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This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of Chetan Bhagat's prominent novels through the lens of literary analysis, focusing on the intricate interplay of language dynamics within his narrative framework. Drawing upon a variety of theoretical frameworks and methodologies, particularly those rooted in linguistic analysis, the study seeks to decode the nuanced linguistic elements embedded within Bhagat's select literary works. Through a meticulous exploration of themes, character interactions, and narrative structures, this analysis endeavors to unravel the deeper implications of linguistic choices and their impact on the overall reading experience. By shedding light on the linguistic dynamics at play, this study contributes to a richer understanding of Bhagat's novels and their significance within contemporary literary discourse. Furthermore, this study endeavors to explore the intersection of language and society in Bhagat's works, examining how linguistic representations mirror and influence cultural norms, values, and identities. Through an interdisciplinary lens, we draw upon insights from sociolinguistics, cultural studies, and literary theory to elucidate the ways in which language operates as a vehicle for social commentary and critique within Bhagat's fictional universe. Ultimately, this paper seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of Chetan Bhagat's literary oeuvre by foregrounding the significance of linguistic dynamics in shaping the reading experience. By unraveling the complexities of language within his narratives, we aim to illuminate the enduring appeal and cultural relevance of Bhagat's novels within the landscape of contemporary Indian literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the sharp rise of research interest in linguistic landscapes worldwide, little attention has been given to the multilingual urban discourse of Kazakhstan. Being first in the investigation into the multilingual practices characteristic of the linguistic landscape in the western region of Kazakhstan, our study adds to the number of linguistic landscape analyses through a translanguaging lens. This paper explores translingual practices on local "bottom-up" commercial public signs by the example of four major cities in the region: Aktau, Aktobe, Atyrau and Uralsk. The study uses a mixed method research design combining qualitative and quantitative analysis of multilingual urban texts accompanied by semi-structured ethnographic interviews with owners of commercial establishments. In our analysis, we specify various dynamic and creative forms of mixing the state Kazakh, interethnic Russian, international English and/or other local languages such as Uzbek and Arabic. We demonstrate how these languages are involved in the creation of symbolic meanings and attraction of potential consumers and contribute to the construction of the urban space of the western region of Kazakhstan. We provide illustrations of the ever-growing presence of English in multilingual written urban texts of the region as a symbol of modernity, high quality, innovation, technical progress and prestige. We also show the indexical potential of the Kazakh and Russian languages as markers of local affiliation and tradition, and the Uzbek and Arabic languages as symbols of the Turkic and Islamic cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the crucial foci of contemporary linguistics is upon the complex human-nature relationship within the Anthropocene. An essential methodology of eco-linguistics is Ecological Discourse Analysis (EDA), a field which combines linguistics and ecology. The philosophical underpinning of EDA is rooted in an ecological thematic framework, emphasising the significance of biodiversity and sustainability in the natural world. Despite gaining attention over the past decade, EDA still lacks a comprehensive explanation to adequately and accurately explain the fundamental assertion of its philosophical framework: it gives undue prominence to language biodiversity and sustainability. This systematic literature review, conducted using the PRISMA 2020 paradigm, covers studies from 2014 to 2023. It examines 38 works on EDA across several genres. Further clues illustrate the application of EDA to various genres, often informed by theoretical frameworks associated with systemic functional linguistics, cognitive linguistics, and corpus linguistics. EDA research concentrates on ecological discourse and advocating for protection, exposing the lack of nomenclature, analytical framework, application domain, theoretical framework, and objectives. Furthermore, EDA faces challenges in effectively addressing ecological issues within discourse construction because it does not have a sound theoretical paradigm or enough systematicity. Furthermore, the texts analysed using EDA predominantly focus on ecological discourse, with only a few studies incorporating non-ecological literary texts. This underscores the necessity of expanding the scope of ecological linguistic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate some forms of interrogatives in Standard Arabic (SA), two Jordanian Arabic dialects (JAD): urban Jordanian Arabic (UJA) and rural Jordanian Arabic (RJA), and their impact on the Jordanian people's use of English Interrogative forms. It also examines how SA, and the two JAD are similar and different based on their forms and uses of interrogatives. Further, this study analyzes how each interrogative form is used in different classifications and contexts. The descriptive approach is used to describe the impact of SA, UJA and RJA on the use of English interrogative forms in social contexts. The study concludes that JADs share some interrogative forms and that some of them hold multiple meanings or usages. It also confirms that SA and its Jordanian dialects, UJA and RJA, to some extent, impact the Jordanian people's use of English interrogative forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the contents and values of Yorùbá idiomatic expressions that relate to the parts of the human body in social interactions with a view to establishing their communicative value in Yorùbá socio-cultural discourse. A few research efforts on proverbs and idiomatic expressions have studied the scope of their usage in Yorùbá music, the new mode of their usage in political arena and those that relate to Egungun among speakers of Yorùbá language. None, however, have examined the contents of the Yorùbá idiomatic expressions in relation to the parts of the human body. This, therefore, is the preoccupation of the study. Our data for this study comprised thirty purposively selected idioms in Yorùbá language which are used frequently, especially among the elders, in social interactions. The idioms were classified into three domains which captured roughly the major divisions of the human body. The three major parts altogether ensure, in scientific parlance, the homeostasis and viability of the human body. The paper adopted the Ethnography of Communication model as its theoretical framework. Results from the study showed that almost every part of the human body is capable of being used to construct profound and thought-provoking idiomatic expressions which can enhance poetic and rhetoric vigour as well as serve as cultural fillip meant to rekindle the flagging interest of the youths in Yorùbá culture so as to save the Yorùbá language from extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study foregrounds background information on attitudes towards acceptance of English language and educational opportunities in non-English speaking nations from a historical and contemporary viewpoint. The relevance of ELF-informed perspectives in non-ELF-speaking contexts is then discussed, both from an educational and a business/professional standpoint. Using English as a common language globally presents an unprecedented challenge for stakeholders in the 21st century. The paper focuses on the divergent policies related to English language. It investigates several countries' status, their practitioners, and people's viewpoints regarding the widespread use of the English language and the diversity of societies and cultures. The objective is to investigate how accessible non-native speakers are to newer speakers and alternatives that might work for their working atmosphere to provide some recommendations for them. The purpose is to determine if they are willing to use more modern pedagogical approaches appropriate for their teaching environment and to make recommendations for non-native people's development programmes. Recent years have seen a rise in interest in studying English as a lingua franca (ELF), which has produced some fascinating findings regarding how non-native speakers of English interact with other non-native speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work sets out to explore the major distinctions between Arabic and Bangla—the languages with unidentical origins. Comparing and analyzing the various aspects of these two languages requires huge linguistic expertise in the respective fields as it is a most complicated job for anyone to accomplish. Arabic and Bangla are two of the leading languages of the world, specially in terms of the number of speakers, tourism, religion and the growing demands in world affairs. As Arabic and Bangla are from unalike families of languages, they differ a lot in the word class, grammar, pronunciation, usage, writing style and so forth. In particular, the sentence structure in Arabic is divided into two types, such as, verbal i.e. V+S+C and nominal i.e. S+C; while the typical Bangla sentence pattern is inflexion-based i.e. S+C+V. Like any other vocalized language, Arabic does not have vowels in the alphabet which is recognized as an ‘abjad’ meaning a ‘consonantal alphabet’. Therefore, a syllable or word in Arabic is formed without the help of any vowels. However, Bangla has eleven vowels to constitute a syllable or word. Moreover, Arabic is read and written from right to left, whereas Bangla is from left to right. Despite all these differences, Arabic and Bangla have some similarities as well. For instance, they do not have any differences between the upper case and the lower case. Besides, Arabic and Bangla are both phonetic and rhotic languages. Nevertheless, there are a few more minor differences between Arabic and Bangla. Hence, this paper is intended to provide the learners, users, as well as teachers of the two languages with some important facts and features which are often faced, essentially in the areas of writing, speaking and translating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duyun has been a multi-ethnic area since ancient times, and its grammar has been influenced by both Chinese and local minority languages. This paper is intended to compare the usages of the hen-family in Duyun dialect, Mandarin, and minority languages from the perspective of language contact, and to trace the origin of xən 35 in Duyun dialect by examining the evolution of hen in Chinese. It is proposed that the prepositive usage of xən 35 is a historical continuation of hen in Chinese during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, while the postpositive usage of xən 35 is influenced by the local minority languages. The distinctive usages of xən 35 in Duyun dialect are due to language contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the difference between the language of male and female speakers, in terms of gender in Jordan in some fields. The paper answers the following question: -Do men and women talk differently, in terms of gender in Jordan by occasion of the gladness, consolation, thankful after banquet and farewell? Thus, the paper aims to find the causes of the differences between male and female in language. The paper indicates that the differences are attributable to the followings: 1.Desire of females to attract attention and get out of the