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Biodiesel is a domestically produced, clean-burning, renewable substitute for petroleum diesel. Using biodiesel as a vehicle fuel increases energy security, improves air quality and the environment, and provides safety benefits. . This study extracted, characterized and determined the physicochemical properties of biodiesel produced from Desert date (B. aegyptiaca) seed oil using Soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as the extraction solvent. The oil obtained was characterized using FTIR and GC-MS analyses and its physicochemical properties determined. The oil obtained was subsequently transesterified using methanol and KOH catalyst. The obtained biodiesel was characterized and its physicochemical properties determined. The result showed that B. aegyptiaca seed oil had density of 0.9 g/cm3, viscosity of 6 cSt at 40 0C and viscosity of 2.5 cSt at 100 0C. The cloud and pour points of the oil was 21 and 9 0C respectively. The oil comprised of eleven fatty acids; predominantly linoleic acid (21.88 %), vaccenic acid (13.90 %) and palmitic acid (10.96 %). The biodiesel had density of 0.88 g/cm3, kinematic viscosity of 4.2 cSt, cloud and pour points of 16 0C and 7 0C respectively. The biodiesel also had free fatty acid (FFA) of 0.79 %, iodine value of 42 mgI2/100g and saponification value of 176. The biodiesel primarily consisted of 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (45.46 %), Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (20.12 %), Butyl-9,12-Octadecadienoate (12.43 %) and Heptadecanoic acid-16-methyl ester (10.43 %). The properties obtained for the biodiesel were comparable to those of biodiesels reported in literature and thus, shows remarkable potentials to be used as substitute to fossil-based diesel fuel.

One of the many biomarkers for determining the effects of pollutants on fish is changes in organ histopathology. Leaves of Balanites aegyptiaca have been reported to have phytochemicals with fish anaesthetic property. This study sought to determine the effect of graded acute concentrations (200.00, 250.00, 300.00.350.00 and 400.00 mg/L) of B. aegyptiaca on histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of mixed sex of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. A total of 120 O. niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 23±0.03 g and mean total length 12.50±0.39 cm) were exposed to the plant extract. Paraffin wax method and haematoxylin-eosin staining techniques of tissue processing were adopted for the examination of the gills, kidney and liver. Dose-dependent histopathological changes were observed in the three organs (gills, kidney and liver) i.e. histopathological alterations increase with increase in concentration of the plant extract. Gills showed lamellae fusion, haemorrhage, desquamation, atrophy and secondary lamellae erosion while kidney and liver indicated atrophy, necrosis, haemorrhage, hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Structural alterations were evident in the gills, kidney and liver of O. niloticus fingerlings exposed to the concentrations of aqueous crude leaf extract of B. aegyptiaca therefore it should be used with caution during fish anaesthesia. Keywords: Histopathology; Gill; Kidney; Liver; Balanites aegyptiaca; Oreochromis niloticus.

