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Global agricultural production is significantly hampered by insect pests, and the demand for natural pragmatic pesticides with environmental concern remains unfulfilled. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) also known as Crofton weed, is an invasive perennial herbaceous plant that is known to possess multiple bioactive compounds. In our study, two isomers of ageraphorone metabolites i.e, 10 Hα-9-oxo-ageraphorone (10HA) and 10 Hβ-9-oxo-ageraphorone (10HB), were identified from Crofton weed, exhibiting potent antifeedant and larvicidal activities against Plutella xylostella. For antifeedant activity, the median effective concentration (EC 50) values for 10HA and 10HB in the choice method were 2279 mg/L and 3233 mg/L, respectively, and for the no choice method, EC 50 values were 1721 mg/L and 2394 mg/L, respectively. For larvicidal activity, lethal concentration (LC 50) values for 10HA and 10HB were 2421 mg/L and 4109 mg/L at 48 h and 2101 mg/L and 3550 mg/L at 72 h. Furthermore, both in- vivo and in-vitro studies revealed that the isomers 10HA and 10HB exhibited potent detoxifying enzymes inhibition activity such as carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferases. Molecular docking and MD simulation analysis provide insight into the possible interaction between isomers of ageraphorone metabolites and Carboxylic Ester Hydrolase protein (Gene: pxCCE016b) of P. xylostella , which led to a finding that CarEH protein plays a significant role in the detoxification of the two compounds in P. xylostella. Finally, our findings show that the primary enzymes undergoing inhibition by isomers of ageraphorone metabolites, causing toxicity in insects, are Carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase. [Display omitted] • A bioassay guided protocol identified isomers of ageraphorone metabolites, 10 Hα-9-oxo-ageraphorone (10HA) and 10 Hβ-9-oxo-ageraphorone (10HB). • These two compounds from Ageratina adenophora exhibit potent antifeedant and larvicidal activities against Plutella xylostella. • These isomers also acted as inhibitors of Carboxylesterase and Glutathione-S-transferase in both in vivo and in vitro analyses • Molecular docking and MD simulation indicated an interaction between the isomers and the Carboxylic ester hydrolase protein, suggesting its role in detoxifying these compounds in Plutella xylostella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) and aluminium activated malate transporter (ALMT) gene families are involved in response to aluminium (Al) stress. In this study, we identified 48 MATE and 14 ALMT gene families in Vigna radiata genome and classified into 5 (MATE) and 3 (ALMT) clades by phylogenetic analysis. All the VrMATE and VrALMT genes were distributed across mungbean chromosomes. Tandem duplication was the main driving force for evolution and expansion of MATE gene family. Collinearity of mungbean with soybean indicated that MATE gene family is closely linked to Glycine max. Eight MATE transporters in clade 2 were found to be associated with previously characterized Al tolerance related MATEs in various plant species. Citrate exuding motif (CEM) was present in seven VrMATEs of clade 2. Promoter analysis revealed abundant plant hormone and stress responsive cis-elements. Results from quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that VrMATE19, VrMATE30 and VrALMT13 genes were markedly up-regulated at different time points under Al stress. Overall, this study offers a new direction for further molecular characterization of the MATE and ALMT genes in mungbean for Al tolerance. • The 48 MATE and 14 ALMT genes were identified in mungbean. • Tandem duplication was the main driving force for evolution and expansion of VrMATE gene family. • The VrMATE promoter regions harbored multiple stress responsive related cis-elements. GGNVS cis element found in VrMATE30 was grouped with other known Al tolerance related MATEs. • The VrMATE and VrALMT genes had varied expression patterns under aluminum stress. • VrMATE19 and VrMATE30 have potential role in Al tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stability of soil organic carbon (SOC) is pre-requisite for stabilization of C leading to long-term C sequestration. However, development of a comprehensive metric of SOC stability is a major challenge. The objectives for the study were to develop novel SOC stability indices by encompassing physical, chemical, and biochemical SOC stability parameters and identifying the most important indicators from a Mollisol, an Inceptisol, a Vertisol, and an Alfisol under long-term manuring and fertilization. The treatments were control, 100%NPK, 50% NPK+ 50% N through either farmyard manure, cereal residue, or green manure. SOC stability indicators were selected, transformed and integrated into unique SOC stability indices via conceptual framework and principal component analysis. Principal component analysis identified Al-macroaggregate, humic acid C-microaggregate, microaggregate-C, particulate organic matter-C-macroaggregate and polyphenol-microaggregate as the important SOC stability indicators. The principal component analysis -based SOC stability index varied from 0.2 to 0.9, 0.1 to 0.5, 0.2 to 0.6, 0.1 to 0.5 for Mollisol, Inceptisol, Vertisol and Alfisol, respectively. The SOC-stability index derived from conceptual framework and principal component analysis significantly lined up well with one another, although NaOCl-Res-C showed a high correlation with both conceptual framework (r = 0.8) and principal component analysis-based (r = 0.7) SOC stability indexes, suggesting that both methods might be used to quickly assess SOC stability in four soil orders. Overall, 50%NPK+50%N by farmyard manure or green manure emerged as the most effective management practices for enhancing stability of SOC in Mollisol, Inceptisol, Vertisol, and Alfisol of India which might act as major C sink in rice-wheat and maize-wheat cropping systems. The other aspect of C sequestration is to enhance agricultural productivity without depending much on expensive chemical fertilizers. The model yardstick thus developed for assessing SOC stability might be useful to other systems as well. [Display omitted] • Holistic approach was used to develop unique SOC stability index. • Soil organic C stability varied with nutrient management practices across four diverse soil orders. • SOC stability and C sequestration potential varied: Mollisol > Vertisol > Inceptisol > Alfisol. • From 21 SOC stability indicators initially chosen, 5 most sensitive indicators were selected from PCA. • 50%NPK+50%N (replaced by FYM or green manure) in rice-wheat/maize-wheat systems showed highest value of SOC stability index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] We test whether the wettability of nanoparticles (NPs) straddling at an air/water surface or oil/water interface can be extrapolated from sessile drop-derived macroscopic contact angles (mCAs) on planar substrates, assuming that both the nanoparticles and the macroscopic substrates are chemically equivalent and feature the same electrokinetic potential. Pure silica (SiO 2) and amino-terminated silica (APTES-SiO 