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This study is a preliminary case study examining the use of a free Web Development learning platform in order to en-deepen and facilitate further knowledge in App Development beginners. The use of CodeTrip.gr was examined with regard to perceived learning outcomes and effect on the need for cognition from the viewpoint of undergraduate non-major students with basic Web Engineering and programming skills. A didactic intervention including CodeTrip was conducted with a randomized sample of 18 undergraduate students, who were asked during the tool introduction and after doing the course, using qualitative analysis and validated items from technology and media effects research. The results are promising and support the idea that the user interface of the tool adds to the learning of the students since they show higher need for cognition scores and better self-evaluation after its use. Generalization of results is limited due to the small sample size. Future work includes the validation of the questionnaire with a bigger sample.

In this paper, we propose an architecturally novel approach to implementing purpose-based access control in practice. Different from previous proposals, our approach resides on the application instead of the data(base) layer. This allows for significantly better integration with established architectures and practices of real-world application engineering and to achieve database independence. To validate practical applicability, we provide two exemplary implementations and briefly assess the introduced overhead in matters of achievable throughputs. Results significantly depend on data and query type but basically suggest bearable overheads for realistic applications even though possible performance optimizations have not been implemented in our proofs-of-concept yet. Our approach thus proposes significantly better practical feasibility than previous ones and exhibits reasonable overheads. It therefore paves the way for purpose-based access control to be actually adopted in practice.

FrameWeb is a method for the development of Web-based Information Systems whose architectures are based on popular types of frameworks, such as Front Controller, Dependency Injection and Object/Relational Mapping frameworks. Also commonly used, Security Frameworks provide role-based access control through authentication and authorization features that can be reused if properly configured. In this paper, we extend FrameWeb to support Security Frameworks, allowing developers to model the aforementioned features in architectural design models using a graphical editor and generating code for the configuration of the framework and related artifacts. The proposal is validated using the code generator and comparing with artifacts from real projects.

Service-oriented architectures are more popular than ever, and increasingly companies and organizations depend on services offered through Web APIs. The capabilities and complexity of Web APIs differ from service to service, and therefore the impact of API errors varies. API problem cases related to Adyen's payment service were found to have direct considerable impact on API consumer applications. With more than 60,000 daily API errors, the potential impact is enormous. In an effort to reduce the impact of API related problems, we analyze 2.43 million API error responses to identify the underlying faults. We quantify the occurrence of faults in terms of the frequency and impacted API consumers. We also challenge our quantitative results by means of a survey with 40 API consumers. Our results show that 1) faults in API integration can be grouped into 11 general causes: invalid user input, missing user input, expired request data, invalid request data, missing request data, insufficient permissions, double processing, configuration, missing server data, internal and third party, 2) most faults can be attributed to the invalid or missing request data, and most API consumers seem to be impacted by faults caused by invalid request data and third party integration; and 3) insufficient guidance on certain aspects of the integration and on how to recover from errors is an important challenge to developers.

Cross-Browser Incompatibilities, namely XBIs, are differences in the behavior of web applications as they are rendered in distinct browser implementations. Web applications can be rendered in a wide variety of configuration environments, varying their browser implementation (eg. Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox). Even though there are technical specifications for building these environments, the way web applications are rendered in distinct browsers are not always consistent, depending on the technological resources and properties which are used. Currently, in the web engineering process, testers and developers must manually inspect their web application in each specific browser, so that XBIs are identified and fixed before deploying the system. This research reports the development of a Layout XBI detection approach based on the use of Machine Learning and DOM Segmentation. The approach segments a single web application in multiple DOM elements which compose the web application. The task of Layout XBI detection was modeled as a supervised learning classification problem using as features: differences in position, size and screenshot comparison of each DOM element of a web application. We validated our approach in an experiment which investigated the efficacy of the classification model. The experiment used 66 web applications which contained 5081 DOM elements rendered in three different browsers (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer). The experiment reported significant accuracy results according to F-measure analysis having reached 0.91.

Despite software engineering's inherently collaborative nature, collaboration with others hasn't been the primary way for students to learn how to program. Although various collaboration frameworks, such as Git, are widely used in software engineering, they've been treated as separate skills to acquire in addition to learning programming languages, rather than ways of learning, working, and thinking while learning to program. One collaborative software development task that students often want to engage in is building websites. However, the complexity of web syntax and architecture has been a hurdle in teaching and learning web design and development, especially for beginners without sufficient technical background. Specifically, syntactic barriers in several different languages for a webpage, inherent coupling of content and design in HTML, difficulty in understanding server-client model, and need for hosting resources for deployment contribute to a steep learning curve in building websites "from scratch". This work aims to address these issues by developing GLIDE (Git-Learning Integrated Development Environment) - a set of tools and curriculum that support in-class collaborative development in web engineering courses. GLIDE structures the website development process as a teacher-guided Git workflow for a team of students collaborating in groups in a Git repository. The application also provides a web programming model that separates content, from design, from implementation, allowing students to take on different roles and responsibilities during the development process. This demo presents a tutorial on how a group of students can build websites collaboratively with teacher's assistance based on the GLIDE software platform and curriculum.