Dans la région de Tillabery au Sud-Ouest du Niger confrontée à des sècheresses récurrentes, les espèces agroforestières comme Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) jouent un rôle important dans la vie des communautés locales. Le présent article analyse les caractéristiques de Balanites aegyptiaca et son importance socioéconomique dans la région. L’étude se base sur des inventaires et des mesures dendrométriques menées dans les villages de Mari, Tamou Kaina, Kobio et Sansani Haoussa, et un total de 120 utilisateurs de Balanites aegyptiaca interviewés sur l’usage de l’espèce. Les résultats montrent que Balanites aegyptiaca occupe le premier rang des essences ligneuses avec un taux d’occupation de l’espace de 93%. Les diamètres varient de 24,25±0,7 à Tamou Kaina à30,60±1,9 à Sansane Haoussa. Les hauteurs varient de 5,30±0,1 à Mari et 6,16 ±1,6 à Tamou Kaina. Un indice de diversité de Shannon inférieur à 2,5 dans tous les sites indique une faible diversité. Les enquêtes montrent que toutes les parties de Balanites aegyptiaca sont utilisées dans l’alimentation humaine et animale, dans les autres activités domestiques, thérapeutiques et commerciales. Les fruits ont un d’usage plus important (80%) que les feuilles (60%), les racines (33%), le bois (53%), les écorces (46%), les fleurs (33%) et les branches (33%). Les actions anthropiques et les pâturages des animaux sont les principaux facteurs qui menacent la population de Balanites dans la zone. Malgré cela, Balanites aegyptiaca reste une espèce très utilisée par les communautés locales, et pourrait contribuer à renforcer leur résilience face à l’insécurité alimentaire et à d’autres chocs. Mots clés : Caractérisation, Balanites aegyptiaca, Perception, Dendrométrie, Carbone Niger. English title: Characterization of the population of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del and the perception of its socioeconomic potential in the southwestern part of NigerIn the region of Tillabery, in the South-western part of Niger confronted with recurrent drought, agroforestry species like Balanites aegyptiaca play an important role in the lives of local communities. The study is based on inventories and dendrometric measurements of trees conducted in the villages of Mari, Tamou Kaina, Kobio and Sansani Haoussa, and on interviews of 120 users of Balanites aegyptiaca on their usage of the species. Results show that Balanites aegyptiaca ranks first in the sites of Mari, Tamou Kaina, Kobio and Sansane Haoussa with an occupation rate of 93%. The average diameters ranged from 24.25 cm (± 0.7) at Tamou Kaina to 30.60 cm (± 1.9) at Sansani Hausa. Average heights ranged from 5.30 m (± 0.1) at Mari to 6.16 m (± 1.6) at Tamou Kaina. The Shannon Diversity Index of less than 2.5 found in all four sites, indicate a low diversity. Surveys carried out revealed that all parts of Balanites aegyptiaca are used in human and animal food, and in other domestic, medical and commercial activities. Fruits have a greater usage value (80%) than leaves (60%), roots (33%), wood (53%), bark (46%), flowers (33%) and branches (33%). Anthropic actions and pastures of animals are the main factors threatening the settlement of the species in the area. B. aegyptiaca remains a popular species among local populations and could contribute in reinforcing their resilience to food insecurity and other shocks.Keywords: Characteristic, Balanites aegyptiaca, Dendrometry, Perception, Socioeconomic factors, Niger.

Study on assessmentof biodiesel fuel potentials of seed crude oil extracts of Balanites aegyptiaaca (L.) Del was carriedout. Standard methods of the Association of Official and Analytical Chemist (AOAC) were adopted to evaluate the proximate, physico-chemical properties and fatty acid compositions of crude seed oil extracts of the test plant. The proximate constituents of the crude seed oil extract gave crude protein (22.09%), crude fat (56.75%), moisturecontent (1.35%), ash (4.70%), crudefiber (12.75%) and carbohydrate (2.36%). The crude oil physicochemical properties included saponification value(216.439mgKOH/g), peroxide value(4.84meq/kg), acid value(2.18mgKOH/g), iodine value(77.08g/100g), viscosity value(150.3@30°C) and cetane number(54.08), refractive index(1.487 @30°C), relative density (0.949g/cm3) while calorific value was 39.03(MJ/kg). The fatty acids composition of crude kernel oil extract of B. aegyptiaca indicated the presence of four (4) fatty acids, with relative percentage abundance (RPA) in the order of 67.17% (9,12-Octadecanoic acid (C19 H3402)) > 16.22% (Pentadecanoic acid (C17H3402)) > 11.8kg% (Heptacosanoic acid (C28H5602)) > 4.72% (Oleic acid(C18H3402)). These properties conferred relative prospects on the crude oil of the test plant as a suitable potential biodiesel substrate and consequently, large scale aforestation efforts be renewed, to guarantee ready availability of the raw materials. Keywords: Balanites aegyptiaca, Biodiesel, proximate, physicochemical, crude seed oil extracts