2) NPs are compared to macroscopic surfaces with extremely low roughness (root mean square [RMS] roughness ≤ 2 nm) or a roughness determined by a close-packed layer of NPs (RMS roughness ∼ 35 nm). Equivalence of the surface chemistry is assessed by comparing the electrokinetic potentials of the NPs via electrophoretic light scattering and of the macroscopic substrates via streaming current analysis. The wettability of the macroscopic substrates is obtained from advancing (ACAs) and receding contact angles (RCAs) and in situ synchrotron X-ray reflectivity (XRR) provided by the NP wettability at the liquid interfaces. Generally, the RCA on smooth surfaces provides a good estimate of NP wetting properties. However, mCAs alone cannot predict adsorption barriers that prevent NP segregation to the interface, as is the case with the pure SiO 2 nanoparticles. This strategy greatly facilitates assessing the wetting properties of NPs for applications such as emulsion formulation, flotation, or water remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel, agarose gel-based detection methods for base and prime editing detection. • Workflow from transfection through to analysis for base and prime editing. • Base editing of plasmid DNA targets in mammalian cells. Precision chemistry entailing user-directed nucleotide substitutions and template-specified repair can be facilitated by base editing and prime editing, respectively. Recently, the diversification of adenine, cytosine, and prime editor variants obliges a considered, high-throughput evaluation of these tools for optimized, end-point applications. Herein, we outline novel, cost-effective and scalable approaches for the rapid detection of base editing and prime editing outcomes using gel electrophoresis. For base editing, we exploit primer mismatch amplification (SNP genotyping) for the gel-based detection of base editing efficiencies as low as 0.1%. For prime editing, we describe a one-pot reaction combining polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the target region with restriction digestion (restriction fragment length polymorphism; RFLP). RFLP enables the rapid detection of insertion or deletion events in under 2.5 h from genomic DNA extraction. We show that our method of SNP genotyping is amenable to both endogenous target loci as well as transfected, episomal plasmid targets in BHK-21 cells. Next, we validate the incidence of base and prime editing by describing Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS) workflows for the accurate validation and quantification of on-target editing efficiencies. Our workflow details three different methods for the detection of rare base and prime editing events, enabling a tiered approach from low to high resolution that makes use of gel electrophoresis, Sanger sequencing, and NGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolite-metal organic framework nanocomposite catalyst is developed for the synthesis of 2-((5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl)methylene)malononitrile from sucrose/fructose/glucose via one-pot cascade protocol. To accomplish this objective, zeolite Beta and Zr based metal- organic frameworks such as UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH 2 are investigated for the independent steps, i.e. the conversion of sucrose to HMF and the Knoevenagel condensation of HMF and malononitrile. Beta zeolite exhibits the best activity in the sucrose to HMF conversion, whereas UiO-66-NH 2 exhibits the best activity in the Knoevenagel condensation. Therefore, zeolite Beta and UiO-66-NH 2 are integrated to develop a highly sustainable and efficient multi-functional catalyst for the conversion of sucrose to 2-((5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl)methylene)malononitrile via one-pot cascade reaction. The composite catalyst contains the optimum acidity and basicity for the cascade reaction. The presence of both the frameworks in the composite material is confirmed by using various physico-chemical characterization techniques. Further, the integration of both the active frameworks enhances the chemical stability and recyclability of the composite catalyst in the cascade reaction. This study demonstrates a unique approach to develop a synthesis strategy for the integration of inorganic zeolite and MOFs to achieve the desired activity, selectivity, and stability of the developed catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from human dry and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes support the hypothesis that constant 'tickover' of the alternative complement pathway results in chronic deposition of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) on the choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Sub-lytic levels of MAC lead to cell signaling associated with tissue remodeling and the production of cytokines and inflammatory molecules. Lytic levels of MAC lead to cell death. CD59 is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the assembly of MAC. CD59 may thus be therapeutically efficacious against the pathophysiology of dry and wet AMD. The first gene therapy clinical trial for geographic atrophy - the advanced form of dry AMD has recently completed recruitment. This trial is studying the safety and tolerability of expressing CD59 from an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector injected once into the vitreous. A second clinical trial assessing the efficacy of CD59 in wet AMD patients is also under way. Herein, the evidence for the role of MAC in the pathophysiology of dry as well as wet AMD and the scientific rationale underlying the use of AAV- delivered CD59 for the treatment of dry and wet AMD is discussed. • Complement is activated in AMD. • The Membrane Attack Complex is chronically deposited on the choriocapillaris and RPE but is at higher levels in AMD patients. • The MAC leads to regression of the choriocapillaris and death of RPE in AMD patients. • CD59 can block the formation of MAC. • The safety and efficacy of an adeno-associated virus expressing CD59 is being evaluated in dry and wet AMD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in urban environments. Urban road dust (URD) generated by traffic is an important PAH accumulator. Twelve priority PAHs in < 2000 µm fraction of ten URD samples from Tokyo, Japan were characterized based on profile distributions, carcinogenicity, toxicity, and source apportionment by cluster analysis, biplot and diagnostic ratios. PAH concentrations (mg/kg dry weight) in arterial roads, highways, highway parking, highway drainage pit and residential area URD samples were 2.06–4.24, 0.25–3.37, 3.44, 4.94, and 5.26 respectively, dominated by the ∑4 rings (average 46%) and ∑5 + 6 rings (average 41%) PAHs. Biplot analysis revealed that the antecedent dry weather period, vehicle frequency and organic matter content were the dominant environmental factors governing PAH profiles of different road types. The total amount of carcinogenic PAHs in the residential URD (2.12 mg/kg) was higher than those in the arterial road (0.60–2.00 mg/kg) and highway (0.10–1.84 mg/kg) URD. Toxic equivalent concentrations (TECs) of residential, arterial road and highway URD were 