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Background: Proportion of roughage and concentrate supply to dairy animal is a major challenge in commercial dairying of Bangladesh that directly correlated with quality and quantity of milk. Several studies revealed that, level of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) is an indication of proper feed supply of the animals. Therefore, the study was the attempt to find, the relationship between the level of MUN with metabolic energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) by supplied ratio of roughage, concentrate and effect of altered level MUN with milk quality and quantity in commercial dairy farms of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Methods: For the study, feed and milk samples were taken from randomly selected three different farm categories for the period of July 2014 to June 2015 monthly. The herd average milk production was taken from the recorded data. The feed and milk composition were analyzed in the dairy lab of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU). MUN was determined by spectrophotometric method in the Poultry Research and Tanning Laboratory (PRTC) of CVASU, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Observed data was analyzed by using Pearson's correlation methods to find out the correlation among MUN level, supplied source of ME and CP and milk production and composition. Result: The results suggested that there was significant level difference of MUN (P<0.05) irrespective of seasons and farm categories with the sources of ME and CP of supplied feed. Milk yield relate significantly (P<0.05) with MUN level when there was lowest supply of roughage and maximum M.E comes from concentrate feed irrespective of farm categories. So, determination of MUN level will be helpful to commercial dairy farmers when the issues related to milk quality and quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to determine the relationship between milk composition traits and breed in the Akkaraman and Awasi sheep as well as to provide ease of interpretation by showing the relationships structure between variables and between categories of variables in two-dimensional space with Categorical principal component analysis. Methods: Categorical principal component analysis determines relationships between continuous and categorical variables as well as ordinal variables. It aims to reduce system dimensionality through optimal scaling while maintaining variable measurement levels (nominal, multiple nominal, ordinal and interval). In this research, data obtained from Akkaraman and Awasi Breed Sheep Raised by Public Hands in Tuşba District of Van Province were used. In order to determine relationship with breed, the traits were divided into two categories, "low" and "high" and all variables (9 variables) were considered together and a Categorical principal components analysis was performed. Result: As a results, Dimension 1 accounted for 35.58% of the total variation while dimension 2 accounted for 15.21%. Two dimensions together accounted for 50.79% of the variation. Thus it can be noted that Categorical principal component analysis can be used in the analysis of data sets containing a large number of different types of variables with linear or non-linear relationships between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Information about seasonal variation in the fatty acid (FA) composition of bulk tak milk and its relationship with dietary factors in Taiwan remains to be completed. This study aimed to determine the average FA composition of milk in different seasons and collect dietary information to investigate the relationship between dietary characteristics and lactation performance, including FA concentration in bulk tank milk. Methods: Bulk tank milk samples were collected monthly from 90 dairy farms across Taiwan for two years to capture seasonal variations. Additionally, 36 bulk tank milk samples from three farms were collected monthly from August 2022 to July 2023. Result: Milk production (kg/day), fat (%), crude protein (%), true protein (%), lactose (%) and solids-not-fat (%) were significantly higher in the cold season than in the hot and warm seasons (P<0.05) over the studied period. In contrast, somatic cell counts were significantly lower in the cold season than in the hot and warm seasons (P<0.05). Total saturated FA and C14:0 concentrations were significantly higher in the cold season than in the hot and warm seasons (P<0.05). In contrast, the C18:1 concentration was significantly higher in the hot and warm seasons than in the cold season (P<0.05). However, the C18:0 concentration did not differ significantly by season. Fat and FA concentrations varied significantly among three selected dairy farms (P<0.05). Milk fat only differed significantly between the three farms in the hot season, with Farm B having the lowest milk fat concentration (P<0.05). FA concentrations showed significant seasonal effects at all three farms. These results provide an overview of milk FA variation and identify the critical factors influencing variation in bulk tank milk fat and individual farm FA concentrations: dietary ether extract content and forage choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Animal feed, environmental conditions and the lactation period are the main factors affecting the composition of camel milk. Methods: In this study, samples from eight (8) camels were collected according to hygiene standards to determine the physicochemical and biochemical parameters of milk during storage at ambient temperature. pH, titratable acidity, density, total dry matter, ash, fat, protein and vitamin C were determined. Result: The results of the physico-chemical analyses indicate a pH of 5.98±0.30, a titratable acidity of 17.51±1.35°D and a density of 1.01±0.02 after 24 hours of storage at ambient temperature. At the same time, biochemical analyses show an ash content of 7±0.58 g/l, a fat content of 50.09±5.97 g/l and a protein content of 2.31±0.21%. The total dry matter content of camel milk is 129.27±11.31 g/l. The vitamin C content is 41.89±4.51 mg/l. Monitoring of the pH changes of camel milk during storage at room temperature (22±6°C) showed low acidification of camel milk after 24 storage, confirmed by the statistical study which revealed a non-significant difference in pH (p>0.41). While after 24 hours, the differences are significant for pH, dornic acidity and vitamin C content (p<0.0001). The remaining ingredients (dry matter, fat, ash) experienced a non-significant progressive decrease (p>0.05). A still non-significant decrease in protein content occurred during the first two days of storage. From the second day, the