traditional way some words are used. 2. Females' use certain words because they believe that these words are more modern and civilized.3.The tendency to use words which are prestigious. On the basis of this paper, further studies could explore other areas. For example, there could be a comparative study between two groups of males and females. The first group consists of members their ages are between 20 to 30 years. The second group consists of members their ages are between 50 to 60 years. So, we can know the changes of words which happen over a period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the paper explores the reasons behind appropriating the English Language to carry the native's experiences and the strategies deployed by the authors of Nigeria to reconstruct Africa's taunted imageries and cultures through their use of language. This article also examines the pattern that has been documented in Nigeria and re-evaluates some of the identified resistant strains that authors consciously or unconsciously integrate to ensure that their works are authentic. Author/Character/community or a nation is built through an indigenous choice of vocabularies that reflect the meanings of native society. Creative authors, especially with the postcolonial attitude, employ narrative strategies by using indigenous phrases and other signifiers to deviate from the standard variety to foreground the indigenized realities of the marginalized. Appropriations in the English Language help the colonized reconstruct their culture and history's lost and hidden truths. These strategies give the text an authentic identity representing the bare realities of the indigenous community. The indigenized medium of expression is also considered a form of resistance towards Eurocentric linguistic hegemony. The colonized writers articulate their native ideologies and beliefs without depending on the medium of a foreigner. The collection of criticisms in this paper will enable the upcoming writers to know and discover the elegance and inestimable elements in their native Nigerian literature than foreign literature with an alien culture that is hardly incomprehensive. The work also confirms the mimetic nature of Language and its interdependence with society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although numerous researches have been conducted to probe into the anti-preemptive usages of person deixis, few researches have been carried out on that of cyber languages. Therefore, this paper mainly investigates the anti-preemptive usages of person deixis in cyber language, collects the linguistic data of buyers and sellers on Taobao and the discursive practices posted on Weibo, and analyses the pragmatic functions of the anti-preemptive usages of person deixis with relevant pragmatic theories. The study applies the egocentricity of deixis as theoretical framework and makes a comprehensive analysis of the data, aiming to provide a new perspective for the study of deixis. The study yields four influencing factors of anti-preemptive usages of person deixis: lack of deictic context, pragmatic intention of the speaker, social factors and register factors. This paper bears both theoretical and practical values. Theoretically, it is an empirical attempt to the study on anti-preemptive usages of person deixis in the field of computer-mediated communication. From a practical point of view, the findings of the study are conductive to provide interlocutors with guidance on the use of person deixis whether in virtual context or real life communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approaches of discourse analysis, however, are at variance regarding their perspectives to discourse definition and its relationship with language and society. Based on such variance, each approach posits certain tools and applications consistent with its main principles. For instance, some approaches devote efforts to describing discourse itself and avoid accounting for underlying motivation and speakers' intentions such as "ISA"1 developed by Gumperz and Goffman, Schiffrin (1994). On the other hand, Grice's theory devotes concerns to both speaker's intention and hearer's interpretation and gives no or little attention to the effect of societal factor on linguistic stereotype, Haji-Hasan (2010). This paper is an attempt to use the integrative approach in discourse analysis. The integrative approach mainly presents critical results of a contrastive analysis by which the two approaches are mutually used to discourse analysis. Thus, this paper attempted to make use of the repertoire stemmed from the integrative approach to data analysis. The outcomes showed that socio-linguistic level taken from ISA and pragmatic level taken from conversational implicatures provided a very good tool to discourse analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the differences in language use across gender. This current paper accounts for this verity of use within several linguistic features. On the one hand, prestige and conformity are analyzed to determine how the two genders differ according to these two aspects. On the other hand, linguistic features: lexicon, sound production "phonology", were discussed in the light of the difference across gender. The aim was to state explanations of the existence of these differences. The outcomes of this analytical and descriptive research showed that men and women use language differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to underline the implications that language endangerment has, not only for the speakers of a specific language, but for the entire world as losing a language involves the disappearance of cultural, spiritual and intellectual knowledge as well as cultural identity. Many indigenous languages in Mexico, for example, have been in danger as Spanish, the dominant language of the country, has put them at a disadvantage. Transitional bilingual education has been used to achieve such a goal. Since this has been the case, some