0.54, (0.12–0.57), and (0.02–0.51) mg/kg, respectively. The dominant PAH sources were found to be petrogenic combustion in arterial road and highway URD, and pyrogenic combustion consisting of a mix of biomass, petroleum and traffic-related sources in the residential and highway drainage pit samples. This is also the first study to find that TEC-based toxicity should not be taken as a measure of URD toxicity. Highlights • PAH is characterized based on carcinogenicity, toxicity and source apportionment. • Antecedent dry weather period, vehicles frequency and organic matter governs PAH profile. • PAH source was petrogenic combustion in arterial and highway road dust. • PAH source was pyrogenic combustion in residential and drainage pit road dust. • Toxic equivalent concentration is not a measure of toxicity of road dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we give a sufficient condition for the existence of a primitive element α in F 2 k such that f ( α ) is also primitive in F 2 k , where f ( x ) = a x 2 + b x + c d x 2 + e x + f ∈ F 2 k ( x ) with a , d ≠ 0 . Subsequently, using this condition we derive the values of k for which F 2 k contains primitive pairs of the form ( α , f ( α ) ) for f ( x ) = a x 2 + b x + c d x 2 + e x + f and a , d ≠ 0 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A field study was carried out to investigate the sediment in-situ bioremediation by adding microbial activated beads. In this work, Calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide, activated carbon powder, attapulgite powder, sodium alginate, microbial liquid and polyvinyl alcohol were utilized to make the immobilized microbial activated beads. Field experiment results showed that the removal rate of NH 4 +-N, TN and COD in overlying water reached about 61.8%, 87.5% and 87.1%, respectively. The initial concentration of NH 4 +-N, TN and COD was 159 mg/L, 6.24 mg/L and 7.28 mg/L, whereas and the final concentration was 58 mg/L, 0.78 mg/L and 0.94 mg/L when water temperature, DO, pH and C/N ratio were 25–30 °C, 2–3 mg/L, 7.0–8.0 and 10–15, respectively. Moreover, under optimal temperature condition (25–30 °C), the removal rate of TOC, TN, heterotrophic bacteria and sulfur bacteria in the river sediment reached to 46.5%, 50.7%, 39.2% and 73.2%, respectively. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Pilot-scale filed study was conducted at Shedu River, Jiangsu, China. • Sediment in-situ remediation by immobilized microbial activated beads. • Optimal DO, pH and C/N ratio were around 25–30 °C, 2–3 mg/L, 7–8 and 10–15, respectively. • Removal rate of NH 4 +-N, TN and COD in overlying water is 61.8, 87.5 and 87.1%, respectively. • Optimum dosage of the activated beads was 1.77–2.12 kg/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the past two decades, significant advances have been made on automated electroencephalogram (EEG)-based diagnosis of epilepsy and seizure detection. A number of innovative algorithms have been introduced that can aid in epilepsy diagnosis with a high degree of accuracy. In recent years, the frontiers of computational epilepsy research have moved to seizure prediction, a more challenging problem. While antiepileptic medication can result in complete seizure freedom in many patients with epilepsy, up to one-third of patients living with epilepsy will have medically intractable epilepsy, where medications reduce seizure frequency but do not completely control seizures. If a seizure can be predicted prior to its clinical manifestation, then there is potential for abortive treatment to be given, either self-administered or via an implanted device administering medication or electrical stimulation. This will have a far-reaching impact on the treatment of epilepsy and patient's quality of life. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of recent efforts and journal articles on seizure prediction. The technologies developed for epilepsy diagnosis and seizure detection are being adapted and extended for seizure prediction. The paper ends with some novel ideas for seizure prediction using the increasingly ubiquitous machine learning technology, particularly deep neural network machine learning. Highlights • In recent years, the frontiers of computational epilepsy research have moved to seizure prediction. • This is a review of research efforts on automated seizure prediction. • Technologies developed for epilepsy diagnosis and seizure detection are adapted and extended for seizure prediction. • Some novel ideas for seizure prediction using deep neural network machine learning are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic bushings exhibit significant amplitude dependent behavior which cannot be captured with the linear time-invariant system theory. Accordingly, Fredette et al. (2016) have proposed a nonlinear model, but the amplitude sensitivity has not been adequately described as it is affected by multiple inherent design features. To further improve the predictive capability of nonlinear models, this article extends the prior work by including two key dissipation effects within the (elastomeric) fluid compliance chambers. First, the conventional fluid compliance element is replaced by an equivalent mechanical spring representing the nonlinear elasticity of the pumping chambers. Fractional calculus based and friction-type damping elements are added in parallel to the nonlinear spring elements of pumping chambers. Second, improved quasi-linear models are proposed at four sinusoidal excitation amplitudes, demonstrating amplitude sensitivity in model parameters. Third, new nonlinear models are proposed and numerically simulated, predicting dynamic stiffness magnitudes and loss angles at multiple excitation amplitudes. The sensitivity of dynamic properties to the fractional and frictional damping parameters is qualitatively evaluated. Finally, both quasi-linear and nonlinear models are experimentally validated and are found to be superior to the ones in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, also renowned as the silver leaf whitefly, is among the most damaging polyphagous insect pests in many commercially important crops and commodities. A set of field experiments were conducted for three consecutive years i.e., 2018–2020, to investigate the role of variations in rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity on the abundance of B. tabaci in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). In the first experiment, the variety Arka Anamika was cultivated twice a year to analyse the incidence of B. tabaci concerning the prevailing weather factors and the overall pooled incidence recorded during the dry and wet season was 1.34 ± 0.51 to 20.03 ± 1.42 and 2.26 ± 1.08 to 18.3 ± 1.96, respectively. Similarly, it was observed that the highest number of B. tabaci catch (19.51 ± 1.64 whiteflies/3 leaves) was recorded in morning hours between 08:31 to 09:30 a.m. The Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease (YVMD) is a devastating disease of okra caused by begomovirus, for which B. tabaci acts as a vector. In another experiment, screening was conducted to check the relative susceptibility of three different varieties viz., Arka Anamika , Pusa