L’enclave pastorale de Dadaria située dans le département de Mainé-Soroa est devenue une zone de concentration d’animaux locaux et transhumants durant toute l’année. La présente étude vise à caractériser la diversité floristique et la structure démographique des groupements ligneux cette enclave. Les données floristiques et dendrométriques ont été collectées dans 53 placettes de 2500 m² et la régénération a été appréciée dans des placeaux de 25 m². Les résultats montrent une flore ligneuse très pauvre avec 10 espèces réparties dans 7 familles. Les familles les plus représentées sont les Mimosaceae (30%) et les Asclepiadaceae (20%). La classification hiérarchique ascendante (CHA) a permis de discriminer quatre groupements ligneux notamment le groupement à Calotropis procera et Ziziphus mauritiana, le groupement à Balanites aegyptiaca et Acacia senegal, le groupement à Leptadenia pyrotechnica et Salvadora persica et le groupement à Acacia tortilis et Maerua crassifolia. La densité moyenne des adultes varie selon les groupements ligneux de 10 à 35 individus/ha et celle de la régénération de 45 à 64 individus/ha selon les groupements. Les structures en diamètre et hauteur montrent une concentration des individus des premières classes sur l’ensemble des peuplements. Dans les perspectives d’une réhabilitation et d’une gestion durable des écosystèmes pastoraux, cette étude apporte des informations complémentaires sur l’état actuel des peuplements ligneux de Dadaria.Mots clés : Formation pastorale, diversité floristique, densité, régénération naturelle English Title: Floristic richness and demographic structure of the woody populations of the natural sahelian routes of South-East Niger: Case of the pastoral enclave "Dadaria" (Mainé-soroa, Diffa)The pastoral enclave of Dadaria located in the department of Mainé-Soroa became an area of concentration of local and transhumant animals throughout the year. The study aims to characterize the floristic diversity and the demographic structure of the woody groups in this enclave. Floristic and dendrometric data were collected in 53 plots of 2500 m² and regeneration was assessed in 25 m² plots. The results show a very poor woody flora with 10 species distributed in 7 families. The most represented families are the Mimosaceae (30%) and the Asclepiadaceae (20%). The ascending hierarchical classification (CHA) discriminate four woody groups namely: the grouping with Calotropis procera and Ziziphus mauritiana, the grouping with Balanites aegyptiaca and Acacia Senegal, the grouping with Leptadenia pyrotechnica and Salvadora persica and the grouping with Acacia tortilis and Maerua crassifolia. The average density of adults varies according to the woody groups from 10 to 35 individuals / ha and that of regeneration from 45 to 64 individuals / ha depending to the groups. The diameter and height structures show a tree concentration of the first classes on all of the groupings. With a view of a future rehabilitation and sustainable management of pastoral ecosystems, this study provides additional information on the current state of the woody stands of Dadaria.Keywords: Pastoral training, floristic diversity, density, natural regeneration.

Balanites aegyptiaca is a medicinal plant that has been used in a variety of folk medicines in India and Africa for the treatment of different ailments such as syphilis, jaundice, liver and spleen problems, epilepsy, yellow fever. This research aimed at investigating the phyt ochemical constituents, acute toxicity, anti inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the ethanol extract of Balanites aegyptiaca (EEBA) leaves. The plant material was extracted using ethanol as solvent. The dried ethanol extract was screened for the presence of phytochemicals; Acute toxicity (LD50) was determined using Lorke’s method while anti inflammatory and antinociceptive activities were evaluated using hot plate and tail immersion methods in albino rats. Results of the study revealed that phyto chemical constituents such as flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins and glycosides were found in the EEBA, intraperitoneal LD 50 of 2154 mg/kg shows the substance is non toxic. The EEBA produced significant (p