indigenous communities have taken the initiative to work diligently to preserve and promote their native language and culture despite the sociopolitical, economic and educational pressures they face. An example of that is the Mayan Tsotsil community in Chiapas in southern Mexico. This paper offers a summary of the findings of the qualitative research study that was conducted to explore the situation of the Tsotsil language at a Spanish-Indigenous Tsotsil elementary bilingual school in Chiapas. Tsotsil children and their teacher show that it is possible to preserve and promote the Tsotsil language when working together as a community. It is concluded that quality bilingual education and inclusive schools can be great tools that can contribute to have a harmonious and peaceful world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the language of Palm Wine Drinkers' Club in Nigeria, known as Kegite Club. The paper's main objective is to examine the pattern and language use of the Kegite club and highlight how it departs from the linguistic pattern found within the general society where the club exists. By using Giles (1971) Communication Accommodation Theory, the paper demonstrates how Kegite members converge with their members by using the Kegite linguistic patterns and diverge from non-members, because non members do not understand the Kegite linguistic pattern, notwithstanding the fact that the English language forms the background of the Kegite language. The oral and documented data collected through interview and participant observation were quantitatively analyzed and categorized in groups based on the different features of the Kegite language observed. The findings of the study show that the formation, structure and language use of the Kegite club exhibit a kind of technical language attributes that are quite peculiar to it. Hence, this study classifies it as a specific type of slang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts a sociolinguistic study of pet names used among couples in Nsukka metropolis. It seeks to identify the pet names used among couples within Nsukka metropolis, examine the implications of the identified pet names, identify the sociolinguistic factors that contribute to the differences in the use of pet names among couples, and ascertain the language used by couples within Nsukka metropolis in communicating pet names. This research studies pet names used in six selected areas in Nsukka metropolis - Echara, Ngwuru, Ihe n'Owerre, Amaeze, Nru, and University community. This study adopts the descriptive method in analysing the data gathered. From the findings, it is observed that couples within Nsukka metropolis use both English and Igbo pet names in addressing their spouses. The identified pet names are used by the couples in communicating what they feel for each other; either to express the masculinity or femininity of their partners or to express how beautiful or handsome their partners are, and to portray their respect for their partners. Sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, occupation, region and educational background are identified to serve as determinants as to why couples use pet names. In conclusion, couples within Nsukka metropolis use pet names they feel are suitable in communicating their feelings for their spouses and also use the language they feel is appropriate in communicating the said feelings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main point of this study is to examine the ideology of conservatism in the selected British novels The Blessing by Nancy Mitford and White Teeth by Zadie Smith through the application of a critical sociolinguistic model. These two novels were chosen for having conservatism as the main theme. In this study, conservatism was analyzed according to four phases: the first phase (initiation) shows context and conservatism types. The second phase (description) highlights the text analysis, which involves analyzing vocabulary, grammar, cohesion, and text structure. The third phase represents social analysis, which involves some social factors like age, gender, status, and style. The last phase is evaluation, in which ideology is evaluated according to some selected functions. In both novels, it seems that cultural conservatism is the most commonly used type. Further, it is shown that conservatives tend to use simple words that are easily understood by others. Additionally, declaratives, second and third person pronouns, and modality of necessity and probability are the most followed grammatical categories by conservatives. In relation to social analysis, it is proven that old people are more conservative than young ones, women are more conservative than men, uneducated people are more conservative than educated ones, and informal style is more used than formal style. With regard to evaluating conservatism, it seems that explaining, evaluating, orienting, and prescribing functions are all used in both novels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The woman subculture study is widely conducted through several decades since the beginning of the second wave feminist movement in 1960s. This paper intends to explain the woman subculture development in view of the woman language. First, it gives the definition of subculture. Second, it explains why woman culture is considered as a subculture. Third, with reference to sociolinguistic studies of woman language, it offers further clarification of some important feminist theories like gendered knowledge, standpoint theory and muted group theory. Also some key conceptions which are closely tied to woman subculture are expounded through the analysis of woman language. Last, the paper explains how woman subculture is transmitted through feminist theories and literary criticism works and how it is divided into three phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues, with reference to different empirical studies, that the promotion of Standard British English accent in Cameroon to the detriment of educated Cameroon English pronunciation is an unrealistic goal. The argument is based on the fact that Cameroon displays unique sociolinguistic and pragmatic realities that make the promotion of Standard British accent an unattainable goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how gender, as a sociolinguistic factor, affects the phonetic variation of low and mid vowels in the Albanian language. 