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We propose a new approach for studying pion fluctuation for deeper understanding of the internal dynamics, from a perspective of fractional Brownian motion (fBm)-based complex network analysis method called Visibility Graph analysis. This chaos-based, rigorous, non-linear technique is applied to study the erratic behaviour of multipion production in π―- Ag/Br interactions at 350 GeV. This method can offer reliable results with finite data points. The Power of Scale-freeness of Visibility Graph denoted by PSVG is a measure of fractality, which can be used as a quantitative parameter for the assessment of the state of a chaotic system. The event-wise fluctuation of the multipion production process can be represented by this parameter. From the analysis of the PSVG, we can quantitatively confirm that fractal behaviour of the particle production process depends on the target excitation and the fractality decreases with the increase of target excitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hadron scattering processes involving low values for the fraction of the momentum of the hadrons transfered to the partonic process require factorization prescriptions other than collinear factorization. These admit pdfs with resummed logarithms of this momentum fraction. One of their characteristics is that they provide an explicit transverse momentum to the parton, rendering it off-shell. Consequently, the exact definition and calculation of the matrix element needs special attention. The program AMP4HEF numerically evaluates multi-parton amplitudes and matrix elements with up to two of them off-shell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 1911 Ernest Rutherford published a paper The Scattering of α- and β-particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom. Now it is usually considered to be the birth certificate of the atomic nucleus. Rutherford's results are presented and discussed in a wider context of physics views of that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review existing theoretical approaches for the deep-inelastic lepton --hadron interactions and the high energy hadron--hadron scattering in the Regge kinematics. It is demonstrated, that the gluon in QCD is reggeized and the Pomeron is a composite state of the reggeized gluons. A gauge invariant effective action for the reggeized gluon interactions is constructed. Remarkable properties of the BFKL equation for the Pomeron wave function in QCD and supersymmetric gauge theories in leading and next-to-leading approximations are outlined. It is shown, that due to the AdS/CFT correspondence the BFKL Pomeron is equivalent to the reggeized graviton in the extended N = 4 supersymmetric model. Its intercept at large coupling constant is calculated in this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]