L’autruche d’Afrique du Nord (Struthio camelus camelus) communément appelée autruche à cou rouge a disparu à l’état naturel au Niger depuis 2004. Le présent article est une contribution au processus de réintroduction de cette espèce, qui vise à caractériser la végétation du site dénommé « Tchillala » dans le Koutous, site pilote pour le pré-lâché de l’autruche. Les relevés phytosociologiques ont été effectués à l’aide de la méthode sigmatiste d’abondance-dominance de Braun-Blanquet dans 42 placettes de 1000 m² (50 m × 20 m). Dans chaque placette, la coupe de la phytomasse herbacée a été réalisée dans des carrés de rendement de 1 m². Au total, soixante-six (66) espèces réparties en cinquante un (51) genres et vingt-huit (28) familles ont été recensées. La classification hiérarchique ascendante des relevés a permis d’individualiser trois groupements végétaux : le groupement à Acacia tortilis et Tribulus terrestris, le groupement à Balanites aegyptiaca et Zornia glochidiata et le groupement à Leptadenia pyrotechnica et Echinochloa colona. La richesse spécifique de ces groupements végétaux varie de quarante un (41) à soixante-deux (62) espèces. L’indice de diversité de Shannon varie de 4,01 à 3,16 bits et l’indice d’équitabilité de Piélou de 0,56 à 0,67. La productivité moyenne de la phytomasse herbacée des trois groupements est de 0,48±0,17 tonnes de matière sèche par hectare et une capacité de charge moyenne de 0,07±0,02 UBT/ha/an. Les spectres biologiques des groupements montrent une dominance des thérophytes. Quant aux spectres phytogéographiques, ils montrent une dominance des espèces paléotropicales. Ce site possède un potentiel floristique pour faire le pré-lâchage des autruches.Mots clés : Struthio camelus camelus, phytosociologie, productivité, réintroduction, Koutous, Niger English Title: Phytodiversity and herbaceous productivity of the future site of pre-release ostrich of North Africa (Struthio camelus camelus L.) in Koutous, Niger The North African ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus), commonly known as the Red-necked Ostrich, which has been extirpated from Niger since 2004. This article is a contribution to the reintroduction process of this species; aims to characterize the vegetation of the site called "Tchillala" in the Koutous, pilot site for the ostrich pre-release. The phytosociological surveys were carried out using the Braun-Blanquet sigmatism abundance-dominance method in 42 plots of 1000 m² (50 m × 20 m). In each plot, herbaceous phytomass was cut in yield squares of 1 m². A total of sixty-six (66) species divided into fifty-one (51) genera and twenty-eight (28) families were identified. The ascending hierarchical classification of the surveys has shown three plants groups such as Acacia tortilis and Tribulus terrestris group, Balanites aegyptiaca and Zornia glochidiata group and Leptadenia pyrotechnica and Echinochloa colona group. The species richness of these plant groups varies from 62 to 41 species. The Shannon diversity index varies from 4.01 to 3.16 bits and Piélou's equitability index from 0.56 to 0.67. The average productivity of the herbaceous phytomass of the three groups is 0.48 ± 0.17 tonnes of dry matter per hectare and an average carrying capacity of 0.07±0.02 TLU/ha/year. The biological spectra of the groups show a dominance of therophytes. As for phytogeographic spectra, they show a dominance of paleotropical species. This site has a floristic potential to pre-release the individuals of ostrich.Keywords: Struthio camelus camelus, phytosociology, productivity, reintroduction, Koutous, Niger.

Balanites aegyptiaca est l’une des plantes a usages multiples au Niger tres appreciee par les populations. Cette etude conduite au Centre Regional de Recherche Agronomique de Zinder, vise a etudier la germination et l’evolution des plantules de cette espece. Les essais de germination ont ete effectues dans des planches rectangulaires sur six types de traitements pendant 3 mois et le suivi de croissance des plantules dans des pots plastiques enfouis dans le sol pendant 6 mois. L’etude a montre que l’ingestion des fruits de Balanites aegyptiaca par les chevres reduit significativement la dormance tegumentaire. Les graines extraites des noyaux qui ont transite par le tractus digestif des chevres ont le taux de germination le plus eleve (76,87%) et le taux de germination le plus faible a ete obtenu avec les fruits entiers (38,12%). Apres 6 mois de suivi, la croissance du pivot racinaire des plantules (78,59±9,04 cm) est plus importante que celle de la partie aerienne (61,8±6,2 cm). Cette etude permet d’envisager la production des plants de Balanites aegyptiaca en vue de sa conservation durable. © 2019 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved Mots cles: Balanites aegyptiaca , germination, ingestion par chevres, dormance, croissance, Niger English Title: Germination and seedling growth of an indigenous fruit species in Niger : Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. English Abstract Balanites aegyptiaca is one of multipurpose plants in Niger very appreciated by the populations. This study conducted at Zinder’s Regional Center for Agricultural Research, aims to study the germination and evolution of seedlings of this species. The germination tests were carried into rectangular plates on six types of treatment for 3 months and the growth monitoring of seedlings in plastic pots buried in the soil for 6 months. The study showed that ingestion of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits by goats significantly reduces tegumentary dormancy. Seeds extracted from cores that have passed into the digestive tract of goats have the highest germination rate (76.87%) and the lowest germination rate was obtained with intact fruits (38.12%). After 6 months of monitoring, the pivot root growth of seedlings (78.59±9.04 cm) is greater than the aerial part (61.8±6.2 cm). This study allows envisaging the production of Balanites aegyptiaca plants for its sustainable conservation. © 2019 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved Keywords: Balanites aegyptiaca , germination, goat ingestion, dormancy, growth, Niger

