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We propose a new approach for studying pion fluctuation for deeper understanding of the internal dynamics, from a perspective of fractional Brownian motion (fBm)-based complex network analysis method called Visibility Graph analysis. This chaos-based, rigorous, non-linear technique is applied to study the erratic behaviour of multipion production in π―- Ag/Br interactions at 350 GeV. This method can offer reliable results with finite data points. The Power of Scale-freeness of Visibility Graph denoted by PSVG is a measure of fractality, which can be used as a quantitative parameter for the assessment of the state of a chaotic system. The event-wise fluctuation of the multipion production process can be represented by this parameter. From the analysis of the PSVG, we can quantitatively confirm that fractal behaviour of the particle production process depends on the target excitation and the fractality decreases with the increase of target excitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 1911 Ernest Rutherford published a paper The Scattering of α- and β-particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom. Now it is usually considered to be the birth certificate of the atomic nucleus. Rutherford's results are presented and discussed in a wider context of physics views of that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]