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The concentration of higher alcohols in kiwifruit wine is often excessive, posing the risk of toxic effects on the health of drinkers. To lower the higher alcohol content in kiwifruit wine, this study tested five indigenous S. cerevisiae strains, two types of nitrogen sources (inorganic and organic), and five chaptalization methods. The results showed that the total higher alcohol production of three versions of resulting kiwifruit wines: (i) fermented by S. cerevisiae LFN524, (ii) adding 300 mg/L diammonium phosphate (DAP), using the Th-Tw-S chaptalization strategy, were decreased by 32%, 43%, and 26%, respectively. Integrating the above technologies, that is, fermentation by S. cerevisiae LFN524, the addition of 300 mg/L DAP, and use of Th-Tw-S chaptalization strategy, for pilot-scale kiwifruit wine production, showed a 52% reduction in total higher alcohol production (222.00 ± 24.91 mg/L) and a 14% reduction in total acidity production (13.32 ± 0.06 g/L). In pilot-scale kiwifruit wine, sensory analysis showed that with the reduction of higher alcohol content, the typical aromas of kiwifruit wine became more prominent, resulting in a purer aroma of kiwifruit wine. Taken together, the results of this research provide a viable means for producing lower-higher-alcohol kiwifruit wines. [Display omitted] • The primary higher alcohols in kiwifruit wine were isobutanol and isoamyl alcohol. • The higher alcohols content was reduced by 52% in the pilot-scale TG. • With a decrease in higher alcohol content, the typical flavors of kiwifruit wine did not weaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A radial tidal ridge system is present throughout the coastal waters of the southwestern Yellow Sea (China) with varied and complicated ridges and channels between them. A newly designed ground-wave high-frequency (HF radar), with full-coverage and high spatial-temporal resolution, was employed in this study to measure the surface currents and bathymetric features correlated wave celerity in the study area from July 17 to August 6, 2011. We found that the spatial distribution pattern of the tidal channels is generally stable with periodic adjustments during a spring-neap tidal cycle and with higher degree of spatial orderliness from neap to spring tides than from spring to neap tides; the nearshore part of the channels is most stable in lateral, the middle part is relatively lateral unstable, and the offshore part changes complicatedly; flood-dominated channels and ebb-dominated ridges are identified using HF radar signals. The horizontal Kelvin number ( K eh ) is workable in lateral stability evaluation. This study reveals the potential of HF radar in morphodynamic studies on shallow coastal waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To investigate genes with essential functions during hyphal growth or sporulation in the asexual filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei, we screened a collection of T-DNA insertion mutants and identified the genomic integration events. Two mutants with abnormal phenotypes, named as ccdO and ccdP, were found to have independent T-DNA insertions into a putative TrCCD1 gene locus, the product of which has significant homology to carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs). Compared to the parental strain, both mutants tended to produce slow-growing hyphae and had a more than 50% reduction in colony growth rate. Simultaneously, the hyphae of the growing mutants formed wilting tip while the parental strain elongated straightly. To the effect of the TrCCD1 mutation on the conidiospore development, less spores were formed in the mutants than in the parental strain. In addition, disruption of TrCCD1 resulted in another phenotype characterized by a remarkable enhancement in the total carotenoid content. When the wild-type TrCCD1 gene was reintroduced into the ccd mutants, the abnormal phenotypes were rescued. These results suggest that TrCCD1 is involved in carotenoid metabolism and likely required for hyphal growth and conidiospore development in filamentous fungi T. reesei. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]