difference became significant (p<0.001). The study of density variation showed a slight non-significant increase (p>0.15) over time. These results have allowed us to confirm that the analyzed camel milk, has a number of particularities in its chemical and physical composition, which prolongs its shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of incorporating high value fodder on the productive performance of experimental Prim Holstein cows in lactation. Methods: This supplementary feed ration is composed of a mixture of green grass silage and meadow hay. The effect of this incorporation on milk production and cheesemaking quality was studied on a batch of twenty-five high-lactation cows in experimental stalls. Result: Physico-chemical analysis showed that concentrate and hay are energy-dense feeds, with the highest dry matter and crude cellulose content However, the fodder ration is richer in crude protein and minerals. Evaluation of the chemical composition of milk in the high-lactation phase revealed a significant difference between the experimental batch and the control batch in terms of protein, dry matter and urea content, but no difference was observed in terms of fat, lactose and mineral content. Analysis of production performance data clearly showsed that the fodder ration significantly improved milk production and technological milk quality. The use of green fodder remainsed effective in improving milk production performance and the cheese-making quality of the milk. Technological milk coagulation times have been optimized to ensure the correct orientation of the targeted cheese matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tharparkar cattle are an important dual breed of desert which can be improved for sustainable milk production by using different molecular markers and through selective breeding. Although, genetic studies done on Tharparkar, are fewer, there is need of more attention on genetic studies and identification of useful markers and SNPs associated with production traits. This review article describes the production and reproduction performance of the breed and emphasizes more on genetic studies, breed characterization, marker assisted selection or identification of molecular markers, genomic assessment, etc. to improve the breed status. Molecular markers for heat tolerance, disease resistance, high fat and protein production, A2 milk composition identified in Tharparkar cattle positively encourage breeders to improve the breed for future use. It may help the government agencies to undertake systematic animal husbandry practices and breed improvement programmes so that high quality germ plasm may be provided to the farmers for breed improvement in rural area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tarai buffalo is indigenous buffalo breed of Uttarakhand state, dual purpose, well adapt to hot-humid climatic condition of Tarai area. This study aimed to evaluate the alterations in the hemato-biochemical, endocrine, milk somatic cell count and milk composition in lactating Tarai buffaloes. Methods: Thirty-six healthy Tarai buffaloes were selected from four different Gujjar farms and divided into four groups consisting nine buffaloes in each group as early (60±30 days), mid (120±30 days) and late (180±30 days) lactation stages and dry buffaloes. Both blood and milk samples were collected once from each lactation stage of selected animals. Hematological parameters and milk composition were evaluated by standard procedures and methods. Biochemical and endocrine parameters were evaluated using commercially available kits as per manufacturer's protocol. Milk somatic cell count (SCC) was done by direct microscopic counts using Newman Lampert stain. Result: It observed significantly (p<0.05) higher TLC value but lower plasma glucose, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus and urea levels during early lactation stage. Significantly (p<0.05) declined in plasma total protein during late lactation stage and triglyceride in dry cows. Plasma hormone significantly (p<0.05) higher in cortisol during early lactation while higher T4 and insulin in late lactation stages. Milk fat, urea and total solids were significantly (p<0.05) decreased during early lactation and again increased during late lactation while milk SCC significantly (p<0.05) higher during early and late lactation stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Here we investigate whether the composition and some chemical properties of milk can correlate with bacterial species causing subclinical mastitis in cows. Methods: One hundred and eighty cows were used in the study. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied to the selected cows. The cows were divided into four groups: cows with negative CMT (n=45), the Escherichia coli (n=45), Streptococcus agalactiae (n=45) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=45) groups. Result: Milk composition and some chemical properties were measured. The highest fat ratio (5.82±0.34%) was found in the Escherichia coli group (p<0.05). The proportions of solid-non-fat (9.67±0.09%), protein (3.51±0.03%), lactose (5.29±05%) and mineral matter (0.75±0.01%) were lowest in the Escherichia coli group (p<0.05). The electrical conductivity of milk was lowest in the CMT-negative group (4.23±0.02 mS/cm), while the Streptococcus agalactiae group had the highest value (4.61±0.02 mS/cm) (p<0.05). The specific gravity of the Escherichia coli group was lower than the CMT-negative (1,034.91±0.56 kg/m3) and Staphylococcus aureus (1,034.24±0.65 kg/m3) groups (p<0.05). Based on our findings, we propose that milk composition and some chemical parameters are altered in subclinical mastitis. However, these could not be standardized according to the responsible bacterial species. We recommend that these parameters are monitored regularly on dairy farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s, a growing interest in goat milk was noticed due to the nutritional values and health benefits of this milk, which resulted in increasing goat populations and milk production worldwide. This comprehensive review elaborates on goat milk composition compared to other types of milk. It is also an overview of goat milk production, properties, nourishment value, applications in dairy products and potential health benefits. Goat milk composition and its characteristics are slightly different from other types of milk and can be utilized to manufacture many dairy products. Fresh goat milk and goat milk products (e.g., yogurt and kefir) were found to provide various potential health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, preventing cardiovascular disease, anti-diabetic and antihypertensive, strengthening