With the evolution of modern web applications, several web engineering methods proposed to develop web applications. The modern web applications are; Rich Internet Application (RIA), Semantic Web Application (SWA), Ubiquitous Web Applications (UWA), and Intelligent Web Applications (IWA), with each of them having new features. The problem is that current web engineering methods cannot support new features of modern web applications. However, some of them extended for new concern of web applications but have limited, meaning these methods have a lack of adaptability to support features from modern web applications. In an attempt to solve this gap, we have defined a new adaptive model for the web engineering methods that can support the new features of modern web applications. This model very efficient in the process development and will be to increase the usability of the methods.

In the field of Web Engineering, there are several methods proposed for the development of Web-based information systems (WISs). FrameWeb is a method that aims to develop WISs that use certain types of frameworks in their architecture, proposing models that incorporate concepts of these frameworks during system design. The method's modeling language is based on Model-Driven Development techniques, making it extensible to support different frameworks and development platforms. In this paper, we present a code generation tool for FrameWeb which harnesses the method's extensibility by being based on its language's meta-models. The tool works with an associated visual editor for FrameWeb models and showed promising results in initial evaluation efforts.

Web Science1 is an emerging subject, which was formally defined in 2006. Since the inception of Web Science, a number of Web Science taught programs have emerged across the world. Despite the increasing popularity of Web Science, there are still currently very few attempts to provide a formal curriculum definition for Web Science. This paper outlines plans and some initial results of a study which seeks to explore the scope of Web Science in a bottom-up fashion, by examining what is taught as part of Web Science MSc and Undergraduate programs worldwide. This paper presents some early results of the analysis, including the most frequently occurring 'key topics' found from an evaluation of Web Science taught modules. Plans for future work are then outlined; the ultimate aim of the study being to present a view of Web Science as it is taught across the world. A proposed outcome will include a taxonomy of key topics for Web Science, potentially hosted in a wiki, or similar format, which will facilitate both access and contributions from the wider worldwide Web Science community.

3D Web is a potential platform for publishing and distributing 3D visualizations that have proven useful in enabling the participation of the general public in urban planning. However, technical requirements imposed by detailed and rich real-world plans and related functionalities are demanding for 3D web technologies. In this paper we explore the maturity of modern 3D web technologies in participatory urban planning through two real-world case studies. Applications built on Unity-based platform are published on the web to allow the general public to create, browse and comment on urban plans. The virtual models of seven urban development sites of different visual styles are optimized in terms of download sizes and memory use to be feasible on browsers used by the general public. We report qualitative feedback from users and present a technical analysis of the applications in terms of download sizes, runtime performance and memory use. We summarize the findings of the case studies into an assessment of the general feasibility of modern 3D web technologies in web-based urban planning.

Adapting web pages to cultural preferences has been shown to improve communication effectiveness. However, the lack of a set of research-based web design guidelines or best practices renders the creation of culturally tailored versions of a website a time-consuming, costly task which is rarely undertaken by designers. This research aims to develop guidelines for cross-cultural web design to overcome these issues. The authors' prior work has provided empirical data showing significant cultural differences in the usage of design web attributes. These are used to determine a relationship between design attributes, cultural factors, and HCI factors. The result is a synthesis of culturally specific design attributes and published theories of culture to create a set of website design guidelines. The development process involved five steps: evaluation of the usage of design elements between cultures, identification of prominent design elements, organisation of cultural factors, organisation of HCI factors, and finally development the cross-cultural design guidelines. It is hoped that these evidence and research based guidelines will ultimately enhance website usability for users from different cultural backgrounds.

