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The article considers the experience of inheriting the traumatic memory in prose of Magdalena Tulli and autopsychotherapeutic functions of it’s narrativization with the help of elements of psychotherapeutic methods (family constellations, a dialogue with a child in yourself, deconstruction and reconstruction of the life narratives, re-membering, therapeutic metaphor, focusing). The narrativization of the trauma in the process of artistic narration contributes processing traumatic experience, is an important element of constructing of autobiography, gives a chance to retrieve own history, which is not overshadowed with tragic parental discourse, helps to achieve balance between traumatic and positive contents of autobiographical memory, fulfills interpsychological functions.

L’Art de perdre (Flammarion, 2017) is the fifth and latest novel of Alice Zeniter, French novelist anddramatist. She published her first novel at the age of sixteen. In this paper I will present L’Art de perdre as a novel related to the common history of France and Algeria. My main goal is to analyze the issues of memory according to the concepts of postmemory by Marianne Hirsch and archaeological novel by Dominique Viart. The article aims also at following a comparative study of L’Art de perdre and previous novels by Alice Zeniter: Jusque dans nos bras and Juste avant l’Oubli., L’Art de perdre (Flammarion, 2017) is the fifth and latest novel of Alice Zeniter, French novelist and dramatist. She published her first novel at the age of sixteen. In this paper I will present L’Art de perdre as a novel related to the common history of France and Algeria. My main goal is to analyze the issues of memory according to the concepts of postmemory by Marianne Hirsch and archaeological novel by Dominique Viart. The article aims also at following a comparative study of L’Art de perdre and previous novels by Alice Zeniter: Jusque dans nos bras and Juste avant l’Oubli., L’Art de perdre (Flammarion, 2017) is the fifth and latest novel of Alice Zeniter, French novelist anddramatist. She published her first novel at the age of sixteen. In this paper I will present L’Art de perdre as a novel related to the common history of France and Algeria. My main goal is to analyze the issues of memory according to the concepts of postmemory by Marianne Hirsch and archaeological novel by Dominique Viart. The article aims also at following a comparative study of L’Art de perdre and previous novels by Alice Zeniter: Jusque dans nos bras and Juste avant l’Oubli.

Tekst jest omówieniem treści książki autorstwa Anety Prymaki-Oniszk w kontekście współczesnej refleksji historiograficznej. Podstawowym, branym tu pod uwagę problemem pozostaje kwestia pamięci w jej etycznym ujęciu. Pamięć w takim jej rozumieniu łączy się bezpośrednio z kategorią zobowiązania odnoszącą się do tych, których opowieść nie została wypowiedziana i wysłuchana. Prymaka-Oniszk przywraca pamięć doświadczenia chłopów uczestniczących w ucieczce na Wschód z terenów objętych działaniami wojennymi w roku 1915. Oddając głos tym, którzy pozostawali dotychczas na marginesie dominującej narracji o minionych wydarzeniach, autorka książki realizuje główne założenia antropologii historycznej, będącej szczególnym rodzajem pisarstwa historycznego., The text is a description and analysis of the Aneta Prymaka-Oniszk’s book in regard to contemporary historiographic reflection. The main issue of the article which was taken into account is the ethical aspect of memory. Memory in this regard is directly connected with obligation of those people, whom stories were expressed and listened to. Prymaka-Oniszk recalls experiences of peasants in exile to the East from Warzone in 1915. The author allows refugees, being outside the discussion on the past, to take a floor and in this way she carries out main frameworks of historical anthropology, which is a specific sort of historical writing.