Purpose: To investigate the antidiabetic effect of Balanites aegyptiaca fruit kernel, flesh and their mixture on streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in male rats. Methods: Six-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups: (1) control; (2) kernel; (3) flesh; (4) kernel + flesh; (5) STZ; (6) STZ + kernel; (7) STZ + flesh; (8) STZ + (kernel + flesh) and (9) STZ + metformin. Body weight changes, fasting blood glucose and serum insulin were assessed. Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) stained pancreas sections were examined microscopically for the number and status of β cells. Results: Administration of Balanites aegyptiaca kernel, flesh and their mixture significantly increased rat body weight compared to STZ-treated rats. In addition, the hypoglycemic effect of kernel, flesh and their mixture was noticed. In STZ-treated rats, administration of Balanites aegyptiaca kernel and kernel + flesh mixture significantly increased serum insulin ( p < 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed a marked increase in the islets cell population with cellular activation, with superior effect in STZ + kernel group and STZ + (kernel + flesh) group. Conclusion: Balanites aegyptiaca showed a hypoglycemic effect which is comparable to metformin action. Further studies are required to determine its suitability as an anti-diabetic agent in humans Keywords: Balanites aegyptiaca , Diabetes, Histopathology, Insulin, Pancreas

Le charbon actif elabore a partir de biomasses lignocellulosiques est une bonne voie de valorisation de dechets, vue ses applications. Ce travail porte sur l’elaboration du charbon actif a partir de Balanites aegyptiaca par activation chimique a l’acide ortho phosphorique, son application pour eliminer le chrome VI en solution. La concentration de l’acide, le temps d’impregnation, la temperature de pyrolyse et le palier d’isotherme ont ete varies. La caracterisation a porte sur la determination des indices d’iode et de bleu de methylene, des fonctions de surface et de pH au point de charge nulle (pH PCN ). Le temps de contact, le pH du milieu, la masse de l’adsorbant et la concentration initiale de la solution ont ete varies pour l’elimination du chrome. Les meilleurs indices d’iode et de bleu de methylene obtenus sont : 989,86 mg/g et 613,17 mg/g respectivement. Les fonctions a la surface des charbons actifs sont de nature acide et leur pH PCN inferieur a 7. Le rendement d’elimination du chrome varie de 81,64% a 98,77% dans les conditions : concentration initiale (70 mg/L), pH = 2, masse (80 mg) et temps (2 h). A titre de comparaison, le charbon actif commercial de marque KGA a donne un taux de rabattement en chrome de 91,49%. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Biomasse, activation chimique, charbon actif English Title: Elimination of the chromium by the elaborate activated coal and characterized from the c-ockle of the core of Balanites aegyptiaca English Abstract Activated coal elaborated from biomasses lignocellulosiques is a good way of valorization of garbage, seen his applications. This work is about the development of the activated coal from Balanites aegyptiaca by chemical activation to ortho phosphoric acid, his application to eliminate the chromium VI in solution. The concentration of acid, the time of impregnation, the temperature of pyrolysis and the landing of isotherm have been varied. The characterization was about the determination of iodine index, methylene blue index, functions of surface and pH to point of zero charge (pH PZC ). The time of contact, the pH of the middle, the mass of adsorbent and initial concentration of solution have been varied for the elimination of chromium. The best iodine index and methylene blue index gotten are: 989, 86 mg/g and 613, 17 mg/g respectively. The functions to the surface of activated coals are of acid nature and their pH PZC lower to 7. The chromium elimination output varies from 81, 64% to 98, 77% in the conditions: initial concentration (70 mg/L), pH = 2, mass (80 mg) and time (2 hs). To title of comparison, the commercial activated coal of KGA mark gave a rate of folding in chromium of 91, 49%. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Biomass, chemical activation, activated coal

Water stress has a strong influence on the physiological functions of tree crops which adversely affects the growth and yield of tree plants. Drought and soil fertility are the major factors that influence seedling survival and growth in arid areas, thus it is of paramount importance to establish optimum water requirements for tree seedlings in order to promote growth. In line with this, an investigation was carried out to assess early growth behaviours of Balanites aegyptiaca when exposed to varied watering intervals in the screen house. Two weeks old seedlings in polythene bag (2kg) containing the standard potting mixture as growing media were used for the experiments. Seedlings were exposed to 4 different watering intervals (once daily, once after 3, 7 and 14 days) and 200ml of water was administered per each seedling based on the watering frequency for 12 weeks. Ten seedlings were allocated per watering frequency and replicated 5 times in a completely randomized design. Data was collected on stem height, collar diameter, number of leaves and seedlings dry weights. Net assimilation rate, relative growth rate and absolute growth rate were also calculated. Data was analysed with analysis of variance and the significantly different means were separated with Duncan Multiple Range Tests (p