bones, boosting immunity and improving metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as somatoliberin is a releasing hormone of growth hormone (GH). GHRH is a peptide hormone found mainly in the hypothalamus. The gene is significantly associated with increase milk yield in cattle. The objective of this study was to identify the polymorphism in the GHRH gene (GHRH/HaeIII) and to evaluate the relationship between the polymorphism with the breeding values for first lactation milk production and composition traits of Sahiwal cattle reared using PCR-RFLP. Methods: A total of 130 animals were included in the study. PCR-RFLP analysis of each 297 bp PCR product was carried out using HaeIII restriction enzyme. The single trait animal model was considered for the estimation of breeding values using WOMBAT software. To study the effect of genotype on the individual trait, PROC GLM (SAS 4.3) was used. Result: PCR-RFLP analysis of GHRH gene revealed three genotypes with genotypic frequencies as; 0.05 (AA), 0.42 (AB) and 0.53 (BB). The allelic frequencies for A and B allele were 0.26 and 0.74, respectively. Sahiwal cows with AA genotype have significantly higher (p<0.017) fat percentage in milk while the cows with BB genotype; while the BB genotype cows characterized by significantly higher (p<0.025) first lactation 305 day milk yield. Among the three genotypes, BB was most abundant while AA genotype was rarest in the screened Sahiwal samples. The identified potential genetic marker could be used for the development of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) strategy for higher milk yield and milk composition traits in Sahiwal cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the dairy sector is economically important to many countries of the world. However, the dairy sector has faced many constraints due to the unavailability of quality and quantity of feed resources and their responses on growth, health and reproduction in dairy animals. The total mixed ration (TMR) is an alternate strategy to overcome the feed shortage of lactating cows by utilizing available feed resources effectively and efficiently. This review article elaborates the effects of TMR on the production and reproduction performance of lactating dairy cows. Interestingly, TMR feeding has a significant effect on the body weight, feed intake, feed efficiency, milk yield and composition and reproductive performances of lactating dairy cows. Feeding TMR to dairy animals was investigated to provide a balanced diet, reduce feed wastage and save labour cost and time. Hence, feeding TMR as per the animal requirement is more efficient as compared to traditional feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Methionine and choline supplementation can aid in nutritionally managing transition Surti buffaloes. Present study has evaluated blood biochemical metabolites, milk yield and its changes in composition on supplementation of rumen protected methionine (RPM) and choline (RPC) in transition Surti buffaloes. Methods: Twenty-seven pregnant multiparous Surti buffaloes in three groups (n=9) from -15 d to 30 d postpartum received supplementation as: T1 (Control: basal diet), T2 (basal diet + RPM@10 gm/animal/day) and T3 (basal diet + RPM@10 gm/animal/day + RPC@ 50 gm/animal/day). Sample was collected at beginning, 1st, 3rd and 6th week for blood and at 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th week postpartum for milk. Milk yield was recorded upto 100 days postpartum. Result: Postpartum TC, HDL and VLDL differed significantly (P<0.05) being highest in T3 and lowest in control (T1) whereas it was reverse for NEFA and BHBA. Supplemented groups had significantly lower TG levels at 1st and 3rd week postpartum. Milk fat upto 9th and SNF, protein, lactose, TAS, Ca, P and Mg upto 6th week were significantly (P<0.05) highest in T3, followed by T2 and T1. It was concluded that RPC along with RPM supplementation is more beneficial than only RPM supplementation in terms of enhancing liver health, reducing negative energy balance and improving milk quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dry period duration of dairy cow is considered as an important factor to maintain udder health and milk production. Methods: To investigate the effect of dry period duration (DPD) on udder health, milk production and body condition of dairy cows at lower Gangetic tropics, observations were taken from 25 Jersey crossbred cows which were divided into 2 comparable group viz: 1st group (11 cows), having 50 to 60 days DPD and 2nd group (14 cows), having more than 60 days DPD. Result: Statistically analyzed data revealed that milk somatic cell count, MCMT, milk pH and EC were significantly (P<0.01) varied between two group from second month onwards and continue up to 4th months of lactation. Critical analysis of battery tests clearly confirmed the diagnosis for occurring of subclinical mastitis with poor udder health status in 2nd group. Total milk production/day/cow were almost similar in both group in first month but second month onwards significantly (P<0.01) higher milk production was recorded in 1st than 2nd group. The milk composition parameters revealed non-significant difference between groups whereas milk quality parameter significantly (P<0.01) better in 1st than 2nd group. Initial BCS of dry cow of both groups were similar. But BCS at calving was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 2nd than 1st group with higher negative changes in BCS % in 2nd group as compared to 1st group. It can be concluded that dry period duration of 50-60 days is better over to prolonged dry period (>60 days). Suitable changes in BCS from dry period to calving is beneficial to get higher milk production, quality, better maintenance of body condition and udder health status of Jersey crossbred cows at tropical lower Gangetic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study was carried out at the Dairy farm of Banaras Hindu University, Dist. Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh). Twelve (12) Sahiwal and Hariana cows ranging 4 - 6 years of age was randomly selected for present investigations. Animals were stratified for their initial body weight and age. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of feeding chelated mineral based formulation on dairy cow production performance, namely milk yield and milk composition. Methods: The trial was conducted with dairy cows 3 - 4 months of lactation. The experimental treatments included: Fedamin (Chelated minerals, given 50 gm. /day/ cow) and control. The study lasted from 0 to 30 days. Milk yield and milk composition of cows were measured individually on days 1, 8, 15, 22 and 30. Result: The Fedamin treated group (Chelated minerals) improved the milk yield and fat percentage in milk during this study as compared to control and specific gravity, solid-not fat, protein, lactose and total solids of milk differ non-significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cheese-making ability of milks varies due to its chemical composition and several factors related to good farming practices. Methods: Among these factors, the lactation stage was studied on a batch of 15 Prim'Holstein dairy cows under real production conditions at the experimental farm of the University of Mostaganem. The fresh milks produced were tested with simple criteria of chemical composition in protein rate, butyrous rate, mineral intake, on coagulation ability and cheese yield with a repeatability spread over 3 months. Result: The results indicated that the lactation stage has a significant effect, on the composition of milk, especially in terms of protein and mineral richness and on its ability to coagulate. In addition, the urea dosage showed a deficiency in the food ration of digestible nitrogen to the herd directly influenced the protein mass of milk and consequently on the technological processing times and cheese yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to review the effects of physically effective fiber on rumen function, milk yield, and milk composition and the optimum requirement for dairy cows. Dietary fiber is a vital component of feed that regulates the rumen functions and improves milk quality and milk yield in ruminants. The appropriate particle size and quantity of dietary fiber in the diets of dairy cows help to prevent the occurrence of ruminal disorders and promote healthy rumen functioning and productivity. Currently, sub-acute ruminal acidosis is a common problem in a modern dairy production system. The disease is caused by lack of adequate amount of physically effective dietary fiber in animal feed. Long sized dietary fiber particles stimulate chewing and saliva production would help to maintain reticulo-ruminal buffering capacity. The optimum requirement of fiber for dairy cows depends on the physical form of the fiber source, the chemical composition of the total ration, the stage of lactation and level of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As herd sizes have increased in the last decades due to commercialization of dairy sector, computer monitoring solutions, which provide fast and accurate evaluation of body condition score, gain more and more importance. The main reasons that discourage the use of traditional BCS estimation techniques are the lack of computerized reports, its subjectivity in the judgment, observational variations and time consuming on farm training of technicians. Moreover, measurement on a cow must be collected every 30 days interval throughout the lactation period to have valuable information for use in selection indices. However, an automated BCS largely diminishes the need for labor, time and training, be less stressful for the animals, increase accuracy and could provide large volumes of data for use in genetic evaluation. The sonography is also good technique to detect depletion of body fat reserve by measuring back fat thickness (BFT) in conjunction with BCS in dairy cattle. In India, BCS monitoring technique is not well adopted due to lack of farm mechanization, awareness and an extra labor charges, can create a burden on farm finances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goat is a versatile animal having short generation interval with lower investment cost and higher prolificacy. The present study was carried out at Goat farm, LPM, GBPUAT, Pantnagar. During the entire study the fresh milk samples of Pantja goats were taken according to lactation order and stage viz., 1st (Upto 30 days), 2nd (31 to 60 days) and 3rd (above 61 days) stage of lactation were analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The values of milk composition were significantly affected by lactation order and stage of lactation and their interaction. The color of Pantja goat milk was perfectly white in all the lactation order and lactation stages. The specific gravity and boiling point of milk increased significantly from 1st to 3rd lactation order and with advancement of lactation stage. The milk composition; fat, protein, total solids, solids not fat, total ash and chemical properties viz. titratable acidity of milk was increased significantly in advanced lactation order and stage of lactation except, pH, water and carbohydrate which showed a declining trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze effect of genetic and environmental factors on milk production traits of indigenous Balkan goat breed. The average milk yield of 150.43 kg in lactation that lasted 211.09 days was significantly influenced by flock and lactation, while average daily milk yield (0.724 kg) was additional significantly affected by stage of lactation (P<0.001). Variability of milk components content (fat, protein and solid nonfat -- SNF) was under significant effect of flock and stage of lactation, interaction of these two factors and random effect of animal (P<0.001), while strain and lactation did not have significant effect on these traits (P>0.05). Goats of AA genotype of alpha S1 casein had significantly higher fat, protein and SNF content than AF and FF genotype. These results provide important data that could be used as baseline for design of breeding program for improvement of production traits of Balkan goat breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to investigate the polymorphisms in the ABCG2 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2) gene and to reveal the association of genotypes with breeding value (BV) for first lactation milk yield and milk composition traits of Karan Fries (HF crossbred) cattle. The traits were adjusted against the significant effect of non-genetic factors. PCR-RFLP analysis of ABCG2 (exon 14) gene revealed three genotypes. AA genotype in ABCG2 gene had significant effect on BV for average test day fat percentage. The identified potential genetic marker could be used for the development of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) strategy for higher milk yield and milk composition traits in Karan Fries Cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is produced by the mammary gland of mammals to feed their young ones. Milk is an important nutrient-rich beverage that benefits our health. This article aims to study the effect of Asparagus racemosus root powder on milk yield and milk composition. The experiment was performed to determine the milk yield and milk protein, fat, total milk solid, and milk acidity after using Asparagus racemosus as a food supplement. The