Popularity of Internet applications has reached significant scales. In consequence, a wide diversity of solutions has been created based on Web features. Rich Internet Application (RIA) is a relevant term adopted for technological advances in software developed for the Web, which refers to Web applications aimed to provide users with a desktop similar experience. RIAs usually have wider capabilities in comparison with traditional hypertext applications, specially regarding to the interactive elements of their interfaces. New possibilities that have emerged from RIA are essential to support relevant aspects of Web 2.0, such as participation and collaboration. As among other applications, developing accessible and usable RIAs is a valuable and fundamental aspect for development teams, since these new interaction features available on the Web are not always accessible for people with disabilities or reduced mobility. For this reason, this mini-course aims to present the main concepts usually used to evaluate accessibility and usability of RIA; it is an overview of perspectives about practices and theoretical references, from Standards for Quality up to the implementation resources of Web applications. The approach of this mini-course covered practices on main RIA coding techniques, and methods of usability and accessibility evaluation as Guidelines Review and Heuristic Evaluation. Moreover, this mini-course was developed aiming newcomers and professionals that want to specialize their skills on the development and evaluation of usable and accessible RIAs.

The Web of Things is about extending the Internet of Things concept beyond the connection of things and considering issues like heterogeneity, scalability, and usability with respect to pervasive computing. The goal of this initiative is to reuse the architectural principles that made the Web successful and apply them to smart devices, thereby making real-world objects first-class citizens of the Web. The approach taken by the Web of Things initiative is to look at the problems and research issues that emerge when considering the interaction of heterogeneous devices within composite applications. Continuing the successful Web of Things workshop series, we further explored the use of technologies and principles at the core of the Web to provide methods for a seamless integration of physical devices. In particular, our goal in WoT 2016 was to foster discussions about how the Web architecture and its successful patterns can support semantic interoperability between devices and applications.

The World Wide Web has become the most common platform for building applications and delivering content. Yet despite years of research, the web continues to face severe security challenges related to data integrity and confidentiality. Rather than continuing the exploit-and-patch cycle, we propose addressing these challenges at an architectural level, by supplementing the web's existing connection-based and server-based security models with a new approach: content-based security. With this approach, content is directly signed and encrypted at rest, enabling it to be delivered via any path and then validated by the browser. We explore how this new architectural approach can be applied to the web and analyze its security benefits. We then discuss a broad research agenda to realize this vision and the challenges that must be overcome.

Nowadays, Web technologies support the creation of new interaction mechanisms that were impossible when the Web was created. Web applications work on a wide range of devices, such as laptops, mobile phones and tablets. These devices support many interactive capabilities such as keyboards, touch screens, vibration and accelerometers, among others. Following the ongoing trend of responsive web design, why not enable Web applications to seamlessly adapt interaction to take advantage of available devices at any moment? This work presents the Web Interaction Hub. It is a new approach for designing the distribution, among interactive capabilities, of the interactive elements of Web applications. To prove the feasibility of the approach, a support tool has been developed: the Web Interaction Hub Plugin. It is aimed at distributing the interaction with any Web application without modifying it. We also present how the Web Interaction Hub Plugin works in existent Web applications. Moodle has been used to show how some Web interaction techniques are distributed, such as the Point&Click and the Speech-to-Text interaction methods.

WebGL enabled real-time 3D graphics on the Web. With the objective to integrate 3D graphics into the rest of the Web technology stack, and to make it easier for Web developers to develop interactive 3D graphics, Declarative 3D approaches were developed: X3DOM and XML3D. While the former focuses on backward-compatibility to X3D and a large set of convenience elements, the latter attempts to define a minimal set of flexible elements as an extension to HTML5.It has now been more than 6 years since Declarative 3D was first proposed for the Web. However, despite their different philosophies neither X3DOM nor XML3D has yet been able to achieve the same momentum and adoption rate as imperative frameworks like three.js. In the meantime, the underlying Web technology stack has made significant advances.In this paper we revisit both approaches in light of new Web technologies, such as Web Components, to define a small set of core elements that can provide the convenience of X3DOM while remaining as flexible and customizable as XML3D. Further, we present a strategy for building upon these core elements to enable user-defined elements, with the ability to cover domain-specific needs in Declarative 3D. Lastly, we show how these concepts can be used to simplify existing approaches (i.e. X3DOM and XML3D) and provide the basic building blocks of Declarative 3D on the Web.

The key success factor for modern web applications is their acceptance by the end-users which heavily depends on the quality of the user experience that they offer to them. Users require applications designed in such a way that it enables them to learn the supported functionalities easily, so that they can quickly find the information that they are looking for. Therefore, the usability and the overall design quality of an application can determine its success or failure. In this paper, we analyze the conceptual model of CMS-based web applications in terms of the incorporated design fragments that support the various user interaction processes. We consider these fragments as recurrent interaction patterns occurring in the application model, consisting of a configuration of front-end interface components that interrelate each other and interact with the user to achieve certain functionality. We have developed a methodology that automatically extracts the conceptual model of a web application and subsequently performs a pattern-based analysis of the model in order to identify the occurrences of all the recurrent interaction patterns. Finally, we calculate evaluation metrics revealing whether these patterns are used consistently throughout the application design. By utilizing these patterns, developers can produce more consistent and predictable designs, improving the ease of use of web applications.