Sawani , and Parbhani Kranti against B. tabaci (incidence) and YVMD ((Percent Disease Incidence (PDI), Disease Severity Index (DSI), and Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC)). The recorded data was normalized by standard transformation and subjected to ANOVA for population dynamics and PDI. Pearson's rank correlation matrix and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) have been used to relate the influences of various weather conditions on distribution and abundance. SPSS and R software were used to create the regression model for predicting the population of B. tabaci. Late sown Pusa Sawani evolved as a highly susceptible variety in terms of B. tabaci (24.83 ± 6.79 adults/3leaves; mean ± SE; N = 10) as well as YVMD i.e., PDI (38.00 ± 4.95 infected plants/50plants), DSI (71.6–96.4% at 30 DAS) and AUDPC (mean β-value = 0.76; R2 = 0.96) while early sown Parbhani Kranti least susceptible to both. However, the variety Arka Anamika was observed as moderately susceptible to B. tabaci and its resultant disease. Moreover, environmental factors were predominantly responsible for regulating the population of insect pests in the field and hence its productivity like rainfall and relative humidity were negative while the temperature was positively correlated with B. tabaci (incidence) and YVMD (AUDPC). The findings are helpful for the farmers to choose need-based IPM strategies than timing-based, which would fit perfectly with the present agro-ecosystems in all ways. • Variations in abiotic factor regulate the population of Bemisia tabaci in field. • B. tabaci a vector of YVMD of okra regulate the spread of viral culture in field. • Highest number of B. tabaci catch was recorded in morning hours (08:31–09:30 a.m.). • B. tabaci. ate sown Pusa sawani, evolved as a highly susceptible cultivar. • Study outcome can be useful to farmers to choose need-based IPM strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Blast is one of the most important diseases affecting rice cultivation worldwide. The current study employed Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) plus Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) and TOF/TOF tandem MS/MS to investigate the differentially regulated proteins in the highly resistant (HR) genotype, FL 127 and highly susceptible (HS) genotype, Rustic against blast pathogen in rice. The differential expression of seventy eight protein spots were observed in 2D-gel analysis of HR and HS genotypes. The comparision of protein expression ratio between HR and HS genotypes showed that twenty protein spots were predominant in differential expression against blast pathogen. Of which, seventeen were upregulated and three were down regulated. Characterization of these proteins using MALDI-TOF (MS) and TOF/TOF tandem MS/MS analysis with protein databases revealed that most of their functions either directly or indirectly related to plant defense and stress response, transcription and photosynthesis. The knowledge on various proteins characterized in this study suggested their possible role in expressing resistance by gentotype FL 127 against P. oryzae. Further, the knowledge generated in this study would be useful in the development of molecular markers for screening blast resistance using molecular biology approaches. Highlights • Blast resistant and susceptible rice genotypes were analyzed for expression of proteins against blast pathogen. • Blast resistant FL127 distinctly expressed 20 proteins compared to susceptible Rustic. • MALDI-TOF MS and TOF/TOF analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins were mainly related to defense response. • The knowledge on proteins characterized in this study aided in unraveling resistant mechanism in FL 127 against P. oryzae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, we proved that caffeic acid (CA), a major dietary phenolic acid, prevents skin carcinogenesis by modulating inflammatory signaling in mouse skin. However, the actual mechanisms of CA against UVB (280–320 nm) induced photocarcinogenesis remains unclear. The present results confirms that CA significantly inhibits single UVB-induced CPDs formation, oxidative DNA damage, ROS generation and frequency of apoptotic cell death in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa). Furthermore, CA prevents UVB-induced expression of PI3K and AKT kinases through activation of PTEN which subsequently promotes XPC dependant NER proteins such as XPC, XPE, TFIIH (p44) and ERCC1 in HDFa cells and mouse skin tissue. Further, CA directly activates PTEN through hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions. Taken together, these findings suggest that CA prevents UVB-induced photodamage through the activation of PTEN expression in human dermal fibroblasts and mouse skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the impact of climate change on species invasion is crucial for sustainable biodiversity conservation. Through this study, we try to answer how species differing in phenological cycles, specifically Cassia tora and Lantana camara , differ in the manner in which they invade new regions in India in the future climate. Since both species occupy identical niches, exploring their invasive potential in different climate change scenarios will offer critical insights into invasion and inform ecosystem management. We use three modelling protocols (i.e., maximum entropy, generalised linear model and generalised additive model) to predict the current distribution. Projections are made for both moderate (A1B) and extreme (A2) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) scenarios for the year 2050 and 2100. The study reveals that the distributions of C. tora (annual) and L. camara (perennial) would depend on the precipitation of the warmest quarter and moisture availability. C. tora may demonstrate physiological tolerance to the mean diurnal temperature range and L. camara to the solar radiation. C. tora may invade central India, while L. camara may invade the Western Himalaya, parts of the Eastern Himalaya and the Western Ghats. The distribution ranges of both species could shift in the northern and north-eastern directions in India, owing to changes in moisture availability. The possible alterations in precipitation regimes could lead to water stress, which might have cascading effects on species invasion. L. camara might adapt to climate change better compared with C. tora . This comparative analysis of the future distributions of two invasive plants with contrasting habits demonstrates that temporal complementarity would prevail over the competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the chemically stabilized epitaxial w -BN thin film grown on c -plane sapphire by pulsed laser deposition under slow kinetic condition. Traces of no other allotropes such as cubic ( c ) or hexagonal ( h ) BN phases are present. Sapphire substrate plays a significant role in stabilizing the metastable w -BN from h -BN target under unusual PLD growth condition involving low temperature and pressure and is explained based on density functional theory calculation. The hardness and the elastic modulus of the w -BN film are 37 & 339 GPa, respectively measured