animals were selected based on purposive sampling to select lactate buffalo to avoid or reduced the error. During the experiment, animals fed in three phases; control, treatment, and the residual phase. In control phase animal diet normal ration, whereas in the treatment phase, a buffalo was diet 120 gram of Asparagus racemosus root powder in addition to its normal diet per buffalo per day. While in the residual phase, the animal was diet only normal ration. Each phase has been 5 days. The Milk collected from lactating buffalo in three phases; control, treatment, and the residual period. Each period has been five day. We also measured milk yield per day per buffalo. About 50 ml of milk was collected from each five buffalo every morning for 15 days. The data was analyzed through one way ANOVA and T-test using the procedure of statistical software. The result indicates that the diet was statistically significant effecting on milk yield at 5% (0.0196), protein at 1% (0.0113) and fat at 1% (0.0007) while the insignificant effect on milk acidity p > 30 (0.3909) and total solid p > 80 (0.8904). Therefore, feeding Asparagus racemosus, positively affects milk yield and milk protein and milk fat content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to compare conventional preservatives used in milk analysis, including potassium dichromate and bronopol with a non-toxic and biodegradable preservative such as methylene blue, to verify their effectiveness and limitations of use. This was achieved by comparing their effects on raw milk composition at different storage temperatures. The best performing preservative doses were 0.1, 0.036 and 0.01% for potassium dichromate, bronopol, and methylene blue respectively. Raw milk composition was significantly affected (p < 0.05) during the storage period at 25°C for all tested preservatives. However, at 4°C, potassium dichromate and bronopol preservatives maintained stable milk composition during 10 days of storage, whereas methylene blue maintained stable milk composition for three days. Methylene blue can be considered as an environmentally friendly and safe alternative for short-term preservation of refrigerated raw milk samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred twelve China Holstein cows with similar body weight and lactation stage were selected. The average daily milk yield of one half was 20.34±1.61kg and the other was 25.41±2.97kg. In each herd, the cows were randomly assigned to two groups. The control diets (I and II) were the original dairy farm diets, and the test diets (I and II) were the corresponding control diets adjusted by CPM-Dairy (Cornell-Penn-Miner Dairy System). The diagnosis for the two original diets showed the ME and MP balance were greater than the cow requirement. The rumen peptide balance also showed the same tendency. Both test diets had lower CP (%/DM) than the corresponding Control diet by 1.60% and 2.5%, respectively. However, both the RUPs (%/CP) were increased a little in the two test diets. The MP allowed daily milk yield of Control diet I was greater than the actual daily milk yield and ME allowed daily milk yield (P < 0.05), but they didn't present significant difference in Test diet I (P > 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the milk yield parameters of imported Estonian and American Holsteins in response to same sire insemination. The means for 305-day milk yield produced by the groups were between 8180 and 10851 kg, which points out a yield higher than most of those reported in the literature. American Holsteins were superior to Estonian cows with 2036 kg more milk in the first and 1147 kg in the second lactation period. For environmental factors, calving age itself had no augmenter effect on milk yield unless it was accompanied by parturition. The calving season and dam age had no significant effect on milk yield, but longer dry periods generally resulted in more milk yield. Fat, protein and lactose components were determined as 3.7, 3.3 and 4.6% during the first and second lactation periods. As a result, the imported breeds produced high milk yield performance with optimal components in Niğde province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SNF/TS percent in cows'milk, collected from five dairy plants of Gujarat state were estimated using both volumetric and gravimetric method. Separate modified Richmond formulae for calculating SNF/TS have been proposed for each dairy plant. The equations worked out for individual dairy plant reflects region specificity in composition of milk.The correction factor ranged from 0.57 to 1.24 in one equation and 0.42 to 1.11 in the second to match with the results obtained by gravimetric method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to determine the efficacy of premilking teat sanitation applications on milk composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and test day milk yield (TDMY) in Holstein cows. The research was conducted in two private farms located in Hódmezõvásárhely, South- Hungary. In the first trial, only water and drying application (WD) was practiced to 791 cows and in the second trial, disinfectant solution and drying application (DD) was performed to 1418 cows. Fat (F), protein (P) and lactose (L) were tested as the milk parameters and SCC and TDMY records were also evaluated. To investigate the effects of non-genetic factors on the parameters, four parity and three days in milk groups were designed. L, SCC and TDMY were affected by parity in both applications, and P affected by DD (P<0.01). All traits were affected by DIM in both applications (P<0.05 or P<0.01). While positive correlations were estimated between F and P; F and SCC; P and SCC; L and TDMY; the negative correlations were determined between F and L; F and TDMY; P and L; P and TDMY; L and SCC; SCC and TDMY. The means of F, P and SCC were higher in DD, but L and TDMY were higher in WD (P<0.05). The study revealed that cleaning the udder using plenty of water and drying the teats with clean clothes are suggested to dairy owners as a preferential premilking application to obtain high quality milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study was to determine the effect of feeding sweet sorghum on yield and composition of crossbred (HF x Deoni) cow milk. Nine lactating crossbred cows of about same body weight and production were divided into three groups and allotted to three dietary treatments as follows 0: 100 (T1), 50: 50 (T2) and 75: 25 (T3) sweet sorghum: maize fodder among green fodder on dry matter basis. Except green fodder variation, animals of all treatments were offered ad libitum sorghum straw and concentrate mixture according to their level of production. Dry matter intake ranged from 9.66 to 10.08 kg/day. Milk yield ranged from 5.34 to 5.40 kg/day with non significant (P<0.05) differences under all treatments. Concerning to the milk properties, T2 group shows highest fat content (4.76%), whereas, T1 and T3 at par. SNF, TS, Protein, Lactose, Ash, Acidity were in decreasing trend, while moisture was in increasing trend. T2 group shows lowest specific gravity than T1 and T3 group. 