156 Prishtina citizens (78 women and 78 men, mean age: 39) took part in an interview in which they answered questions about their daily and professional lives. They used vernacular style in their answers, which revealed information regarding the density of vowel usage in their native dialect. These vowels were numbered in each informant’s discourse and measured based on their gender. They were classified as “prestigious” or “inferior”, depending on their relation to the standard variety. Results proved that men use more locally colored and nasalized variants, which shows that they are less sensitive to potential negative social perceptions. On the other hand, women preferred to stay away from stigmatized speech, particularly when it came to low vowels. Furthermore, women played a leading role in creating innovative variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the effects of three social factors on the variation of (Qaf) in Ammani Arabic. In specific, the social factors investigated were gender, age, and level of education. In order to elicit a corpus of vernacular speech, thirty sociolinguistic interviews with 30 speakers who were all born and raised in Amman were conducted. Using computer software GOLDVARB X (Sankoff et al., 2005), it was found that all social factors were statistically significant. Furthermore, gender was considered the most significant factor while education appeared to be the least significant factor. The results of the study support previous research that females frequently use [?], presenting their feminine identity. In regard of age, old participants favored the use of [g] rather than [?] while [?] was most frequently used by young speakers. Moreover, education was also found as a significant social factor. In this respect, low-educated preferred [g] and highly-educated speakers preferred [q]. In regard to education, the researcher followed Abdel-Jawad's (1987) proposal that education in Arabic is a genuine variable which directly affects language variation in Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is conventional to examine vowel systems by their acoustic correlates, specifically formants. In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) vowel chart, vowels are placed according to their relative positions determined by the first two formant values. This two-dimensional plane makes possible the calculation of the articulatory working space of vowels. Variations in the size and shape of the vowel space exist across gender, dialects, and languages. The present study focuses on comparing the vowel space area (VSA) in English and German produced by native Swiss German speakers, attempting to shed light on whether VSAs differ significantly with different calculation methods cross-linguistically. Given the fact that absolute formant values vary tremendously across gender, Hertz values are converted to z-scores, allowing for more direct and meaningful comparisons. While vowel normalization mitigates gender-related differences within specific languages to a large extent, there remains a significant cross-linguistic gender difference. The results reveal that for 3- and 4-vowel space there is no significant effect in language but an effect is observed in gender and vowel combination on VSA, specifically in terms of individual area and overlapping ratio. This suggests that Swiss German speakers tend to utilize the same amount of vowel space in both languages, with the only difference being the expansion of English VSA in higher F2 dimension and lower F1 dimension, as observed across all calculation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lecturers play a huge role in the teaching of foreign languages across universities. As such, their training in language diversity and variation remains a significant tool in enhancing pedagogical strategies for multilingual foreign language classroom. This study focused on the analysis of different ways in which the training of foreign language lecturers can enhance pedagogical practices for multilingual foreign language classrooms. A total of 151 lecturers and 112 university non-academics staff members drawn from departments of foreign languages participated in this quantitative survey. Data was gathered using digitally developed questionnaire. There was a wide diversity of viewpoints from participants on instructional methods, such as peer instruction, outlining objectives explicitly, and continuing one's education. There are major and farreaching implications of this research. One major takeaway from the research is how vital it is that lecturers of foreign languages get diversity training as part of their ongoing training and certification. Recognizing the need of such training allows schools to proactively provide lecturers with the tools they need to accommodate a student population that is becoming more diverse. In conclusion, this research sheds light on the difficulties and potential of teaching a foreign language to a population with a wide range of linguistic background. The research sheds light on the need of training for language diversity and the difficulty of maintaining order in a multilingual classroom. Lecturers and universities may better prepare students for success in a globalized world by addressing these issues and developing more welcoming, responsive, and successful foreign language classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of the speech community is one of the foci and the main issue of analysis in the ethnography of communication and one of the important concepts in