Dans le Sahel tchadien, le Balanites aegyptiaca est un arbre de grandes importances socioeconomiques pour les populations. L’objectif de l’etude a ete de developper les strategies de conservation et d’utilisation durable des ressources genetiques de l’espece. Une enquete socio-economique et un inventaire botanique ont ete realises aupres de 4 groupes ethniques repartis dans 3 villages. Les analyses botaniques ont porte sur 16 descripteurs morphologiques quantitatifs. Les populations locales ont une bonne connaissance de l’espece et disposent d’un systeme de classification empirique utilisant des criteres communs ou variables selon le groupe ethnique. Les criteres communs aux 4 groupes ont ete la taille de l’arbre, les dimensions et la forme du fruit, le gout de la pulpe et la taille des feuilles. Le fruit a ete de loin le caractere le plus discriminant. Les descripteurs morphologiques discriminants ont ete la longueur du grand axe du fruit (p

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vivo anti-tumor activity of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits extracts in addition to its role in cell cycle and apoptosis. Materials and Methods: Antitumor activities of ethylacetae extract (EAE), ethanol extract (EE) and chloroform extract (CE) were tested against different cell line Hep-2, MCF-7, HL-60 and HCV29T. Calculation of the IC50 values for these extracts confirmed that the most potent plant extract was EAE (40 ug/ml) followed by EE (55ug/ml), CE (61ug/ml). Results: The ethanolic and chloroform extracts showed lower difference in their potency, while the EAE was found to be more active indicating for nonpolar active principles responsible for the anti-proliferative activity. The ethanolic extract was three times higher active than the chloroform extract. The results obtained showed that EAE exert a significant anti-proliferative, enhancement of apoptosis and modulation of cell cycle phases compared with vincristine. Conclusion: The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and Phenolics increase its efficiency as anti-proliferative action. EAE has promising anti-cancer activity with higher activity than EE or CE extracts

La connaissance des caractéristiques du peuplement ligneux du tracé de la Grande Muraille Verte (GMV) du Tchad permet de comprendre leur structure et fonctionnement afin de proposer des stratégies de gestion durable. C’est dans ce cadre que ce travail vise à caractériser la flore et la végétation ligneuses sur le tracé de la GMV du Tchad. La méthodologie utilisée consiste à déterminer la composition floristique et la structure du peuplement ligneux dans les trois sites retenus (Lac, Kanem et Bahr El Ghazal). Les inventaires floristiques ont permis de recenser 18 espèces réparties en 15 genres et 9 familles. La flore ligneuse est dominée par la famille des Mimosaseae. La densité des ligneux (34,67 ind.ha-1) et le recouvrement (1604,30 m².ha-1) sont plus importants au Lac et faible au Bahr El Ghazal (densité de 21,39 ind.ha-1 et recouvrement de 465,66 m².ha-1), quant à la surface terrière, elle est plus élevée au Kanem (3,39 m².ha-1). La distribution par classes de hauteur et de circonférence des ligneux révèle une prédominance des individus de la strate arbustive dans les trois sites. L’étude de la régénération naturelle montre que Acacia raddiana et Balanites aegyptiaca présentent le potentiel de régénération le plus élevé dans les trois sites. Globalement, les résultats obtenus montrent que les espèces les plus adaptées aux conditions écologiques de la GMV au Tchad sont Acacia raddiana et Balanites aegyptiaca et par conséquent, doivent être choisies pour la restauration de ces écosystèmes.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Tchad, GMV, végétation, peuplement, structure, régénérationEnglish Title: Characterization of the ligneous populatings on the route of the Great Green Wall in ChadEnglish AbstractThe knowledge of ligneous populating characteristics of the route of the Great Green Wall (GGW) of Chad helps to understand their structure and function in order to propose strategies for sustainable management. This study was carried out to characterize the flora and the tree vegetation present on the Chad Great Green Wall (GGW) line. The methodology consisted in determining the floristic composition and the structure of the tree population in three sites: Lac, Kanem, and Bahr El Ghazal. The floristic inventories have identified 18 species distributed into 15 genera and 9 families. Trees are dominated by the Mimosaseae family. Their density (34.67 individuals ha-1) and their recovery (1604.3 m2 ha-1) are more important at Lac and lower at Bahr El Ghazal with 21.39 individuals ha -1 and 465.66 m2 ha-1, respectively. However, the basal area of the vegetation was more important at Kanem with 3.39 m2 ha-1. The distribution by classes of height and circumference of the trees indicates a predominance of the shrub layer in all the three sites. The study of the natural regeneration reveals that Acacia raddiana and Balanites aegyptiaca present the highest regeneration potential in the three sites. Globally, the results obtained in this study show that the most adapted species to the ecological conditions of the Chad’s GGW are Acacia raddiana and Balanites aegyptiaca. Consequently, these species must be considered during the restoration of the given ecosystems.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Chad, GGW, vegetation, population, structure, regeneration