75 sweet sorghum green fodder and 25 per cent maize green fodder had produced the milk of same quality. Also, offered two types of forage to dairy cows had good response on fat content than offering one type of forage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is very common in India that with low priced cow milk adulterated high priced buffalo milk. Various techniques are available in market to identify the origin of milk but all these techniques have their own limitations. Thus, DNA based technologies are preferred now a days to identify the origin of food products from animal sources due to high sensitivity and specificity. Currently a PCR based method was developed to identify cow milk in raw buffalo milk. DNA was isolated from milk by DNeasy Mericon food kit (Quiagen,USA) which resulted in DNA of requisite quality for downstream applications. A bovine specific primer targeting D-loop (displacement) of mt- DNA (mitochondrial) was selected and standardized to amplify cow DNA. Specificity of primer was tested across the species in the genomic DNA isolated from both milk and blood. The protocol can be sensitive to detect upto 5% level of cow milk in the buffalo milk. Designed protocol was efficient, robust and sensitive and could be used as a platform test in routine quality analysis laboratory. Hence, it could be a great alternative for other protein based methods to identify cow milk in buffalo milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors and to estimate genetic parameters of first lactation 305 days milk yield (FLMY305), 305 days fat yield (LFY), 305 days solid not fat yield (LSNFY), 305 days total solid yield (LTSY), 305 days fat percentage (FAT%), 305 days solid not fat percentage (SNF%) and 305 days total solid percentage (TS%) in Murrah buffaloes. The data of 315 Murrah buffaloes calved from 1993 to 2013 and sired by 47 bulls maintained in an organized farm at ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal was analyzed to study the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors. Least squares analysis was done to estimate the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on FLMY305, LFY, LSNFY, LTSY, FAT%, SNF% and TS%. Heritability estimates were obtained by using paternal half-sib correlation method. The heritability estimates for FLMY305, LFY, LSNFY, LTSY, FAT%, SNF% and TS% traits were found to be 0.30, 0.29, 0.30, 0.30, 0.05, 0.02 and 0.06, respectively. Very high and positive genetic and phenotypic correlations of FLMY305 with milk constituents' yield traits implied that selection based on FLMY305 would result in correlated response in milk constituents yield traits and therefore need not to be considered separately for their improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is considered as one of the important production disease in dairy cows which incurs huge economic losses to dairy industry, despite considerable efforts has been dedicated to solve it for the last two decades. In the present study, the impact of dry cow therapy (DCT) on incidence of clinical mastitis, milk yield and composition in crossbred cows was studied. About 20 healthy crossbred cows were selected at dry-off and randomly allotted either to control or treatment group. Daily milk yield of cows was recorded up to 45 days post-partum and fortnightly separate quarter wise milk samples were collected for estimation of milk composition. While no quarter in the treatment group showed clinical mastitis, 33.33% of quarters in control group showed clinical mastitis within 45 days post-partum. Milk production increased by 9.71, 8.40 and 18.18% during first, second and third fortnight with overall value 11.84% during the entire 45 days post-calving period in DCT treated cows compared to control group. Also, the overall fat-corrected milk, solid-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk production following 45 days post-partum increased significantly (P<0.05) by 22.71, 23.70 and 22.80%, respectively in treated group than control group. However, overall mean milk components such as fat, protein, lactose, SNF and TS remained similar between treatment and control groups. Taken together, the above results indicated that DCT increased milk yield by reducing incidence of clinical mastitis during early lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present investigation was carried out to study the prevalence of bacterial pathogens in clinical and subclinical mastitis in buffaloes during winter season. A total of 118 Murrah buffaloes were screened using California mastitis Test (CMT). Milk samples were collected and analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, SNF, pH, Electrical conductivity (EC) and Somatic Cell Counts (SCC). Out of 118 milk samples, 60 samples (50.84%) were negative for CMT and 58 samples (49.15%) were detected positive for mastitis incidence. Milk pH and EC was significantly higher (p<0.05) in mastitis affected samples than the normal ones, however, protein, fat, SNF and lactose were lower (p<0.05). SCC ranged between 1.28-1.48 x 105 cells/ml (in normal milk samples as compared to 3.85-6.21x 105 cells/ml (p<0.05) in mastitis milk samples. Out of 58 samples only 51 samples exhibited bacterial growth. The culturally examined and characterized samples revealed S. aureus (35.29%) as the predominant bacteria followed by S. agalactiae with an isolation rate of 25.49%. The incidence of coliforms bacteria was not detected in any of the sample cultured and examined. It was concluded that mastitis incidence adversely affect quality of milk by increasing the SCC, pH and EC of milk. Appropriate measures needs to be taken to prevent the incidence of S. aureus bacteria which was the major causative agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine concentration of macroelements (P, Ca, Mg, Na, K), and some microelements, including toxic heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Pb, Cd and Hg) in milk of Jersey cows. Milk samples were collected from Jersey cows kept in tie-stall barn in Greater Poland Province. The feeding was based on total mixed ration mixture. The maximum permitted level of Pb concentration in raw milk (0.02 mg/kg wet weight)was significantly exceeded (0.063±0.035 mg/dm³). The content of Hg was very low (0.106±0.057 µg/dm³).Significant (P≥0.05) Spearman