sociolinguistics. In the theory and method of sociolinguistics, it is one of the major problems concerned. Second language acquisition (SLA) is a sub-discipline of applied linguistics and is defined as the learning and adopting of a language that is not your native language as well as the process by which people learn it. SLA is influenced by many factors in a speech community. This paper presents a detailed analysis of speech community; discusses different theories concerning SLA; summarizes the various factors in a speech community which function to influence SLA; and tries to point out the significance of the study and the problems existing in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listening is an active process in which a listener selects and interprets information which comes from auditory and visual clues in order to define what is going on and what the speakers are trying to express. It involves both linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge. Linguistic knowledge relates to knowledge of phonology, lexis, syntax, semantics, discourse structure, pragmatics and sociolinguistics, whereas nonlinguistic refers to knowledge of the topic, the context and general knowledge about the world and how it works. This article investigates the effect of text familiarity on listening comprehension. The paper focuses on two main issues. First, it investigates the effect of text familiarity on listening comprehension of Iranian EFL learners. Second, it investigates the influence of text familiarity on some aspects of the language. Sixty students who were studying in English Translation at the Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Iran participated in this study. After comparing the pretest and posttest scores, it was indicated that Iranian EFL learners got substantially higher scores after the treatment. The findings showed that text familiarity has a considerable impact on listening comprehension of Iranian EFL learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to describe the diversity of Sundanese forms of address in families. The use of Sundanese forms of address in Sundanese ethnic families is currently mixed with Indonesian addresses, especially in urban families. The problems studied are related to the types of forms of address and the influence of social variables on the choice of forms of address. The method used is descriptive. Data collection is actualized by using a survey distribution method through an open-ended questionnaire. The selected respondents are the students of Sundanese Literature of the Faculty of Cultural Sciences of Universitas Padjadjaran, who come from and live on the border of Bandung City. The theoretical basis used in this study is a sociolinguistic approach. The results of the analysis show that the types of Sundanese forms of address used in the family include proper names, kinship terms, terms of endearment, personal pronouns, and combinations of forms of address. Social variable factors in the form of situations that influence a change of a selection of types forms of address are happy, sad, and angry situations. This study contributes to the viewpoint that language attitudes are also determining factors in the use of the address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an attempt to find out the use of conceptual metaphors of teachers by the high-school students based upon Oxford et al. taxonomy (1988). In so doing, seventy participants were randomly selected among the high-school students of both genders aged 15 to 18 in Rezvanshahr - A city in Guilan province. The questionnaires were distributed required them to jot down their own conceptual metaphor about their teachers. The gathered information was analyzed through SPSS software after codifying. The results showed that most frequent class of metaphors used by them were "Learner-Centered Growth". It is meant that Iranian students like their teachers to be the facilitators who pave the way for them. On the other hand, there exists no significant relationship between gender and the type of metaphors that students use about their teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Code-switching (CS) is widely used across the globe despite the unclear research trends and gaps in CS studies due to under-researched reviews on it. The current study is a systematic literature review (SLR) of conversational CS from a sociolinguistic perspective from 2010 to 2022 using the PRISMA 2020 framework. Keywords query was performed at Oct 31, 2022 on Scopus and Web of Science databases. As a result, a total of 117 articles were included for further analysis. It is found that the number of CS studies was continuously increasing before encountering declines from 2019. Previously, scholars preferred empirical studies, qualitative designs, and data collection methods including discourse analysis, observation, interview and questionnaire. Regarding research objectives, a majority of studies examined the factor of CS, mainly from the micro levels. Besides that, many studies had explored attitude and identity towards CS in the past five years. As for research contexts, Asia became the research centre of previous CS studies. However, there was a lack of CS studies worldwide, especially among Oceania, South America and Africa. Multilingual societies in the Expanding Circle require more discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the psychological constraints for Indonesian students in using Japanese as one of the student learning processes in order to improve speaking skills. The main obstacle for students is the sentence structure which differs between the mother tongue and the target language. The difference between the Japanese sentence structure and the Indonesian sentence structure can be seen in the learners' speech. The discussion in this study presents the influence of the interference structure of the Indonesian language on Japanese speech. Mother tongue interference then becomes a psychological constraint