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Schistosomiasis represents one of the most prevalent parasitic infections affecting over 249 million people worldwide. The pathological damage is mainly caused by the eggs laid by female schistosomes. Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) usually play critical roles in many biological functions. In this study, we cloned, identified and characterized the zinc finger protein SjZF of Schistosoma japonicum . SjZF ortholog proteins were also identified in S. mansoni , S. haematobium , Opisthorchis viverrini and O. sinensis . Fluorescence localization showed that SjZF was particularly expressed in the worm gut of both genders and the vitelline glands of females. In vitro RNAi assay indicated that decreased expression of SjZF could affect the survival rate of adult worms. The immune protection assay indicated that rSjZF did partially protect mice with 54.8% reduction in the worm burden and 34.1% reduction in the liver eggs. Taken in concert, our preliminary results suggest that SjZF may be a potential vaccine candidate for schistosomiasis and may further provide evidence for a possible role of SjZF in the development of schistosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schistosomes are parasitic platyhelminths that threaten over 600 million people globally. In recent years, RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely used as a molecular tool in research into the genomic function of parasites. We aim to develop effective protocols for application of RNAi technology in the intra-mammalian life stages of Schistosoma japonicum . In this work, the expression of the parasite gene encoding cathepsin B1 ( Sj CB1) was targeted by exposing the worms to 10 μg of long dsRNA dissolved in 0.1 ml of 0.7% NaCl injected into the tail vein of infected mice. This method was effective and specific for eliciting Sj CB1 gene suppression in both male and female adult worms in vivo (>79.4% in male and >91.5% in female knockdown relative to control). In 60 cercaria infected mice, RNAi suppression of gene expression was best achieved by using 10 μg of target dsRNA for at least 4 days. The recommended procedure for interference producing long-term suppression was an injection of dsRNA on the first day of infection with booster injections administered every 4 days for up to 26 days. Long-term suppression of three published functional genes (peroxiredoxin-1, mago nashi, insulin receptor) in S. japonicum provided more information about the role of the expression of these genes in producing particular phenotypes. The protocols described here may be more convenient, economical and applicable, than currently available technology and have contributed to the observation of more phenotypes during worm development from schistosomula to adult. These approaches may promote and facilitate further studies into functional schistosome genomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we estimate the number of integers up to X which can be properly represented by a positive-definite, binary, integral quadratic form of small discriminant. This estimate follows from understanding the vector of signs that arises from computing the Legendre symbol of small integers n at multiple primes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]