Applications that adapt to and make use of the set of available devices have received a lot of attention lately. Even so, it remains unclear how such cross-device applications are used outside of controlled environments like lab studies where users are instructed on usage. Insights into the usage of an application could help measure business goals and improve the application, as is common for web-based applications. Building on practices from the web, we propose a system for analysing the usage of web-based cross-device applications. We introduce metrics and use cases of interest in cross-device scenarios and explain how we support these in our implementation, XD-Analytics. Finally, we discuss how we used XD-Analytics to observe the introduction of a cross-device feature in an existing application with a substantial user base.

The Web has pervaded all walks of life and has become an important corpus for studying the humanities, social sciences, and for use by computer scientists and other disciplines. Web archives collect, preserve, and provide ongoing access to ephemeral Web pages and hence encode traces of human thought, activity, and history. This makes them a valuable resource for analysis and study. However, there have been only few concerted efforts to bring together tools, platforms, storage, processing frameworks, and existing collections for mining and analysing Web archives.

Web applications have been developed rapidly as to support a variety of online processes and transactional workflows involved in the web domain. Although there are several numbers of design modeling concepts existing in web application nowadays, new issues such as interrelated process flow, navigational interaction and graphical user interface still become the biggest attention among researchers. This paper presents UML stereotype extensions, which focus on the process interaction-driven design in the proposed design approach called UEWDM. The uniqueness relies on UML stereotypes usability in the design pattern modeling approach. The new design approach is validated through a case study implementation and verified by web designers. Future works of the design model will be explained and briefly summarized at the end of the paper.

In the modern era web applications have become such a prevalent phenomenon. In past days Web applications region are broadly not known and it is extremely not understandable fixed appliance due to its complex nature and it is highly technical. Nowadays with the help of web application we can express, manage, depot and transmit the delicate consumer data for instant and frequent use. Some Web applications take a few seconds and other take huge amount of time to display the results. The work has been done to enhance the performance of Web applications. Mainly this paper focuses on making a comparison between Model View Controller and Cloud architecture. This also includes the implementation of web application with CRUD functionality with different architectures.

In recent year a lot of web applications have been released in the world. At the same time, Zero-Day attacks against web application vulnerabilities have also increased. In such a scenario, it is necessary to make web applications more secure. However checking all web vulnerabilities by manually is very difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, we need a web application vulnerability scanner which is used for detecting security vulnerabilities in web services by underlining the service from the attacker's point of view. Web Application Penetration Testing (WAPT) plays an important role in every modern organization but, if an organization web apps does not properly test and secure then adversaries can compromise your applications, steal organization data and. damage business performance. Unfortunately, many organizations are under an illusion that a web application scanner which they are using will sincerely discover loopholes in their systems. According to research and study, there are different penetration testing tools have provide different performance on vulnerabilities detection. In this paper we have analyze and take survey of the different Zero-day vulnerability, how we can help organizations in testing their web applications in order to build reliable and secure applications.

Web Service Architecture gives a compatible and scalable structure for web service interactions with performance, responsiveness, reliability and security to make a quality of software design. Systematic quantitative approaches have been discussed for designing and developing software systems that meet performance objectives. Many companies have successfully applied these techniques in different applications to achieve better performance in terms of financial, customer satisfaction, and other benefits. This paper describes the architecture, design, implementation, integration testing, performance and maintenance of new applications. The most successful best practices used in world class organizations are discussed. This will help the application, component, and software system designers to develop web applications and fine tune the existing methods in line with the best practices. In business process automation, many standard practices and technologies have been used to model and execute business processes. The emerging technology is web applications technology which provides a great flexibility for development of interoperable environment services. In this paper we propose a Case study of Automatic Gas Booking system, a business process development strategy and best practices used in development of software components used in web applications. The classification of QWS dataset with 2507 records, service invocations, integration and security for web applications have been discussed.

With increasing complexity of web-based applications, traditional engineering from scratch becomes an effortful matter with security aspects difficult to oversee. By composing applications from reusable building blocks, component-based web engineering approaches promise to reduce time to market while providing flexibility to changing conditions. Yet, they face a trade off between developing software in an agile fashion and establishing a solid security foundation.To mitigate risks of successful attacks, web engineers must however ensure security during the entire lifetime of web-based applications. This paper therefore presents WAM++ which combines well with existing methodology and assists engineers in designing web-based applications with a strong emphasis on security. Based on the theoretical foundation from prior work, we introduce a vocabulary to describe both the architecture of web-based applications and involved services. Furthermore, we support engineers by an online diagraming tool and showcase a prototypical implementation of WAM++ in an existing identity management platform.

Achieving web accessibility has become a global aim nowadays, especially with the significant inclusion of the Internet in our daily lives. There exist different accessibility evaluation methods that support web developers and designers during websites' development life cycle, and each has different benefits and drawbacks. However, many studies show that there is a continued lack of equality between disabled and non-disabled people in benefitting from the web, especially with the prolonged growth of web development standards and techniques, which raises a demand for continuous improvement in web accessibility evaluation methods in order to gain reliable results. Given this demand, our paper investigates the advancements in web accessibility evaluation methods for the past five years (2011-2015). The results reveal a lack of significant evolution of these evaluation methods. Based on our findings, more efforts are required for enhancing accessibility evaluation techniques in order to achieve better web accessibility.

In the field of Web Engineering, many methods have been proposed. FrameWeb is a method that targets the development of systems that use certain kinds of frameworks in their architecture, proposing the use of models that incorporate concepts from these frameworks during design. However, in its original proposal, FrameWeb's models do not fit well different framework instances, its language is not formally defined and no tool support is offered to aid software architects in creating the models. In this paper, we propose to address these issues using model-driven techniques.

User interaction with web applications has changed considerably over the last decade. Technological advances allow users to be more than mere information consumers. Users now produce most of the information on the World Wide Web. Most of the interaction and information management with web applications is carried out on the client side, in the local browser. However, there is not always connectivity with the web platform. Several factors prevent users from connecting with remote servers: rural areas, natural disasters or situations without coverage. These situations, among others, motivated the creation and use of offline or disconnected web applications. The present work takes an in-depth look at the problems of using existent web applications in offline scenarios. To that end, the offline proxy is introduced. Then, a test is conducted to perform a preliminary evaluation of how user interaction changes with offline web interfaces. The final objective is to understand and to improve user interaction in offline scenarios with web applications.

Human is the only species on earth that has mastered the technologies in writing and printing to capture ephemeral thoughts and scientific discoveries. The capabilities to pass along knowledge, not only geographically but also generationally, have formed the bedrock of our civilizations. We are in the midst of a silent revolution driven by the technological advancements: no longer are computers just a fixture of our physical world but have they been so deeply woven into our daily routines that they are now occupying the center of our lives. No where are the phenomena more prominent than our reliance on the World Wide Web. More and more often, the web has become the primary source of fresh information and knowledge. In addition to general consumption, the availability of large amount of contents and behavioral data has also instigated new interdisciplinary research activities in the areas of information retrieval, natural language processing, machine learning, behavioral studies, social computing and data mining. This talk will use web search as an example to demonstrate how these new research activities and technologies have help the web evolve from a collection of documents to becoming the largest knowledge base in our history. During this evolution, the web is transformed from merely reacting to our needs to a living entity that can anticipate and push timely information to wherever and whenever we need it. How the scholarly activities and communications can be impacted will also be illustrated and elaborated, and some observations derived from a web scale data set, newly release to the public, will also be shared.

The explosion of Web 2.0 platforms including social networking sites such as Twitter, blogs and wikis affects all web users: scholars included. As a result, there is a need for a comprehensive approach to gain a broader understanding and timely signals of scientific communication as well as how researchers interact on the social web. Most current work in this area deals with either a low number of researchers and heavily relies on manual annotation or large-scale analysis without deep understanding of the underlying researcher population. In this proposal, we present a holistic approach to solve these problems. This research proposes novel methods to collect, filter, analyze and make sense of scholars and scholarly communication by integrating heterogeneous data sources from fast social media streams as well as the academic web. Applying reproducible research, contributing applications and data sets, the thesis proposal strives to add value by mining the social web for social good.

The World Wide Web (WWW) provides precious means for communication, which goes far beyond the traditional communication media. Web-based communities have become imperative spaces for individuals to seek and share expertise. Networks in these communities usually differ in their topology from other networks such as the World Wide Web. In this paper, we explore some research issues of web intelligence and communities. We will also introduce the WI&C'15 workshop's goal and structure.