by indentation along <0001> direction. The results are extremely promising in advancing the microelectronic and mechanical tooling industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and member of the basic helix-loop-helix-PAS family. AHR is activated by numerous dietary and endogenous compounds that contribute to its regulation of genes in diverse signaling pathways including xenobiotic metabolism, vascular development, immune responses and cell cycle control. However, it is most widely studied for its role in mediating 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity. The AHR target gene and mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase, TCDD-inducible poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (TIPARP), was recently shown to be part of a novel negative feedback loop regulating AHR activity through mono-ADP-ribosylation. However, the molecular characterization of how AHR regulates TIPARP remains elusive. Here we show that activated AHR is recruited to the TIPARP promoter, through its binding to two genomic regions that each contain multiple AHR response elements (AHREs), AHR regulates the expression of both TIPARP but also TIPARP-AS1 , a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) which lies upstream of TIPARP exon 1 and is expressed in the opposite orientation. Reporter gene and deletion studies showed that the distal AHRE cluster predominantly regulated TIPARP expression while the proximal cluster regulated TIPARP-AS1 . Moreover, time course and promoter activity assays suggest that TIPARP and TIPARP-AS1 work in concert to regulate AHR signaling. Collectively, these data show an added level of complexity in the AHR signaling cascade which involves lncRNAs, whose functions remain poorly understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents two new volume integral equations for the Electroencephalography (EEG) forward problem which, differently from the standard integral approaches in the domain, can handle heterogeneities and anisotropies of the head/brain conductivity profiles. The new formulations translate to the quasi-static regime some volume integral equation strategies that have been successfully applied to high frequency electromagnetic scattering problems. This has been obtained by extending, to the volume case, the two classical surface integral formulations used in EEG imaging and by introducing an extra surface equation, in addition to the volume ones, to properly handle boundary conditions. Numerical results corroborate theoretical treatments, showing the competitiveness of our new schemes over existing techniques and qualifying them as a valid alternative to differential equation based methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C. neoformans is an encapsulated fungal pathogen with defined asexual and sexual life cycles. Due to the availability of genetic and molecular tools for its manipulation, it has become a model organism for studies of fungal pathogens, even though it lacks a reliable system for maintaining DNA fragments as extrachromosomal plasmids. To compensate for this deficiency, we identified a genomic gene-free intergenic region where heterologous DNA could be inserted by homologous recombination without adverse effects on the phenotype of the recipient strain. Since such a site in the C. neoformans genome at a different location has been named previously as “safe haven”, we named this locus second safe haven site ( SH2 ). Insertion of DNA into this site in the genome of the KN99 congenic strain pair caused minimal change in the growth of the engineered strain under a variety of in vitro and in vivo conditions. We exploited this ‘safe’ locus to create a genetically stable highly fluorescent strain expressing mCherry protein (KN99mCH); this strain closely resembled its wild-type parent (KN99α) in growth under a variety of in vitro stress conditions and in the expression of virulence traits. The efficiency of phagocytosis and the proliferation of KN99mCH inside human monocyte-derived macrophages were comparable to those of KN99α, and the engineered strain showed the expected organ dissemination after inoculation, although there was a slight reduction in virulence. The mCherry fluorescence allowed us to measure specific association of cryptococci with leukocytes in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of infected animals and, for the first-time, to assess their live/dead status in vivo . These results highlight the utility of KN99mCH for elucidation of host-pathogen interactions in vivo . Finally, we generated drug-resistant KN99 strains of both mating types that are marked at the SH2 locus with a specific drug resistant gene cassette; these strains will facilitate the generation of mutant strains by mating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spectral element approach is proposed to determine the multi-axis dynamic stiffness terms of elastomeric isolators with fractional damping over a broad range of frequencies. The dynamic properties of a class of cylindrical isolators are modeled by using the continuous system theory in terms of homogeneous rods or Timoshenko beams. The transfer matrix type dynamic stiffness expressions are developed from exact harmonic solutions given translational or rotational displacement excitations. Broadband dynamic stiffness magnitudes (say up to 5 kHz) are computationally verified for axial, torsional, shear, flexural, and coupled stiffness terms using a finite element model. Some discrepancies are found between finite element and spectral element models for the axial and flexural motions, illustrating certain limitations of each method. Experimental validation is provided for an isolator with two cylindrical elements (that work primarily in the shear mode) using dynamic measurements, as reported in the prior literature, up to 600 Hz. Superiority of the fractional damping formulation over structural or viscous damping models is illustrated via experimental validation. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the spectral element approach are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, CdS nanoparticles have been grown on the surface of CdWO 4 nanorods via an in-situ approach and their high photocatalytic ability toward dye degradation and H 2 evolution from H 2 S splitting under visible light has been demonstrated. The structural and optical properties as well as morphologies with varying amount of CdS to form CdS@CdWO 4 have been investigated. Elemental mapping and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis proved the sensitization of CdWO 4 nanorods by CdS nanoparticles. A decrease in the PL emission of CdWO 4 was observed with increasing amount of CdS nanoparticles loading possibly due to the formation of trap states. Considering the band gap in visible region, the photocatalytic study has been performed for H 2 production from H 2 S and dye degradation under natural sunlight. The steady evolution of H 2 was observed from an aqueous H 2 S solution even without noble metal. Moreover, the rate of photocatalytic H 2 evolution over CdS modified CdWO 4 is ca. 5.6 times higher than that of sole CdWO 4 under visible light. CdS modified CdWO 4 showed a good ability toward the photo-degradation of methylene Blue. The rate of dye degradation over CdS modified CdWO 4 is ca. 7.4 times higher than that of pristine CdWO 4 under natural sunlight. With increase in amount of CdS nanoparticle loading on CdWO 4 nanorods the hydrogen generation was observed to be decreased where as dye degradation rate is increased. Such nano-heterostructures may have potential in other photocatalytic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chief goal of this paper is to propose a new laboratory experiment that exhibits the step-response of a torsional system containing one or two controlled clearances. This work is motivated by the disadvantages of prior large-scale experiments which utilize production vehicle drivelines and their components with significant real-life complexities. The conceptual and physical design features, which include sizing, modal properties, excitation, and instrumentation, are discussed with the goal of creating a controlled experiment. Like prior literature, a step-down torque excitation is selected and all analyses are performed on the acceleration signals to observe vibro-impact in the time domain. Typical measurements (for both the single and dual-clearance configurations) exhibit rich non-linear behavior, including the double-sided impact regime and a time-varying oscillatory period. Additionally, new measurements are compared to predictions from simple reduced order non-linear models to verify the feasibility of the proposed experiment. Finally, the utility of this experiment is demonstrated by comparing its measurements to a prior large-scale experiment that accommodates a production vehicle clutch damper with multiple stages. The hardening and softening effects in both experiments are discussed in the context of double and single-sided impacts as well as the oscillatory periods that vary with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typhimurium infection in mice results in drastic loss of immature CD4− CD8− double negative (DN) and CD4+ CD8+ double positive (DP) thymic subsets compared to mature single positive (SP) subsets. We investigated changes in thymocyte sub-populations post infection with a wild type (WT) virulent strain and Δ rpoS , a virulence-attenuated strain, of Salmonella Typhimurium in C57BL/6 (B6) and Fas -deficient autoimmune-prone lpr mice. The WT strain caused acute thymic atrophy with greater loss of thymocytes in lpr mice compared to B6 mice. Infection with Δ rpoS caused progressive thymic atrophy in B6 and lpr mice. Analysis of thymocyte subsets revealed that immature thymocytes including the DN, immature single positive (ISP), and DP thymocytes underwent extensive loss. SP thymocytes were more resistant to loss in WT-infected B6 mice, whereas WT-infected lpr and Δ rpoS -infected mice exhibited depletion of SP thymocytes. Overall, thymocyte sub-populations exhibited differential susceptibilities depending on bacterial virulence and the host background. • Changes in thymocyte sub-populations were studied following S. Typhimurium infection in C57BL/6 and lpr mice. • Infection of mice was performed with S. Typhimurium strains, WT (virulent) and Δ rpoS (virulence-attenuated). • Thymocyte loss in WT-infected mice was greater than in Δ rpoS -infected mice, especially in the DN, ISP and DP subsets. • Progressive thymic atrophy occurs in lpr mice, whereas in B6 mice the degree did not worsen with time. • Greater induction in serum cortisol occurs in WT-infected than Δ rpoS -infected mice during acute infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the frequency dependent properties of elastomeric vibration isolators in the context of lumped parameter models with fractional damping elements. A mass is placed between two fractional calculus Kelvin-Voigt elements to develop a minimal order system for the example case of a conventional elastomeric bushing typical of automotive suspension systems. Model parameters are acquired from measured dynamic stiffness spectra and a finite element model. The minimal order system model accurately predicts dynamic stiffness in both broadband resonant behavior as well as the lower-frequency regime that is controlled by damping. For transient response analysis, an inverse Laplace transform of the dynamic stiffness spectrum is taken via the Residue Theorem. Since the fractional calculus based solution is given in terms of problematic integrals, a new time-frequency domain estimation technique is proposed which approximates time-domain responses for a class of transient excitation functions. The approximation error is quantified and found to be reasonably small, and tractable closed-form transient response functions are provided along with a discussion of numerical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The chief objective of this article is to propose a new method of incorporating the sliding friction and realistic time-varying stiffness into an analytical (multi-degree-of-freedom) spur gear model and to evaluate their effects. An accurate finite element/contact mechanics analysis code is employed, in the “static” mode, to compute the mesh stiffness at every time instant under a range of loading conditions. Here, the time-varying stiffness is calculated as an effective function which may also include the effect of profile modifications. The realistic mesh stiffness is then incorporated into the linear time-varying spur gear model with the contributions of sliding friction. Proposed methods are illustrated via two spur gear examples and validated by using the finite element in the “dynamic” mode as experimental results. A key question whether the sliding friction is indeed the source of the off-line-of-action forces and motions is then answered by our analytical model. Finally, the effect of the profile modification on the dynamic transmission error has been analytically examined under the influence of sliding friction. For instance, the linear tip relief introduces an amplification in the off-line-of-action forces and motions due to an out of phase relationship between the normal load and friction forces. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Vehicle clutch dampers belong to a family of torsional devices or isolators that contain multi-staged torsional springs, pre-load features, clearances, and multi-staged dry friction elements. Estimation of elastic and dissipative parameters is usually carried out under quasi-static loading and then these static parameters are often assumed when predicting dynamic responses. For the purpose of comparison, this article proposes a new time domain parameter estimation method under dynamic, transient loading conditions. The proposed method assumes a priori knowledge of few nonlinear features based on the design and quasi-static characterization. Angular motion measurements from a component-level laboratory experiment under dynamic loading are utilized. Elastic parameters are first estimated through an instantaneous stochastic linearization technique. A model-based approach and energy balance principle are employed to estimate a combination of viscous and Coulomb damping parameters for seven local (stage-dependent) and global damping formulations for a practical device. The proposed method is validated by comparing time domain predictions from nonlinear models to dynamic measurements. Nonlinear models that utilize the proposed damping formulations are found to be superior to those that solely rely on parameters from a quasi-static experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aims Mercury (Hg) is a potent toxicant of concern to the general public. Recent studies suggest that several genes that mediate Hg metabolism are polymorphic. We hypothesize that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in such genes may underline inter-individual differences in exposure biomarker concentrations. Methods Dental professionals were recruited during the American Dental Association (ADA) 2012 Annual Meeting. Samples of hair, blood, and urine were collected for quantifying Hg levels and genotyping (88 SNPs in classes relevant to Hg toxicokinetics including glutathione metabolism, selenoproteins, metallothioneins, and xenobiotic transporters). Questionnaires were administrated to obtain information on demographics and sources of Hg exposure (e.g., fish consumption and use of dental amalgam). Here, we report results for 380 participants with complete genotype and Hg biomarker datasets. ANOVA and linear regressions were used for statistical analysis. Results Mean (geometric) Hg levels in hair (hHg), blood (bHg), urine (uHg), and the average estimated Hg intake from fish were 0.62 µg/g, 3.75 µg/L, 1.32 µg/L, and 0.12 µg/kg body weight/day, respectively. Out of 88 SNPs successfully genotyped, Hg biomarker levels differed by genotype for 25 SNPs, one of which remained significant following Bonferroni correction in ANOVA. When the associations between sources of Hg exposure and SNPs were analyzed with respect to Hg biomarker concentrations, 38 SNPs had significant main effects and/or gene–Hg exposure source interactions. Twenty-five, 23, and four SNPs showed significant main effects and/or interactions for hHg, bHg, and uHg levels, respectively ( p <0.05), and six SNPs (in GCLC , MT1M , MT4 , ATP7B , and BDNF ) remained significant following Bonferroni correction. Conclusion The findings suggest that polymorphisms in environmentally-responsive genes can influence Hg biomarker levels. Hence, consideration of such gene–environment factors may improve the ability to assess the health risks of Hg more precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, CuCo 2 O 4 and CuCo 2 O 4 decorated nanocrystalline ZSM-5 materials were prepared. For comparative study, a series of MCo 2 O 4 spinels were also prepared. Materials were characterized by the complementary combination of X-ray diffraction, N 2 -adsorption, UV–visible, and electron microscopic techniques. A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and epinephrine at MCo 2 O 4 spinels modified electrodes is presented in this manuscript. Among the materials investigated in this study, CuCo 2 O 4 decorated nanocrystalline ZSM-5 exhibited the highest electrocatalytic activity with excellent stability, sensitivity, and selectivity. Analytical performance of the sensor was demonstrated in the determination of epinephrine and paracetamol in the commercial pharmaceutical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout its evolution, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily has experienced a rapid expansion in its substrate repertoire and functions. Of the diverse functions that these pumps offer, their drug transport properties have attracted considerable attention primarily owing to their clinical significance. Despite this fact, emerging evidence suggests that physiological substrates of transporters also affect the overall functioning of an organism. Lipids, as substrates of ABC transporters, constitute one feature found in all representative groups of the living kingdom. Due to the importance of lipid species in the cellular physiology of an organism, their proper distribution within cells is crucial. This fact is well exemplified by the vast number of medical conditions that have been caused as a result of perturbations in ABC transporter-mediated lipid transport in higher organisms. In yeasts, apart from providing transport functions, ABC transporters also coordinate regulatory networks with lipids. This review focuses on yeast ABC transporters involved in the transport of lipids and briefly discusses the integration of their regulatory network with that of the lipid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of nitric oxide donating acridone derivatives are synthesized and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activity against different sensitive and resistant cancer cell lines MCF7/Wt, MCF7/Mr (BCRP overexpression) and MCF7/Dx ( P -gp expression). The results showed that NO-donating acridones are potent against both the sensitive and resistant cells. Structure activity relationship indicate that the nitric oxide donating moiety connected through a butyl chain at N 10 position as well as morpholino moiety linkage through an amide bridge on the acridone ring system at C-2 position, are required to exert a good cytotoxic effect. Further, good correlations were observed when cytotoxic properties were compared with in vitro nitric oxide release rate, nitric oxide donating group potentiated the cytotoxic effect of the acridone derivatives. Exogenous release of nitric oxide by NO donating acridones enhanced the accumulation of doxorubicin in MCF7/Dx cell lines when it was coadministered with doxorubicin, which inhibited the efflux process of doxorubicin. In summary, a nitric oxide donating group can potentiate the anti-MDR property of acridones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the phenomenon of enhanced dissipation from the perspective of Hörmander's classical theory of second order hypoelliptic operators [33]. Consider a passive scalar in a shear flow, whose evolution is described by the advection–diffusion equation ∂ t f + b (y) ∂ x f − ν Δ f = 0 on T × (0 , 1) × R + with periodic, Dirichlet, or Neumann conditions in y. We demonstrate that decay is enhanced on the timescale T ∼ ν − (N + 1) / (N + 3) , where N is the maximal order of vanishing of the derivative b ′ (y) of the shear profile and N = 0 for monotone shear flows. In the periodic setting, we recover the known timescale of Bedrossian and Coti Zelati [8]. Our results are new in the presence of boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transient vibration phenomenon in a vehicle powertrain system during the start-up (or shut-down) process is studied with a focus on the nonlinear characteristics of a multi-staged clutch damper. First, a four-degree-of-freedom torsional model with multiple discontinuous nonlinearities under flywheel motion input is developed, and the powertrain transient event is validated with a vehicle start-up experiment. Second, the role of the nonlinear torsional path on the transient event is investigated in the time and time−frequency domains; interactions between the clutch damper and the transmission transients are estimated by using two metrics. Third, the harmonic balance method is applied to examine the nonlinear characteristics of clutch damper during a slowly varying non-stationary process in a simplified and validated single-degree-of-freedom powertrain system model. Finally, analytical formulas are successfully developed and verified to approximate the nonlinear amplification level for a rapidly varying process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcoholism is a severe disorder that affects the functionality of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and alters the behavior of the affected person. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can be used as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of subjects with alcoholism. The neurophysiological interpretation of EEG signals in persons with alcoholism (PWA) is based on observation and interpretation of the frequency and power in their EEGs compared to EEG signals from persons without alcoholism. This paper presents a review of the known features of EEGs obtained from PWA and proposes that the impact of alcoholism on the brain can be determined by computer-aided analysis of EEGs through extracting the minute variations in the EEG signals that can differentiate the EEGs of PWA from those of nonaffected persons. The authors advance the idea of automated computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of alcoholism by employing the EEG signals. This is achieved through judicious combination of signal processing techniques such as wavelet, nonlinear dynamics, and chaos theory and pattern recognition and classification techniques. A CAD system is cost-effective and efficient and can be used as a decision support system by physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism especially those who do not specialize in alcoholism or neurophysiology. It can also be of great value to rehabilitation centers to assess PWA over time and to monitor the impact of treatment aimed at minimizing or reversing the effects of the disease on the brain. A CAD system can be used to determine the extent of alcoholism-related changes in EEG signals (low, medium, high) and the effectiveness of therapeutic plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent increase in CO 2 levels has had an extensive impact on the environment; hence an effective catalyst for chemical CO 2 fixation into value-added products is demanded. This work demonstrates a simple approach towards the chemical fixation of CO 2 to cyclic carbonates without solvent, metal and additives using one-pot synthesized tri-functional-imidazolium bromide ionic liquid. Herein, synthesized tri-functional-imidazolium-based ionic liquids, namely 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-vinyl-1H-imidazole-3-ium bromide ([VIMEtOH][Br] (24 and 72 h)), 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-vinyl-1H-imidazole-3-ium hydroxyl ([VIMEtOH][OH]) and poly 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-vinyl-1H-imidazole-3-ium bromide (poly [VIMEtOH][Br]), were used for the comprehensive investigation of chemical fixation of CO 2 into cyclic carbonates and their physiochemical properties. In case of [VIMEtOH][Br] ionic liquid, it displayed time-dependent synthesis dissolution in the reaction system. This study found that [VIMEtOH][Br]-72 ionic liquid is not dissolved in the reaction system. The effect on the catalytic efficiency of the presence of functional groups in ionic liquids such as N-vinyl (-C C–N), acidic proton of imidazolium (-C (2)-H) and hydroxyl (-OH) along with bromide anion and the reaction conditions are systematically investigated. For CO 2 fixation, 99.6% conversion of propylene oxide with an excellent selectivity of propylene carbonate (≥99%) over [VIMEtOH][Br]-72 catalyst (at 120 °C, 2 MPa, 2 h) was observed without co-catalyst, metal and solvent. Also, it demonstrated an excellent wide substrates scope of epoxide and all reactions were performed on gram-scalable, which are potential prospects for industrial use. [Display omitted] • Functionalized imidazolium IL as a sustainable catalyst for CO 2 utilization. • Screening of various epoxides in the CO 2 cycloaddition reaction. • High catalytic activity resulting from existed active sites. • It existed active sites such as -C C–N, –C (2)-H, –OH and Br. • A reaction mechanism is proposed for the chemical fixation of CO 2 into epoxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Simulation scheme – transient anharmonic resonance effect on vibrothermography. • Impact-separation contact dynamics induced spatial localization of anharmonic in cavity-like feature. • Theoretical understanding on origin of anharmonics using signal model, nonlinear oscillator and FE simulation. • Slight mistuning in the motion of target structure generates sub-super harmonics. • Anharmonic modal contribution with transient thermal signature due to cavity-like structural feature. We present some new insights into the impact-separation contact dynamics induced spatial localization of anharmonic in a cavity-like feature. Origin of different nonlinear anharmonics is identified with the help of an inelastic/plastic collision signal model, a nonlinear Duffing oscillator model, and a detailed 3D finite element simulation, with increasing granularity and physical assumptions regarding contact dynamics. A rigid contact on the target elastic structure generates super-harmonics when the target structure resonates precisely with the excitation frequency. It generates sub-super harmonics when there is a slight mistuning in the motion of the target structure. The response amplitude and the energy in the primary excitation frequency reduce due to the energy partitioning over the different anharmonics generated. The ratio of Power Spectral Density (PSD) of primary harmonics to input excitation decreases almost linearly with decreasing separation distance between the actuator horn tip and the stationary target. The ratios of PSD of all anharmonics to that of primary excitation decreases quadratically with decreasing the relative amplitude of an elastic target structure moving in phase with the actuator. Different anharmonics further evolve as elastic waves in the target structure. The non-stationary vibration at the beginning of the excitation governs the evolving patterns of heat generation, which is of great interest in applications such as vibro-thermographic inspection. The effect of the initial transient state on time required to reach the steady-state excitation is analyzed, and related computational aspects are discussed. Spatio-temporal anharmonic modal distribution and the thermal signature obtained from numerical simulations are compared with the experimental results. The results strongly correlate the anharmonic modal contribution with the transient thermal signature due to a cavity-like feature in the target structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A multi-degree of freedom vibration isolation experiment consisting of a powertrain, three powertrain mounts including a dynamic load sensing hydraulic mount, a sub-frame, and 4 bushings is examined in both time and frequency domains. Since the hydraulic mount exhibits nonlinear phenomena, super-harmonics are observed in motion, pressure and interfacial force measurements when the system is sinusoidally excited. