic rocks and gabbroids of the Talovskii massif have been considered. Types of gabbroids that are impoverished and enriched in light REE are recognized. Accessory chrome-spinelides of ultrabasic rocks are enriched in trivalent iron and impoverished in aluminum, making this complex more similar to platinum-bearing massifs. The occurrence of a unite-harzburgite association and numerous injections of wehrlite-clinopyroxenite-gabbro in a single section of restites are due to their formation above a subduction zone.

We have considered the method of oxidizing aqueous solutions of phenol (0.25–2.00 mmol/dm3) with the use of a biocatalyst—a partially purified tyrosinase immobilized into calcium alginate. In optimal conditions (pH 7.2, T—25°C, transformation time—one hour, phenoloxidase activity—25–200 unit/cm3) when adding a PEG-6000 stabilizer the preparation stabilized complete oxidation of phenol in a periodic-action reactor during 12 cycles and retained a high degree of transformation of the substrate during the following 16 cycles. The concentrations of coagulants necessary for elimination of transformation products using the immobilized enzyme were reduced 2.5-fold compared with such for a free biocatalyst.

It was shown that partially purified preparation of tyrosinase of fungi Agaricus bisporus transform phenol with the formation of water-soluble polymer products. The article defined conditions of oxidizing phenol leading it to 98% of bioconversion. The paper proposed inorganic coagulants (potash, ammonium, or iron alums) whose use will make it possible to completely remove the reaction products within a broad range of the initial concentrations of phenol (0.5–10 mmol/dm3); the elimination degree in all the cases was in excess of 97%.

Principles and substantiation of a system of monitoring anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and sinks are considered. The basic task of the system is to estimate the anthropogenic contribution to the atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and possible climate effect. The major attention is paid to the system of indirect or “computational” monitoring of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. A multifunctional information system is described in the context of its application for solving a number of other ecological problems. It can be used as an instrumental basis for estimating ecological efficiency of measures aimed at reducing emissions and increasing greenhouse gas uptake. The effect should be considered in totality for all greenhouse gases and most hazardous pollutants. Monitoring of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and sinks includes observations (using modeling) of integral indicators of ecosystems and can be used as part of ecological monitoring (for example, dynamics of soil carbon balance of agroecosystems and forest cenoses). The connection of the monitoring of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and sinks with the satellite monitoring enlarges the possible applications of this information system.

Anthropogenic emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from livestock agriculture (enteric fermentation, animal waste management systems, and pasture manure) and plant growing of the Russia (CH4 emissions from rice fields, direct and indirect N2O emissions from agricultural lands) are considered. In 2004, the total emissions of these greenhouse gases in the agricultural sector amounted to 1.4 × 105 thousand t CO2-equivalent, which corresponds to 45% of the 1990 level (3.1 × 105 thousand t CO2-equivalent). In 2004, the contribution of N2O to the total agricultural emissions was approximately twice (67.0%) that of CH4 (33.0%). Direct N2O emissions from agricultural soils (0.5 × 105 thousand t CO2-equivalent) and CH4 emissions from the internal fermentation of domestic animals (0.4 × 105 thousand t CO2-equivalent) are the most significant sources in the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation. In 2004, all these agricultural sources emitting methane and nitrous oxide contributed about 7% CO2-equivalent to the total emission of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases in Russia.

National parameters are developed and coefficients of nitrogen excretion by cattle and pigs are calculated for the period from 1990 through 2004. The average values of annual nitrogen excretion by other species of farm animals and poultry are determined. The direct emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) by manure and poultry droppings as well as the indirect emissions of N2O from atmospheric fallout of ammonia and nitrogen oxides and leaching of nitrogen compounds from manure (droppings) are estimated. In the period 1990–2004 the total annual emission of N2O decreased from 235 000 to 102 000 due to reduction of numbers of cattle and poultry.