While Mark Weiser's vision of ubiquitous computing is getting closer to reality, a fundamental part of it - the interconnection of devices into a "ubiquitous network" - is not achieved yet. Differences in hardware, architecture, and missing standardizations are just some reasons for this. We think that existing research is not versatile enough and too tailored to either single applications, hardware, or location. We contribute Connichiwa -- a versatile framework for creating web applications across multiple devices. We base Connichiwa on four key goals: integration of existing devices, independence of network infrastructure, versatility of application scenario, and usability of its API. Connichiwa runs web applications on off-the-shelf consumer devices. With no external dependencies, such as a server, it enables a great variety of possible scenarios. We tested the technical feasibility of Connichiwa in seven example applications and plan to evaluate the framework and the usability of its API in a one-week Hackathon.

The necessity for evolving existing Web applications has become one of the major problems faced by organizations. Content Management Systems (CMS) have proved to be the best platforms to manage huge amounts of digital content in a reliable manner. Thus, many organizations have experienced the necessity of migrating their legacy Web applications to these CMS platforms which meet their needs better. Model-driven reengineering methods have shown their efficiency in such kind of evolution and migration processes, but they only become effective when they are automated by using appropriate tools. This work presents the RE-CMS toolkit, a toolkit that automates a model-driven reengineering method defined for the migration of traditional Web applications to CMS platforms. The RE-CMS toolkit supports the extraction of knowledge from a Web application and its representation within a CMS domain from which a modern CMS-based Web application may be generated. To validate its usability, we present a case study where a traditional Web application is migrated to Wordpress, one of the most used CMS platforms.

Organizational Information Systems (IS) collect, store, and manage personal and business information through web applications and services. Due to regulation laws and to protect the privacy of users, clients, and business partners, such information must be kept private. This paper proposes a privacy reference architecture that can serve as foundation for the analysis, design and development of web applications with privacy concerns. Using the proposed reference architecture, these applications can manage personal information in a more secure manner, protecting such information from different sources of privacy violation. Also, it can be used as a standardization model that facilitates system integration and communication. The architecture was evaluated regarding four key quality attributes: completeness, applicability, usability and feasibility. Results show that it brings values for the stakeholders and is an important tool in the analysis and implementation of applications with privacy protection.

Web Services are a platform-independent technology that enables business processes to be accessible worldwide. In this context, web service frameworks play a key role as intermediate layers, offering support for interoperability and communication between providers and consumers. Due to their relevance in the overall infrastructure, frameworks are a frequent target of attacks trying to impact the performance of the provided services. This paper proposes an experimental approach for assessing the performance of web service frameworks under the presence of security attacks. The approach is based on a client that exchanges non-malicious messages with an infrastructure that includes the framework being assessed and several web service applications. Attacks are performed by a malicious client application and performance measures are collected during the process (from the point-of-view of legitimate users). Five web service frameworks have been assessed and results show that improvements are urgently needed, as several cases of performance degradation were observed.

Distinctions between standalone computer applications and web-based applications are becoming increasingly blurry, and client-server communication is being used as a part of everyday computing. This is resulting in user expectations of web page performance converging with their expectations of standalone application performance. Existing industry standards for web page performance are widely varied and inconsistent, and standards based on surveying users are especially so. We illustrate this inconsistency with examples from published literature and industry studies. Considering a specific class of web-based applications (high usage, minimal overhead, business web applications), we attempt to define a set of industry standards by conducting a case study of an implementation of an industry-leading software suite. We measure the application's performance over time and contrast its performance with the frequency of reported end-user performance complaints. Taking these measurements, we define a specific set of measurable performance standards that, when met, would achieve a high level of performance satisfaction among a large percentage of users.Based on our examination of existing industry standards, we know there are limitations in users' ability to define consistent performance requirements. Here we present a method that proposes to produce a set of performance requirements through a user interview process that closely matches the performance standards defined by the case study. We then examine the results achieved by applying this method to a comparable web application within the same company as the case study to demonstrate that the requirements produced match the performance observations of the case study analysis.

The Web of Things is about extending the Internet of Things concept beyond the connection of things and considering issues like heterogeneity, scalability, and usability with respect to pervasive computing. The goal of this initiative is to reuse the architectural principles that made the Web successful and apply them to smart devices, thereby making real-world objects first-class citizens of the Web. The approach taken by the Web of Things initiative is to look at the problems and research issues that emerge when considering the interaction of heterogeneous devices within composite applications. Continuing the successful Web of Things workshop series, this workshop aims at further exploring the use of technologies and principles at the core of the Web to provide methods for a seamless integration of physical devices. In particular, our goal is to foster discussion on systems towards a real-time Web of Things and the discovery, search, and composition of services that are provided by Web-enabled devices.

