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In Next-Generation Technologies, the monitoring of environmental noise nuisance in the Smart City should be as efficient as possible. 5G IoT systems offer a great opportunity to offload the node calculation, as they provide a number of new concepts for dynamic computing that previous technologies did not offer. In this case, a complete 5G IoT system for psycho-acoustic monitoring has been implemented using different options to offload the calculation of the parameters to different parts of the system. This offloading has been implemented by directly computing the metrics in the node (as a Raspberry Pi), and in a ESP32 device (FiPy) and by sampling the audio and sending it to the EDGE in the psycho-acoustic metrics algorithm in order to evaluate the performance of the system and has been compared with the calculation at the node itself.

The proliferation of commercial low-cost Small Board Computers (SBC) devices have allowed the deployment of many Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) focused on different applications, mainly based on monitoring issues. These networks are characterized by a set of these SBCs devices working in a collaborative way where each device is sensing, processing and later sending out the data to the sink. These devices are equipped with power supply, a processing unit and communications capabilities (in particular WiFi), making themselves very interesting to fit in many topologies. However, their performance in terms of communications basically depends on the environment and usually heuristic techniques are used with any guarantee if they will succeed or not. To model the different scenarios there are theoretically several approaches, such as ray tracing technique, two-ray, as well as semi-empirical models, but it should be interesting to analyze them also from a experimental point of view. In this paper we carry out a thorough performance analysis, in particular using Raspberry Pi3 (RPi3) devices, in order to understand their behavior in terms of Quality of Services (throughput, delay, losses and jitter (delay variation) for different types of communications: indoor and outdoor environments, with and without multipath reflections in order to establish precisely the amount of signal required depending on the required througput. In the outdoor environments, we analyze the QoS over the links between two nodes in a deployment.We conclude that using this type of devices we can achieve a throughput of more than 45 Mbps in indoor within distances shorter than 50 m and 40 Mbps in outdoor till 100 m and then it starts decaying till 300 m in normal conditions.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are groups of small devices that contain a microcontroller in which a large number of sensors can be added. They transmit data and communicate to each other in the ISM band, standard IEEE 802.15.4, exchanging packets using a multi-hop routing. These devices are named motes and are nodes of the WSN. They are very simple and easy to program, powered by batteries of 1.5Volts (AA and AAA). The nodes are autonomous elements that can be deployed implementing any type of network. In a typical deployment the nodes communicate with each other and with a master node or Base Station (BS), which in turn transmits the information to an external server, which collects the environmental and any type of parameters collected by each sensor. WSNs are used in a multitude of military, industrial and civil applications. They use a very low amount of power, and this fact limits the maximum communication distance between motes within the WSN, which is around 50m for civil current motes. The Stochastic Collaborative Beamforming (SCB), was proposed as a way to overcome the low range. in which we take advantage of the synchronization errors of the clocks. In SCB, it is possible to obtain the adequate time delay that permits the interference or sufficient gain in the direction of the receiver. However the dimensions of the WSN deployment are so large as to consider the effects of the near field. WSN with 200m diameter have Fresnel areas ranging to distances as far as 325Km. In the present work we present the theoretical background to analyze the SCB transmission of a cluster of radiating motes, and also the theoretical planning for a SCB long range communication in the Albufera de Valencia natural reservation area, some preliminary simulations and measurements are also presented.

Reducing energy consumption has become a hot research topic in the past few years. The concept of Green Networking is gaining popularity not only because of the growing environmental awareness worldwide but also the economic opportunities and benefits of reducing energy consumption in the ICT industry. In this work, we will identify the importance of green research and explore the state of the art in the field with a special focus on green base stations. After identifying the key green metrics, we will explore the energy efficiency of traditional base stations and review the main possible improvements to its current structure as a standalone unit as well as the base station as a component in a cellular network. We find that a substantial mitigation of CO2 emissions from 2.4% to 7% of total emissions could be achieved, where the use of renewable energies is economically and technically feasible.