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of boiling on in vitro bioactivities potency of Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile (desert date) aqueous extract, a juice used traditionally for cooking ready-to-eat millet flour paste. Methods: Desert date fruits (1.5 kg) were soaked in water (1:2, fruit: water) for 24 h and sieved. The extract was divided into two parts - fresh extract (Fext) and boiled extract (Bext) which was obtained by boiling a portion of Fext for 10 min. The extracts were tested against the stomach cancer cell line SGC7901 and for antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-icrylhydrazyl DPPH, hydroxyl radical and ferric reducing power methods. Results: Both fresh extract (Fext) and boiled extract (Bext) exhibited pronounced antioxidant activity with DPPH values of 88.2 and 97.0 %, respectively, at hydroxyl radical concentration of 5 mg/ml. The extract contained a significant amount of vitamin C (42.3 and 38.9 mg/100 g for Fext and Bext, respectively). Boiling had significant effect (p < 0.01) on its antioxidant activity and also on its cytotoxic effect (56 % and 44 % dead cells respectively for Bext and Fext at respectively, at a concentration of 200 μg/ml). Conclusion: It is concluded that B. aegyptiaca aqueous extracts have remarkable cytotoxic activity against stomach cancer cell SGC7901.

The efficacy of Balanite aegyptiaca acetone leaf extract against the survival of Larvae and pupae of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on cowpea treated seed was evaluated at the Biological Sciences Department, Bayero University, Kano. Leaf extract from B. aegyptiaca was obtained by extraction using acetone as the solvent and the extract was diluted prior to the experiment. C. maculatus were obtained from IITA in Kano State of Nigeria. The insects were reared in the laboratory. Four different concentrations of the leaf extract (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0g) were separately mixed with twenty gram (20g) of cowpea in separate Petri dishes which correspond to (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0w/w) respectively. Control treatment was set along. Ten adult pairs of newly emerged C. maculatus were introduced into each Petri dish. Oviposition of the female insect was significantly (p B. aegyptiaca leaf extract. The lower concentration of the extract(2.5%w/w) recorded 41.43% and higher dose recorded 32.94% survival of larvae and pupae from the seed cotyledon in comparison with the control treatments (90.85% and 91.32 %). None of the seeds treated with B. aegyptiaca leaf extract at all level of application recorded similar result with the seeds treated with Actellic dust. B. aegyptiaca leaf extracts was effective against oviposition and survival of larvae and pupae when compared with the untreated control treatment the extract therefore has great potential for use as a plant-based biopesticide for controlling pulse beetle C. maculatus . Keywords: Balanite aegyptiaca, Acetone leaf Extract, Survival, Immature stages (larvae &pupae), Callasobruchus maculatus

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of dietary detoxified Nigerian Balanites aegyptiaca fruits on performance and nutrients digestibility of weanling pigs. Twenty pigs weighing averagely 4.5 ± 0.85kg were used for the experiment which lasted for one month. The pigs were randomly allocated to the five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Five diets made of a corn-soy control diet and four others to which 20% of boiled, roasted, boiled and roasted, boiled and fermented respectively were used. Feed consumption and weight gain of pigs maintained on the Balanites based diets were comparable with the conventional diet (p > 0.05). However, efficiency of feed utilization on the Balanites containing diets was inferior to that on the control diet (p < 0.05). Nutrients digestibility measured by dry organic matter and crude fiber were not significantly influenced (p > 0.05) but protein and fatdigestibility were significantly influenced by dietary Balanites (p < 0.05). Gross energy intake and daily retained energy were significant on Balanites containing diets (p < 0.05) relative to the reference diet while the metabolizable energy was not affected ( p > 0.05). Nitrogen consumption using indices of protein intake, fecal nitrogen output, daily retainednitrogen and nitrogen retention coefficient were not significantly different from values obtained on the control diet (p > 0.05). It was therefore concluded that Balanites aegyptiaca fruits, when detoxified by any of the traditional methods adopted, could be incorporated in diets for livestock even up to 70% inclusion level without deleterious effects on animal consuming the feed.