Wearables are becoming the next Big Thing, and it is clear that they will become increasingly integrated into the Web of Things, instead of just being standalone resources that are not linked into the Web. Such a Web of Wearables will make wearables as easily accessible as other Web resources, allowing new classes of applications and systems to use them. This Web of Wearables will establish an ecosystem noticeably different from the current Web with more ties to the real world, more ties to personal information and data, and more ways to interact with the real world. It remains to be seen which applications and systems will emerge, but the designs of today will have an impact on what is possible tomorrow, so we should strive to make sure that the ecosystem we design is open, extensible, and flexible.

Simple is a web framework for Haskell. Simple came out of our work on Hails, a platform for secure web applications. For Hails, we needed a flexible web framework that uses no unsafe language features and can be used to build apps outside the IO monad. Unlike many mainstream web frameworks, Simple does not enforce a particular structure or paradigm. Instead, it simply provides a set of composable building blocks to help developers structure and organize their web applications. We've used Simple to build both traditional web applications as well as applications with explicit, strong safety and security guarantees. In the demonstration, we'll focus on the former -- introducing the framework and motivating it's utility for traditional web apps -- and show how we can leverage the LIO information flow control library to add mandatory security policies to apps.

The Web of things paradigm aims to interconnect network-enabled objects using Web standards and protocols. Designing such systems raises several challenges related to the heterogeneity of things and the openness of the whole system. We propose an avatar-based approach to abstract physical objects into autonomous agents. We lead a discussion about these Web abstractions by highlighting some multi-agent systems requirements and their implementation on the Web.

Web-based software is available all over the world instantly after the online release. Applications can be used and updated without need to install anything, with natural support for collaboration, which allows users to interact and share the same applications over the Web. In addition, numerous web services allowing users to upload, download, store and modify private and public resources have emerged. However, as the amount of web services and devices used to consume as well as generate data has exploded, it is difficult to access and manage relevant data. In this paper, we start from the principles of mashups, reflect their use to the concepts of software ecosystems, and finally extend the discussion to open data generated by users themselves. As a technical contribution, we also introduce our proof-of-concept implementation of a mashup system built on wellness data, and discuss the main lessons we have learned in the process.

With the emergence of new computing platforms, software written for traditional platforms is being re-targeted to reach the users on these new platforms. In particular, due to the proliferation of mobile computing devices, it is common practice for companies to build mobile-specific versions of their existing web applications to provide mobile users with a better experience. Because the differences between desktop and mobile versions of a web application are not only cosmetic, but can also include substantial rewrites of key components, it is not uncommon for these different versions to provide different sets of features. Whereas some of these differences are intentional, such as the addition of location-based features on mobile devices, others are not and can negatively affect the user experience, as confirmed by numerous user reports and complaints. Unfortunately, checking and maintaining the consistency of different versions of an application by hand is not only time consuming, but also error prone. To address this problem, and help developers in this difficult task, we propose an automated technique for matching features across different versions of a multi-platform web application. We implemented our technique in a tool, called FMAP, and used it to perform a preliminary empirical evaluation on nine real-world multi-platform web applications. The results of our evaluation are promising, as FMAP was able to correctly identify missing features between desktop and mobile versions of the web applications considered, as confirmed by our analysis of user reports and software fixes for these applications.

It is ten years since the concept of Web Science was conceived against a backdrop of a dramatically evolving Web. At the time social networks were in their infancy and linked data was only talked about in the research labs. Today as we celebrate the 25th anniversary of the birth of the Web and we become increasingly aware of the pressures on it going forwards, I see Web Science as more significant to the evolution of the Web than ever. It is so important we can present real evidence to the major stakeholders in the development of the Web to demonstrate the likely consequences of decisions they might take. It is my hypothesis that we cannot achieve this without establishing an international project to observe what is happening on the Web and to set this in the wider social context and what has happened before. This means developing mechanisms to share data and data analytics across different projects and cultures over time -- including the creation of "safe harbours" in which private and public data can be integrated with out compromising privacy, confidentiality, or data security issues. This thinking has led to the establishment of the Web Observatory project, the latest incarnation of which will be presented in this talk. There are many such observatories in existence. The grand challenge is to create a distributed framework to facilitate the virtual integration of the data that resides in the various repositories and the sharing of data analysis tools as well as the results of the research that such international collaboration will engender.

HTML5 represents an important milestone for the modern web. It offers a standardized way of developing feature-rich Internet applications in a platform-independent manner. This paper presents a software platform for deploying purely web-based agents. It provides the necessary infrastructure for utilizing many techniques of the multiagent technology, such as agent interaction and mobility, in modern web applications.