The text is a description and analysis of the Aneta Prymaka-Oniszk’s book in regard to contemporary historiographic reflection. The main issue of the article which was taken into account is the ethical aspect of memory. Memory in this regard is directly connected with obligation of those people, whom stories were expressed and listened to. Prymaka-Oniszk recalls experiences of peasants in exile to the East from Warzone in 1915. The author allows refugees, being outside the discussion on the past, to take a floor and in this way she carries out main frameworks of historical anthropology, which is a specific sort of historical writing., Tekst jest omówieniem treści książki autorstwa Anety Prymaki-Oniszk w kontekście współczesnej refleksji historiograficznej. Podstawowym, branym tu pod uwagę problemem pozostaje kwestia pamięci w jej etycznym ujęciu. Pamięć w takim jej rozumieniu łączy się bezpośrednio z kategorią zobowiązania odnoszącą się do tych, których opowieść nie została wypowiedziana i wysłuchana. Prymaka-Oniszk przywraca pamięć doświadczenia chłopów uczestniczących w ucieczce na Wschód z terenów objętych działaniami wojennymi w roku 1915. Oddając głos tym, którzy pozostawali dotychczas na marginesie dominującej narracji o minionych wydarzeniach, autorka książki realizuje główne założenia antropologii historycznej, będącej szczególnym rodzajem pisarstwa historycznego.

The article is a review of the book Kobiety i/a doświadczenie wojny. 1914-1945 i później (‘Women and/towards the Experience of War. 1914-1945 and Afterwards’). The author analyzes general aspects of book’s composition, main assumptions and goals, focusing on the problem of the exact definition of the term „woman’s perspective” and its meaning in the light of war and post-war discourse., Artykuł jest recenzją książki Kobiety i/a doświadczenie wojny. 1914-1945 i później. Autorka analizuje w niej ogólne aspekty kompozycji książki, jej głównych założeń i celów, skupiając się na problemie możliwych definicji pojęcia „kobiecej perspektywy” i jego znaczenia w kontekście dyskursu wojennego i powojennego.

The article offers a discussion of Sofi Oksanen’s novel Purge, focusing on the book’s strategy of evoking stereotypical narratives about Eastern Europe, such as the (postcommunist) fallen woman and (Russian) return home narratives, as well as related intertexts, primarily Lukas Moodysson’s film Lilya 4-ever. I argue that Oksanen constructs the plot around clichés in order to challenge them in a subversive fashion, first and foremost, in the name of recuperating the notion of Home. Related to locality and the feeling of being at-home, where the wholeness of the (national) subject is possible, ‘home’ is staged as an alternative to stereotypes, associated with transnational travel and the apparatus of colonization. A significant counter-narrative embedded in the novel – and hitherto rarely discussed – is the exilic perspective with its idealization of the lost and imagined home(land). In Purge, this is mediated through the main character’s postmemory. By means of a postexilic narrative, home is reconfigured as a ‘third space’ – neither fully ideal and (ethnically) pure nor adhering to the aforementioned stereotypical narratives. The positive valorisation of home, despised by some critics as simplistic and conservative, does not prevent movement and dislocation from being included in the new experience of home(land) emerging from the post-Soviet condition.

Since the publication of two comic books entitled Maus by Art Spiegelman, the comics about the Holocaust became a separate category of graphic stories referring to history. The appearance of albums by Spiegelman may also be treated as a certain caesura on the Polish market of comics. Until that time, no Polish author of comic strips had even tried to come to grips with the topic of the Holocaust; even today they would rather avoid this topic. Taking no account of the reasons behind such abandonment, it is worth noting that Polish authors clearly gave ground to the creators from the West who, with mixed success, filled in this significant gap and their comics were later translated into Polish. The main purpose of the article is to show a panorama of comic books by Polish and Western authors, which have been published in Poland until now and, in various ways, touch upon the question of the Holocaust, thus becoming a part of a postcatastrophic discourse. The aim of the undertaken considerations is not solely the creation of the inventory but also a fragmentary but critical analysis of the contents of the mentioned comic strips.