coefficient correlations were observed between contents of some elements in milk. Especially interesting were positive correlations of heavy metals: Cd-Cr, Co-Mn, Cr-Zn, Mn-Zn. Additionally the content of Ca was positively correlated with numerous elements: Hg, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg, and negatively correlated with the content of Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey research was carried out to explore the existing dairy farming status in the tribal populated districts of northern hills zone of Chhattisgarh state. Dairy sector has huge potential to generate rural employment and assures the nutritional security to rural folk who belongs to weaker section of the society. Chhattisgarh state is still in primordial stage in dairy farming though the state has good number of cattle population compared to other leading milk producing states. To augment the dairy production in the rural areas, surveying and analysis of existing dairying status is essential and this result helps the planners, administrators, development workers, scientists and others to frame policies to implement developmental schemes. The results indicated that, more than half (56.33%) of the tribal dairy farmers falling under the category of subsistence level of dairy production system, about half (44.67%) of the respondents possessing medium herd size, non-descript dairy cattle ranks first in the livestock category numbers (865), followed by draught animal (539), cross breeds (126), nondescript upgraded (93), Buffalo upgraded + ND (79), Scrub bulls (27) and Calves (ND + CB + BC were (146). Nondescript lactating cows had 1.24 litres/animal as an average milk production with the maximum of 2 litres and minimum of 250 ml. Crossbred, Upgraded buffaloes and Upgraded non-descript dairy animals had shown the superior milk production performance in F2 generation. Less than half (45.33%) of the tribal farmers producing less than 1.2 litres of milk per day and majority (64.67%) of the respondents selling surplus milk through middle man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major alteration in the milk composition due to mastitis includes presence of somatic cells (neutrophills, monocytes, macrophages and mammary epithelial cells), bactericidal and bacteriostatic compounds and certain enzymes. Antibiotic residue violation and presence of foodborn pathogens with/without their toxins is another threat of immense importance. These changes in the milk account for the deterioration of the milk quality, risk of health hazards and also its acceptance in the international market. Of all these components, milk somatic cells are the single most widely used indicator of the udder health and mastitis. Somatic cell count (SCC) is used as a system for measurement of milk quality internationally. Strict legislation for monitoring the minimum SCC level is followed to ensure healthy milk in most of the developed countries. This paper introduces the concept of 'Clean White Revolution' and reviews the importance of SCC as a measure to ensure hygienic milk production in India. It also emphasizes upon a need to strengthen the existing legislations concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A farm experiment was carried out to assess the effect of vitamin E and selenium I/M injection on performance of buffaloes during heat stress period in Tikamgarh district of Bundelkhand Agroclimatic zone. A total of 24 animals (80±10 days postpartum and 650±25 kg body weight) were randomly divided in to 3 treatments with 8 buffaloes in each group in a completely randomized design and received a balance feed as per BIS 1992 (Type-II). T2 group was injected with 10 ml from a solution of vitamin E and selenium after interval of 10 days and T3 group was injected I/M with 10 ml from solution of vitamin E and selenium after interval of 15 days. Dry matter intake and milk yield and milk composition in T2 & T3 was observed to be higher (P>0.05) than control group. The respiration rate and pulse rate were observed to be significantly higher (P>0.05) in T1 group than T2 & T3, rectal temperature was also significantly higher in T1 (P>0.05). Thermal heat index was also calculated and reported in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goat is one of the main contributors of milk and meat products. Goat milk is different from cow and human milk in composition, nutritional and therapeutic attributes. The compositional differences are of significance in indicating the technological suitability for goat milk processing and its products. The differences in composition of cow milk and goat milk may result into the products with different sensory characteristics, nutritional and therapeutic values. Goat milk contains higher amount of Ca, Mg and P than cow and human milk but vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folate contents are less. Goat milk is recommended for infants, old and convalescent people. Three fatty acids viz., caproic, caprylic and capric have great medicinal values for patients suffering from a variety of ailments. Further, it is worthwhile to compare the milk of goats with that of cows and note benefits or limitations which may result from differences found. Goat milk products other than cheese and pasteurized milk are considered to be the diary products with greatest marketing potential. Therefore, several characteristic of goat milk are currently the focus of increased research interest. Fermented goat milk incorporating live probiotic cells represent a group of products with great prospects in the future with regard to their nutritive and therapeutic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality changes in milk adulterated with different concentrations of adulterants like urea, detergent, ammonium sulphate and neutralizers were determined using physico-chemical and microbiological quality characteristics. Addition of detergents at 0.1 to 0.9% concentrations showed an increase in the refractive index (RI). Specific gravity increased with incremental addition of detergent. Same trend was observed with total solids, total ash and pH; whereas, moisture, fat and lactose contents decreased. Microbial growth in the adulterated milk did not show much variation in the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine textural properties (hardness, composition) related to nine Slovak Bryndza commercial samples (industrial cheeses from pasteurized ewe milk) targeted to uniaxial compression. Instrumental texture measurements were found to vary between samples because of the manufacturing procedure and composition. In both evaluated texture traits, the highest average values 1.555 kg and 2.185 kg/s were recorded in the sample SL 7. On the other hand, the lowest average value for hardness (0.254 kg) and composition (0.439 kg/s) was detected in the sample SL 4. Non-parametric Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to evalute the texture characteristics of these cheeses. Significant differences (p<0.05) were recorded in measured peak possitive force values (presents hardness) upon comparative trials in 23 cases and 22 significant differences were found in positive area values (presents composition). In conclusion, understanding the formation of textural properties during the product development, production or storage can reduce the variability of current commercial bryndza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kheer is sweetened dish of rice cooked in milk first finds mention as 'Payas'. Sweet potato kheer was prepared from different levels of sweet potato paste viz. 