With the increasingly low cost of motion-sensing technology, touchless interactive interfaces may become a new ingredient in the evolution of content intensive web applications from single-platform (desktop) to multi-platforms use. While the migration from desktop to mobile devices has been widely studied, there is limited understanding on how to include touchless interfaces in this "going multi-channel" evolution. The paper focuses on the design issues that are induced by this process. We propose a model-based design approach that supports information reuse and exploits a systematic mapping from content structures to interaction tasks and touchless gestures. We then describe a case study in the cultural heritage domain to exemplify our method.

Real world web development is a complex and messy practice. The web professional must be able to configure a myriad of services, many of which interface with the wider world and web. Teaching those concepts is not difficult, but applying that knowledge can be a challenge, especially when dealing with institutional IT policies that preclude working with some technologies. This paper explores the challenge and opportunity of trying to impart those real world web development experiences on students in a capstone web development course.

Nowadays, the Web represents the main way of providing computing services to a huge variety of users with different characteristics. Thus, accessibility and usability features become even more critical to a Web application's success. Researchers have been worried in providing mechanisms to serve as guidelines that Web systems should provide, in terms of usability and accessibility requirements. However, there not exists an instrument to provide a measure to help the specialists to verify how much these requirements are presented in a Web system. In this paper, we describe HEUA, a proposed questionnaire to assess the usability and accessibility of existing (or legacy) Web systems, to support measuring how much effort a Web system needs to be improved.

Generally speaking, modern research becomes increasingly interdisciplinary and collaborative in nature. Researchers need to collaborate and make decisions by meaningfully assembling, mining and analyzing available large-scale volumes of complex multi-faceted data residing in different sources. At the same time, they need to efficiently and effectively exploit services available over the Web. Arguing that dealing with data-intensive and cognitively complex settings is not a technical problem alone, this paper presents a novel collaboration support platform for Web communities. The proposed solution adopts a hybrid approach that builds on the synergy between machine and human intelligence to facilitate the underlying sense-making and decision making processes. User experience shows that the platform enables stakeholders to make better, more informed and quicker decisions. The functionalities of the proposed platform are described through a real-world case from a biomedical research community.

Service based applications, i.e. applications that delegate work to remote web services, have emerged as a key architecture for mobile applications. Such applications can be created by composing access to web services. However, the process is still largely manual in today's practice. This paper presents a new model driven framework called DroidCompo that aims to provide an authoring environment for composing service based applications for the Android platform. DroidCompo provides: a. models that allow users to describe Android applications, web services and web service clients; b. an abstraction called Form Layout which is used to derive a user interface from the result structure of web services; and c. a Composition model that supports integration of both logic and user interface. Defining applications using DroidCompo alleviates the need for manual programming, while the composition approach enables and promotes reuse at the model instance and shared library levels.

The wealth of digital information available in our time has become indispensable for a rich variety of tasks. We use data on the Web for work, leisure, and research, aided by various search systems, allowing us to find small needles in giant haystacks. Despite recent advances in personalization and contextualization, however, various types of tasks, ranging from simple lookup tasks to complex, exploratory and analytical ventures, are mainly supported in elementary, "one-size-fits-all" search interfaces.Web archives, keepers of our future cultural heritage, have gathered petabytes of valuable Web data, which characterize our times for future generations. Access to these archives, however, is surprisingly limited: online Web archives usually provide a URL-based Wayback Machine interface, sometimes extended with rudimentary search options. As a result of limited access, Web archives have not been widely used for research so far. For emerging research using Web archives, there is a need to move beyond URL-based and simple search access, towards providing support for complex (re)search tasks.In my thesis, I am exploring ways to move beyond the "one-size-fits-all" approach for search systems, and I work on systems which can support the flow of complex search, also in the context of archived Web data. Rich models of search and research can be incorporated into adaptive search systems, supporting search strategies in various stages of complex search tasks. Concretely, I look at the use case of the Humanities researcher, for which the large, Terabyte-scale Web archives can be a valuable addition to existing sources utilized to perform research.

The quality of Internet connections around the world is extremely varied and very poor in rural areas despite high enthusiasm and investment of resources in computers. This study focuses on Internet users at schools and Internet cafes in rural Ghana. We wished to explore whether there were challenges to Internet use in addition to the poor connection quality itself. In our study we found that beyond connectivity, the lack of computer knowledge, poor usability of web interfaces, and "foreignization" of technology compounded the problem. To improve web access in these contexts, we designed TroTro, a browsing system that maintains a usable experience despite fluctuating connectivity and a wide range of user expertise. We followed web usability heuristics in our design and our results show evidence that our system allows both novice and expert computer users to enhance their individual web experience, explore content across different kinds of network conditions, and share resources within their community.