In two novels based on the subject of war: Soldados de Salamina (“Soldiers of Salamis”) (2001) and Velocidad de la luz (“the Speed of Light”) (2005), Javier Cercas raises the problem of recuperation of a traumatic past through literary discourse. The questions which these novels discuss and which we want to examine here concern complex relations between fiction and reality, history and memory (individual and collective), guilt and responsibility. In order to confront the historical reality from the contemporary perspective, from postmemory, Javier Cercas proposes a narrative with a clear metafictional dimension creating interferences in distinct narrative levels., In two novels based on the subject of war: Soldados de Salamina (“Soldiers of Salamis”) (2001) and Velocidad de la luz (“the Speed of Light”) (2005), Javier Cercas raises the problem of recuperation of a traumatic past through literary discourse. The questions which these novels discuss and which we want to examine here concern complex relations between fiction and reality, history and memory (individual and collective), guilt and responsibility. In order to confront the historical reality from the contemporary perspective, from postmemory, Javier Cercas proposes a narrative with a clear metafictional dimension creating interferences in distinct narrative levels.

The article addresses the issue of diverse contemporary manifestations of postmemory. Although works of literature, graphic arts, architecture and sculpture, belonging to the so-called high art culture, have already been analysed with respect to post memory and post-traumatic culture, the domain of popular culture remains practically excluded from such analyses. Meanwhile, it is precisely popular culture that has a considerable impact on the attitudes and views of the people living today. The omnipresence of pop-culture, the pressure it exerts prompts re-evaluation of entire culture, not only its entertainment-related domains. Post-traumatic culture is largely shaped within and through popular culture, which is evinced in the popularity of the graphic story entitled Achtung Zelig! Druga wojna by Krzysztof Gawronkiewicz (art) and KrystianRosenberg (story), displaying numerous traits defined as postmemory. A detailed analysis of the comic book permits the author to reveal those qualities.

The article contains reflections on changes in biographical writing, especially biography of persons of heterogenous ethnic identity. The biographies are not only reconstructions of an individual’s life, but also a clear testimony and reflection of changes in collective consciousness. It turns out that biographies also discover, in a peculiar way, the author’s identity, who, in the process of selection and creation of a biographical text, reveals a part of their own history. This aspect is clearly seen in texts by second and third generation Holocaust survivors, and is demonstrated by interpretations of Magdalena Tulli’s Włoskie szpilki [Italian High Heels] and Piotr Paziński’s Pensjonat [Boarding house].

The main statement of the article is that Polish-Jewish and Jewish-Polish biographies have an ambiguous ontological status. The status, which the article describes as spectral, is traced in Polish literature over the last twenty four years (from mid-80s till now). Three conventions have been identified, which, because of their openness to ontologically incomplete beings, are good expressions of complications of biography and identity. The conventions are romance, genealogy, and horror. The writers who use these conventions aim at representing a concrete Polish-Jewish or Jewish-Polish biography, but the phantasmatic quality of combination of what is Polish with what is Jewish leads to unreality of all elements of a novel. Consequently, not only Jewish characters and Jewish identity, but also Poles and Polish identity become phantasmatic.

The aim of the article is to provide a reading of Gilles Rozier’s novels in the context of the phenomenon of Jewish postmemory (Hirsch), which in recent literature acquires a new dimension. The texts selected for disscussion exemplify the return to narrative and to the subject in contemporary novel and signal a new approach to postmemory employed by the third generation of survivors, participants of the Jewish revival. In Rozier’s novels, and in texts by other contemporary writers (e.g., Daniel Mendelsohn in the USA or Piotr Paziński in Poland), while the memory of WWII does not disappear, the focus most often falls on the narrative of Jewish life before and after the Holocaust. Postmemory exists in those texts in the form of the transmission of the word, repossession of the language of ancestors, cultural continuity rather than silence and separation, which characterised the output of earlier generations of writers (such as, for example, Georges Perec)., The aim of the article is to provide a reading of Gilles Rozier’s novels in the context of the phenomenon of Jewish postmemory (Hirsch), which in recent literature acquires a new dimension. The texts selected for disscussion exemplify the return to narrative and to the subject in contemporary novel and signal a new approach to postmemory employed by the third generation of survivors, participants of the Jewish revival. In Rozier’s novels, and in texts by other contemporary writers (e.g., Daniel Mendelsohn in the USA or Piotr Paziński in Poland), while the memory of WWII does not disappear, the focus most often falls on the narrative of Jewish life before and after the Holocaust. Postmemory exists in those texts in the form of the transmission of the word, repossession of the language of ancestors, cultural continuity rather than silence and separation, which characterised the output of earlier generations of writers (such as, for example, Georges Perec)., The aim of the article is to provide a reading of Gilles Rozier’s novels in the context of the phenomenon of Jewish postmemory (Hirsch), which in recent literature acquires a new dimension. The texts selected for disscussion exemplify the return to narrative and to the subject in contemporary novel and signal a new approach to postmemory employed by the third generation of survivors, participants of the Jewish revival. In Rozier’s novels, and in texts by other contemporary writers (e.g., Daniel Mendelsohn in the USA or Piotr Paziński in Poland), while the memory of WWII does not disappear, the focus most often falls on the narrative of Jewish life before and after the Holocaust. Postmemory exists in those texts in the form of the transmission of the word, repossession of the language of ancestors, cultural continuity rather than silence and separation, which characterised the output of earlier generations of writers (such as, for example, Georges Perec).