This paper reports on the work being done towards achieving an immersive and accessible reconstruction of Historical and Cultural Heritage, focusing on Theaters of the Early Modern as use case. In particular, the paper presents and discusses potential possibilities to enable: 1) the acoustical reconstruction of the virtual (lost) environments – beyond the graphical reconstruction for the buildings, elements and performances; 2) effective interaction features and navigation within the virtual environment (e.g. by means of adaptive interfaces, guiding methods, insertion of Point of Interest); and 3) accessible experiences, by means of an innovative and personalized presentation modes for access services, like subtitles and audio description. For most of these aspects and features, proof of concept implementation are provided, and opportunities for future work are outlined. With an effective combination of all these contributions, the goal is to bring back valuable (both tangible and intangible) Cultural Heritage from the past, providing high benefits in relevant sectors like Culture, Tourism and Education.

The evaluation of QoS in mobile multipath environments is an interesting topic in modern communications. The use of Raspberry Pi as a low cost microcomputer board developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation can be helpful in onsite deployments. The Pi3 model has integrated WiFi and Bluetooth connectivity and also 4 USB ports to expand the device with all kinds of peripheral. Under the premise of offering the power of a computer at low prices, this device is one of the most affordable ways to have a particularly efficient and dynamic hardware accessible at a low price to develop a Wireless Sensor Netwok (WSN). The use of the Raspberry Pi3 permits the development of a powerful and hight efficient mote in the development of a WSN, where data is highly processed in each mote and transmissions between motes and the sink or base station (BS) can be keep at minimum. We develop an experimental setup to analyse the quality of transmission between these devices in order to a further modelization of the channel. We program the Raspberry Pi3 to evaluate the quality of the transmission between two devices within a controlled multipath environment, particularly within an anechoic chamber.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed of spatially distributed autonomous sensor devices, named motes. These devices are constituted by a microcontroller, sensors, and they have the ability to communicate in the ISM frequency band using the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. They have their own power supply, AA or AAA batteries, processing unit, sensors and wireless communications. Usually, the motes exchange packets using a multihop routing, and the maximum communication distance emitter-receiver is around 100m. At least one mote acts as a gateway, and the data gathered by the sensors of each mote have to be sent to this mote that is named sink or Base Station (BS). In a WSN the BS is within the area of the WSN in order to receive the information. The distance between the BS and the nearest mote must be at the most 100m to be able to receive the packets. If the BS distance is farther than this distance, the communication fails, because the motes have limited power. Some techniques are proposed to overcome this distance in order to achieve a long range communication to reach the BS, for instance to communicate to a low orbit satellite. The difficulties are related to synchronization errors in the clocks of the motes. We propose an alternative technique based in a collaborative beamforming scheme, named stochastic collaborative transmission or stochastic beamforming, in which we take advantage of the synchronization errors of the clocks to achieve a large gain in a limited number of trials.

Road accidents are well correlated with bad weather conditions. In traffic management, several strategies have been considered in order to reduce this kind of accidents. Weather problems can cause difficult situations for the traffic management decision-makers. They need to analyze and absorb a large quantity of information in order to solve some problems due to bad weather. An automated agent-based system is a good solution to help decision-makers in the management of weather information to road users in relation to traffic conditions.In this paper, a distributed system based in autonomous agents and rules for road weather information has been proposed. Also the detection procedure is explained.

When designing and deploying multimedia systems, it is essential to accurately know about the necessary requirements and the Quality of Service (QoS) offered to the customers. This paper presents two open-source software tools that contribute to these key needs. The first tool is able to measure and register resources consumption metrics for any Windows program (i.e. process id), like the CPU, GPU and RAM usage. Unlike the Task Manager, which requires manual visual inspection for just a subset of these metrics, the developed tool runs on top of the Powershell to periodically measure these metrics, calculate statistics, and register them in log files. The second tool is able to measure QoS metrics from DASH streaming sessions by running on top of TShark, if a non-secure HTTP connection is used. For each DASH chunk, the tool registers: the round-trip time from request to download, the number of TCP segments and bytes, the effective bandwidth, the selected DASH representation, and the associated parameters in the MPD (e.g., resolution, bitrate). It also registers the MPD and the total amount of downloaded frames and bytes. The advantage of this second tool is that these metrics can be registered regardless of the player used, even from a device connected to the same network than the DASH player.