Hoslundia opposita , Anthocleista nobilis and Balanites aegyptiaca are widely used ethnomedicinally in Ghana in the treatment of skin diseases. In this context, antimicrobial potential of the three plant species against a wide range of microorganisms was studied. To validate the ethnotherapeutic claims of these plants in skin diseases, in vivo wound healing activity was studied, besides antioxidant activity to understand the mechanism of wound healing. Methanol extract of Hoslundia opposita showed significant antibacterial activity against all bacteria tested including some resistant strains of Staphyloccocus aureus,/i>, with MIC ranging between 64-256 μg/ml. The results show that all three extracts have potent wound healing activity as evident from the wound contraction, increased tensile strength and hydroxyproline content. The results also indicated that the three plant species possess potent antioxidant activity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, bleaching DPPH radical and protecting against oxidant injury to fibroblast cells. Keywords : Wound healing; antioxidant; Hoslundia opposita ; Anthocleista nobilis ; Balanites aegyptiaca . Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 28 (2) 2008: pp. 26-35

No Abstract. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Vol. 50 (2) 2002: pp. 130-133

The effect of kadosero , a crude mineral used by traditional healers as a supplement to plant extracts against microbial infections was evaluated. A sample of kadosero from a local market was both analyzed for its basic composition and its role on bioactivity of plant extract. Titrimetric, Gravimetric and Atomic Absorption Spectrometric analyses were used to determine contents of the mineral kadosero . Disc Diffusion Assay was used for bioactivity screening in-vitro. Chemical analysis of kadosero revealed the presence of (0.0038mg/g), Fe2 (0.0027mg/g), Cl- (232.683mg/g) and Na+ (151.25mg/g). In-vitro tests revealed that supplementing extract of Balanites aegyptiaca with a mineral kadosero by using untreated well water reduced number of bacterial from 100 colony forming units to nil at a mass of a mineral between 60-100 mg. On the other hand, a mineral kadosero did not increase bioactivity of the extract of B. aegyptiaca against the test microbes in agar disc diffusion assay. This was attributed by interaction between the mineral kadosero and nutrient agar medium. The crude mineral kadosero can be supplemented to other plant extracts used locally for treatment of general bacterial infections for increased bioactivity. Further study is recommended to determine mechanisms for bacterial vulnerability to this mineral supplement. Keywords : mineral supplement; plant extract; traditional healers The African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines Vol. 4 (1) 2007: pp. 1-6

L’etude in situ de l’architecture et la croissance des systemes racinaires ont ete realisees sur des jeunes plants en milieu naturel et en station. Les fronts racinaires verticaux et horizontaux sont determines a partir de la methode d’excavation. Les coordonnees spatiales obtenues manuellement sur le terrain alimentent un logiciel AMAPmod de modelisation qui transforme d’une part les coordonnees spatiales en coordonnees standards puis d’autre part, donne les representations 3D des systemes racinaires des jeunes plants. En milieu naturel, les systemes racinaires sont constitues de 3 ordres de racines. Les racines d’ordre 2 sont les plus abondantes. La profondeur d’enracinement de B. aegyptiaca est la plus importante. A. tortilis developpe une longueur totale racinaire plus importante. La longueur totale des racines d’ordre 2 d’A. tortilis est plus importante que celle de B. aegyptiaca . En station, l’ordre maximal des ramifications est de 5 chez A. tortilis et Z. mauritiana et de 7 chez B. aegyptiaca . Les types 2 et 3 chez A. tortilis et Z. mauritiana et les types 2, 3 et 4 chez B. aegyptiaca forment l’essentiel du systeme racinaire. La densite totale des racines de B. aegyptiaca est plus importante. Les profondeurs d’enracinement d’A. tortilis et de B. aegyptiaca sont differentes de celle de Z. mauritiana. B. aegyptiaca dispose une longueur totale plus importante. Les ordres 2 et 3 sont les plus longs du systeme racinaire. Ensuite suivent les racines d’ordre 4. Celles des racines d’ordre 1, 5, 6 et 7 sont de longueurs egales. Mots cles: Architecture, croissance, ramification, morphologie, topologie, geometrie.