The comic book is a product of popculture. It got deeply rooted in American and Western European popular culture in the 1970s. In France, this type of sequential art told in pictorial stories was presented in daily papers and developed humorously-told threads of the plot. In the UK it won juvenile audience with its simple jokes, genre scenes and shortened and abridged versions of fables. In the United States, in turn, crude science fiction, horror or joke graphic stories were most popular. However, in the late 1990s these depictions increasingly started to develop into something of much different nature. On the one hand, popular culture embraced more and more different creative areas, wrestled with subject and themes that so far had been tackled only by more sophisticated literature (for example, war themes). On the other hand, the Polish reader had a better chance to experience new titles and pictorial stories from the West or other far-away cultures that represented high artistic skills and offered original and remarkable stories. This, in turn, created a new situation in which adult readers turned to comic books. Moreover, comic books became a subject of interests for academics beyond those who were professionally involved in documenting and understanding popular culture, i.e. for methodologists of history, modern culture anthropologists, researchers in literature and art historians. A particular type of comics is the one that presents historical and memory contents. Works of brilliant artists from different cultures such as, for example: Maus by Art Spiegelman, Persepolis by Mariane Satrapi, Achtung Zelig! by Krzysztof Gawronkiewicz and Krystian Rosenberg or Marzi by Marzena Sowa and Sylvain Savoia have become available on the Polish publishing market and have been widely reviewed and discussed academically. In the present article I am concentrating on the phenomenon postmemory. Analysing Achtung Zelig! by Gawronkiewicz and Rosenberg I am trying to show main t, Postmemory in the popular culture on the example of the comic novel “Achtung Zelig! The Second War” by Krzysztof Gawronkiewicz & Krystian Rosenberg The comic book is a product of popculture. It got deeply rooted in American and Western European popular culture in the 1970s. In France, this type of sequential art told in pictorial stories was presented in daily papers and developed humorously-told threads of the plot. In the UK it won juvenile audience with its simple jokes, genre scenes and shortened and abridged versions of fables. In the United States, in turn, crude science fiction, horror or joke graphic stories were most popular. However, in the late 1990s these depictions increasingly started to develop into something of much different nature. On the one hand, popular culture embraced more and more different creative areas, wrestled with subject and themes that so far had been tackled only by more sophisticated literature (for example, war themes). On the other hand, the Polish reader had a better chance to experience new titles and pictorial stories from the West or other far-away cultures that represented high artistic skills and offered original and remarkable stories. This, in turn, created a new situation in which adult readers turned to comic books. Moreover, comic books became a subject of interests for academics beyond those who were professionally involved in documenting and understanding popular culture, i.e. for methodologists of history, modern culture anthropologists, researchers in literature and art historians. A particular type of comics is the one that presents historical and memory contents. Works of brilliant artists from different cultures such as, for example: Maus by Art Spiegelman, Persepolis by Mariane Satrapi, Achtung Zelig! by Krzysztof Gawronkiewicz and Krystian Rosenberg or Marzi by Marzena Sowa and Sylvain Savoia have become available on the Polish publishing market and have been widely reviewed and discussed academically. In t