in the use of Japanese among Indonesian students. Research data were obtained through interviews with elicitation. The results of this study indicate that a number of syntactic elements that affect Japanese speech are found in the fields of phrases, clauses and sentences. This is mostly influenced by structural elements in the different syntaxes of Indonesian and Japanese languages, which actually have different cultural aspects. From this, it is evident that foreign language learners, especially Indonesians, have psychological barriers in speaking Japanese because the language is influenced by linguistic environmental factors related to the way Japanese people express things through their language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moral message in local languages is often referred to as local wisdom. Local wisdom plays a very important role in people's lives since it is used as a means and basis for solving their encountered various problems. As one of the big local languages in Indonesia, the Balinese language contains many figurative languages that are rich in local wisdom values. The values have proven to be a shield to protect the Balinese people and their culture from the globalization attack. For this reason, local wisdom found in Balinese figurative language needs to be revitalized to be understood and implemented by the younger generation of Bali. One of the figurative languages studied in this study is the simile. Similes of the Balinese language are studied by combining three approaches, namely ecolinguistic, pragmatic, and cultural approaches, to reach detailed analysis results. Simile as part of a metaphor is an expression or discourse conveyed by the speaker indirectly to the interlocutor with certain aims and objectives. The ecolinguistic approach examines the form, function, and meaning or ideology contained in metaphorical language. Meanwhile, a pragmatic approach and a cultural approach are used to assist the ecolinguistic approach in uncovering the functions of figurative language in society and explaining the meaning or ideology existing in Balinese society. The values were reviewed for relevance to the current people's lives contaminated by information technology and tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is motivated by our observation that earlier works have looked at Akan personal names either from sociolinguistics or non-linguistic perspectives; however, a critical morphological analysis of the structure of Akan honorific and title names for God has eluded researchers in linguistics. It is based on this background that we conduct a thorough morphological investigation into Akan honorific and title names for God, with the aim of addressing the morphological processes that account for their derivation. Drawing on data from both primary and secondary sources, the analysis reveals that Akan honorific and title names ascribed to God have complex nominals and this is manifested through affixation, compounding and reduplication. It further shows that some of the names are recursive in nature and are therefore derived through nominalization of sentences or clauses, especially those that undergo compounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguistic-stylistics explores the use of language, and how it (language) affects the building of a text to create effective meaning. Language is about meaning, as such, speakers and writers are often conscious of their language choice to create meaning in every given social context. The present study is a linguistic stylistic analysis of parliamentary type of minutes of meetings selected from two Faculties in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. The study adopts the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistic [SFL] to analyze tense, mood and sentence types in the selected minutes of meetings. The study reports that a minute of meeting, being a report of speech activities is normally in the past tense, and the mood is predominantly declarative, and sentences are selected to reflect a narrative piece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of metaphoric expressions has awesome power in organising flexible performance aesthetics. It provides new angles on values of cultural rituals, encourages interlocutors' psychological functions in producing appropriate figurative languages, utilises awareness of all forms of linguistic and nonlinguistic knowledge, and increases the awareness of a community's values, belief systems, ideologies, and culture intertwined in speakers' minds. The aims of this study were to analyse and disclose the metaphor constructions in caci performance. The study was conducted between February and October 2018 and involved 24 caci actors from six villages in the Manggarai region, East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. Interviews, a set of stationery, field notes, and audio-visual recordings were used to collect data. These data were then analysed qualitatively through the phenomenological method. The findings revealed that caci performance is thick with metaphor usage, such as animal, plant, physical, and water metaphors, and these were used in three stages of caci performance. Two ideologies underline caci performance, namely pragmatism and indoctrism. Caci actors are advised to employ metaphoric expressions to help them think and act, to reflect on living in harmony, and to deliver cultural values to the younger generation appropriate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

