Search

In criminal proceeding, the victim participation as a precondition of enforcement of law is very important. The comparative study of victims participation in various generations of criminal courts and their effectiveness from new developments of criminal justice specially the restorative justice, will help us to understand the approach of these courts towards victim participation in international criminal law. The end of cold war and aftermath developments in the regions like Rwanda and ex-Yugoslavia resulted to shaping international criminal tribunals. After making International Criminal Court some cases in Africa refer to ICC, and the proceed African cases in ICC result the unhappy of some African head of states. Meanwhile, the matter of reparations of damages to victims due to international crimes became very important. The experiences of restorative justice can be a good model for criminal justice and reparation of damages and victim participation in Africa. In this article the legal developments of protection of international crimes victims and the lessons that can be a model for protection of victims rights will examined.

Language is a translation of imagination and mental concepts, so the connection between language and translation is an irrefutable fact. Applicability as a subbranch of morphology studies examines some of the speeches inside context. Speech act is one of the most important applicability concepts, which is somehow related to discourse analysis since discourse is a series of speech acts. Because of the importance of this topic, writers want to compare the translation of speech acts in Maryam Surah based on translations of 5 different translators, Ghomshei, Khorramshahi, Fouladvand, Saffarzadeh and Makarem Shirazi by a descriptive-analytic method. One of the results of this research is that translators did well in translating direct speech act like direct and true imperative action and promissory act, but in the translation of declarative, emotional, persuasive, and especially interrogative actions, which sometimes deviate from their original meaning due to rhetorical reasons, they performed poorly and in some cases did not even convey the meaning to the reader and just paid attention to the syntactic structure of the verse. The other result is that these translations didn’t pay attention to the context and important elements in speech like speaker, audience and message and time, and place and also didn’t use important ways of transmitting speech act, especially indirect speech acts such as punctuation marks and some syntactical and musical norms of the Qur'an.

In all the languages of the world, some words and expressions indicate an unpleasant and impolite concept, which are called "linguistic taboos" or "rhetoric" and are generally avoided from their obvious and direct use. Examination of the "Mokhtarnameh" TV series indicates the use of a significant number of these taboos; In light of this, what is important for the authors of this article is to identify and extract the desired interpretations in the series in the first step, and in the next step, the authors identify techniques used in the translation of this series by a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method, evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the translation by criticizing and examining the inputs of Persian taboos in the Arabic dubbing of the TV series, and present the result to the audience. The result indicates that the translation of the taboos used in the TV series under study can be defined, formatted, and recognized by the most important linguistic strategies in constructing euphemism, including semantic implication, semantic expansion, permissible, omission, reduction, duplication, contradiction, and literal or semantic translations. Another conclusion is that using the method of reduction and contradiction, respectively, has been the most frequent and least frequent strategies in translating the studied TV series.

In the present age by Getting more complicated of human and social intercommunications the more needs to present of lawyers to make balance at justice, lawyers activities have so many benefits such as transparency in the proceeding and avoid mistakes. A lawyer should have competent skills beside of independency and safety in their profession. Unfortunately lawyers have confronted many obstacles which constrain their independency and safety during and after the defense and these issue changes the advocacy rights of accused person. These obstacles such as note of article 48 of the code of criminal procedure have caused guild discrimination in addition of deprivation of accused person from having a competent lawyer. Also issuing lawyer’s license by judiciary bar which is a dependent organization to the judiciary, not only didn’t make the situation better but the move was backward which caused weakening of independent bar association. Practical analysis also shows that these issues have caused separation between advocacy and judiciary organizations and the solution is the concentrate of judiciary on courts affairs not interference at advocacy affairs.

In recent decades, high-ranking and prominent people in the country have used terms and expressions in their interviews and speeches that due to their relatively high semantic load were welcomed by many Persian speakers and became prevalent in the Iranian society. These terms and expression have also been reflected in the Arabic and foreign language media, and by interpreting the news, sometimes several Arabic equivalents have been presented for a specific term, the identification, critique and study of which are of special importance. Considering the importance of the issue, the present research tries to identify and extract the latest and most important interpretations and common terms in the political and social literature of the country, and evaluate the performance of those media in translating the above-mentioned terms based on Ivir’s model, using an inductive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study are: Al-Alam, Al-Kawthar, ISNA, IRNA and Khamenei news agencies. The foreign news agencies studied include: Al-Arab, Al-Jazeera, Al-Yawm Al-Sabeeh, Al-Hayah, Al-Ghad, Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, Al-Watan, Al-Ahram, Al-Dastour, Al-Rayya, Al-Ittihad and Al-Maaref. One of the most important findings of this study is that the domestic Arabic-language news agencies have the fewest "borrowings" and the most "deletions", and in contrast, the foreign Arabic-language news agencies have the fewest "deletions" and the most "replacements" in translating the interpretations and terms in question.

Sustainable agriculture is one of important components of sustainable development, which is known as the appropriate approach for 2151 century for lives of a considerable fraction of people in third world. Unfortunately, despite the importance of agriculture in Iranian economy, the potential role of sustainable agriculture approach in resolving the current issues of agricultural sector, and creation of long-term sustainability, sustainable development and agriculture have been remained demoted to translation of some definitions and articles. This research considers the discussion of fundamental differences of livelihood, business or industrial agriculture and sustainable agriculture; and investigates the challenges of business or industrial agriculture and the concept of sustainable agriculture from the perspectives of management, sustainable agriculture paradigm (sustainable development paradigm and sustainability model), definition of sustainable agriculture, sustainability framework (four social, economical, natural, and political dimensions of sustainability), determination of the differences to be made for establishment of sustainable agriculture as the result of changes in the environment. Also, considering the set of research findings, this research suggests the consecutive actions to be taken in different levels of agriculture sustainability, including utilization level, village level, zone level, province level, and national level.