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• Novelty: We propose a two-dimensional projection histogram assisted common phase error (CPE) compensation scheme in coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) system. We mathematically analyze the model of the CO-OFDM system and theoretically derive the principle of the proposed CPE compensation scheme. • Performance: Numerical simulations over the single mode fiber (SMF) transmission show that, compared to the pilot-aided (PA) estimation method, only less-overhead pilots were employed for our scheme, but more accurate CPE estimation can be achieved, hence improving the system performance. Moreover, to achieve an optimal transmission performance, the overhead of pilots for the PA method should be set to 20%, while the proposed method can reduce to 1.25%. • Impact: We proposed a semi-blind phase noise compensation algorithm (PA-2PH) for CO-OFDM systems based on two-dimensional projection histogram and low overhead pilots. Through numerical simulations' results, we find that for the 20Gb/s 16-QAM CO-OFDM systems after the 50km transmission, our scheme is more robust in EVM and BER performance than the PA and PH methods. Thus, our proposed CPE compensation scheme can provide enhanced transmission performance at a high spectrum efficiency and accuracy for CO-OFDM systems. In this paper, we demonstrate a two-dimensional projection histogram assisted common phase error (CPE) compensation scheme in coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) system. With the help of the low overhead pilots, the rough estimation can be obtained, and the π/2 deviation problem of projection histogram (PH) assisted scheme can be efficiently solved, which can improve the estimation accuracy of CPE. And, with the processing of the two-dimensional projection histogram mapping, the fine estimation can be achieved. The numerical CO-OFDM system simulations over the single mode fiber (SMF) transmission are conducted. The corresponding results show that, compared to the pilot-aided (PA) estimation method, only less-overhead pilots were employed for our scheme, but more accurate CPE estimation can be achieved, hence improving the system performance. Moreover, to achieve an optimal transmission performance, the overhead of pilots for the PA method should be set to 20%, while the proposed method can reduce to 1.25%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]