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OBJECTIVE Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). METHODS In this study, we have retrospectively evaluated the major risk factors for the development of aGvHD in 100 patients who underwent allogeneic transplantation at the University Hospital in Bratislava between January 2007 and December 2011. RESULTS 29 patients acquired acute GvHD (Grade I - 12 patients, G II - 5 , G III - 3, G IV - 9). We proved a higher incidence of developing aGvHD in patients with unrelated donor type, TBI conditioning and cyclosporine (CsA) replacement with mycophenolate mofetil due to CsA nephrotoxicity, while other risk factors such as older patient age, the use of peripheral blood progenitor cells and donor/recipient sex mismatch were without statistical significance. The average time of onset of aGvHD has been 57 days (range 13-260) after HSCT. Corticosteroids were used as standard initial therapy with 52 % complete response (CR) rate, although the likelihood of response rapidly decreased with increasing severity of disease (G IV - 100 % refracterness). The response to primary therapy also correlated with overall survival. Patients with steroid-refractory aGvHD received a different second-line therapies (antithymocyte globulin, anti-TNFα antibody, anti CD52 antibody) with response rate 45 % (CR - 18 %, PR - 27 %). CONCLUSION Outcome for the patients with steroid-refractory aGvHD was poor, disease very often returned or progressed with one year mortality rate 81 % , that represents an important therapeutic problem (Tab. 2, Ref. 10).