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 per cent on the basis of buffalo milk. Control kheer was prepared using 2.5 per cent rice in buffalo milk. The parameters considered for the present study were pH, viscosity, moisture, fat, protein, total solids and ash. The result showed that control kheer was significantly superior over kheer prepared from 2.5% sweet potato. PH was decreasing as the level of sweet potato paste increases. On the contrary as the level of sweet potato increased the viscosity also increased significantly. The moisture content of sweet potato kheer decreased as the level of sweet potato increased. As fat was concerned as the level of sweet potato increaseed the fat decreased with non significant effect. Similarly slight protein was also increased. However carbohydrate, total solids and ash content of kheer increased as the level of sweet potato increased with non-significant effect. The total solid, carbohydrate and ash content of sweet potato kheer increases whereas moisture and fat decreased as the level sweet potato increased. This might be due to higher carbohydrate and lower moisture content in sweet potato as compared to milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colostrum chhana was prepared by using different Concentration of citric acid solution i.e. 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 per cent. Chhana was evaluated for sensory attributes. Results revealed that 0.5 per cent citric acid solution upto 3rd milking, 1.0 per cent in 4th and 5th and 1.5 in 6th and 7th milking was most suitable for preparation of colostrum chhana. Milk and colostrum (70: 30) from 7th milking scored highest. The flavor, body & texture and colour and appearance scores of colostrum chhana were comparable to control. The samples scoring lower values showed various flavour defects including cooked, sour, acidic with moist body and lack of uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was planned to find out the concentration of heavy metal residues such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and nickel (Ni) in goat milk which was collected from three different areas (industrial, semi-industrial and non-industrial) of Hosur, (Tamilnadu). A total of 144 milk samples collected from goat were analyzed to determine the metallic concentration by using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results indicated that heavy metals concentration were higher in industrial area, than from the semi-industrial and nonindustrial areas but well within the prescribed permissible limit. Among the five heavy metals analyzed in the milk samples, cadmium was higher than the other elements viz., lead, mercury, nickel and arsenic. From the study, it was concluded that, the concentration of heavy metals in goats milk were generally low but differed (P<0.01) significantly. The milk used for human consumption is not fully free from hazardous heavy metals and well within the safer limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty one lactating goats were divided into three groups of seven each and fed with three different diets in the ratio of 50:50, concentrate : roughage. Acacia nilotica pods were incorporated @ 0, 33 and 50 % in concentrate mixture equivalent to tannin concentration of 0, 3 and 4.5 % in the total mixed ration (TMR) I, II and III respectively. Native babul pods were supplemented in group II while in group III, it was treated with 3% Ca (OH)2 before supplementation. The overall body weight during 9 fortnights revealed that body weight gain was similar amongst all the three groups. The overall DMI (kg/d) in different treatments remained similar during whole experimental period. Fortnightly milk and 4% FCM yields were non-significantly higher in TMR II than control. However, fortnightly milk composition was similar among the treatment groups. It is concluded that Acacia nilotica pods may be incorporated up to 33% in concentrate mixture of lactating goats without affecting milk production and its composition and it may be increased up to 50% by treating with Ca (OH)2 before use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both ass's and camel's milk are less familiar than cow and buffalo milk in India. However, ass's milk is used in some parts of India as a local medicine for curing certain diseases. Camel milk is used as food in many parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan. In all 20 samples of ass's milk and 20 samples of camel's milk were processed for various chemical analysis. A wide variation in the quality of raw ass's milk and camel's milk were observed. The percentage of total solids, fat, total protein, lactose and ash ranged between 6.00-10.60 and 9.07-14.30; 1.00-2.00 and 3.15-5.00; 1.20-1.87 and 2.80-4.85; 3.20-7.24 and 2.25-5.00; 0.53-0.95 and 0.60-1.00 respectively for ass's and camel' milk. However, all the other parameters triglycerides, fat, total protein, ash contents of camel' milk were significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of ass's milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive study was undertaken to ascertain some of the chemical properties of milk of a newly evolved genotype named 'Phule Triveni'. During investigation the effect of first three lactation order and four lactation stages on fat, total solids, SNF, lactose and ash was assessed. The overall mean values of fat, total solids and SNF, were found to be 4.26, 13.39 and 9.13, per cent, respectively, all of them being significantly (P<0.05) affected by the stage of lactation but lactation order and its interaction with the stage of lactation did not significantly affect these parameters. It was also noticed that the fat and SNF content were well above PFA limits as well as fulfilling the requirements laid down by the Maharashtra government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]