to determine whether second language (L2) proficiency and exposure to work environments influence language learners' pragmalinguistic knowledge of implicatures, I surveyed 76 native and non-native participants in Australia. Thirty non-native respondents were from working contexts and 31 from tertiary education institutes, and 15 native speakers were drawn from a university context. Analysis revealed no working context effect on understanding of implicature items but substantial L2 proficiency effect, and some length of residence effect on pragmatic knowledge of implicature. I concluded that formulaic implicature is more difficult to understand than idiosyncratic implicature in which the conversation's principles are violated. This study has potential implications for policy making in the areas of Australian language, curriculum development, pedagogical approaches, and English teacher professional development and standardisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of Arabic learning difficulty is amongst the serious problems encountering the educationalists which would be attributed to many reasons. Therefore, this research is about the idea of detecting the real and minute reasons of Arabic learning problems by non-Arabic speaking children. Investigating and detecting these reasons are not the objective and substance of this research, but it is a reasonable method to diagnose the disease and set the proper linguistic cure prescription to extinguish the phenomenon of language weakness of these children. The research deals with linguistic treatment methods of this weakness at different phonetic, semantic, syntactic, morphological and lexical levels and areas. It also deals with solutions, suggestions, and recommendations which would take part in solving the problems of this serious problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine and describe the form, function, characteristics, and types of humor language style of Bone regency. This research was a qualitative research. The data were obtained from people in Bone regency whose conversation used the language style of humor. The data were collected by using observation and interview. The results of this study indicate that the humor language style of people in Bone regency tends to use the word excessively in expressing pleasure, anger, annoyance, and sympathy, and it serves as a tool of criticism to carry out all wishes and all the purpose of ideas or messages. In communicating, Bone people do not pay attention to forms of politeness in the language when they make sense of humor so that humor impressed a little bit impolite so that it tends to embarrass the interlocutors. It may also lower their self-esteem or injure and even sometimes insinuate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attitudes and behaviour in the use of the language among the bureaucrats can be either 'symbols' can be meant by certain people. Language is the behavior of someone's mental attitude in selecting and using of language. Sociolinguistics, which provided the foundations of the theory in this study formed the basis of source selection thinking in the use of language. In relation to the use of language, there are several aspects that need to be paid attention by users of the language. First, who communicates with whom? Second, what do they discuss? Third, where do they speak? Fourth, where do people speak? Fifth, how do people speak? The research formulation is, "How is the trend of using Indonesian language among bureaucrats within public services?" This research aims at describing the attitude and behavior of bureaucrats in using language for community service. The design of this research was in the form of a description or explanation of the attitudes and behavior in using Indonesian language including written and oral behaviors among bureaucrats in South Sulawesi province. The data were collected naturally that were not previously conditioned. The subjects were given preferential treatment as in the qualitative approach. The findings in this study were that the trend of using Indonesian language among the bureaucrats in South Sulawesi province still shows the use of the language in their group. The use of language is not based on the existing regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive linguists have recently made great efforts to integrate their research interests with Labovian sociolinguistics. One of the promising areas of investigation in cognitive sociolinguistics is metaphor variation. In this study, we aimed to compare metaphor differences in email invitations from Chinese speakers of English and native speakers of English. Twenty-nine college students in Taiwan were recruited to write English email invitations in four hypothetical situations, so a total of 114 invitation emails were collected, which constituted the Chinese English corpus. These students were also asked to download 56 email invitations from the Internet to constitute the non-Chinese English corpus. Our preliminary observations led us to identify two metaphors for the respective corpora: "Giving invitation is borrowing money" for the Chinese English corpus, while "Giving invitation is delivering messages" for the non -Chinese English corpus. To test our hypothesis, we compared these two sets of data in terms of information sequencing and verb usage. For information sequencing, Chinese speakers of English tend to locate their invitation sentences in the later part of an email because they consider invitation as a face-threatening act, which requires small talk before they actually state their purposes. As for verb usage, Chinese speakers of English preferred to use WANT, NEED, and HOPE in their invitation sentences since these three verbs express their personal needs. A VARBRUL analysis was conducted to identify three factor groups that could best account for the use of these three verbs: i.e., email sender's role, gender and perceived distance between the sender and the recipient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Address forms are a social phenomenon. In English, there are general rules of their usage, but because of a series of social factors, they vary in different situations. In this article, we l roughly discuss the rules of address forms, and list some factors that may affect the address forms. To address others appropriately needs the good mastery of the knowledge of the two sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]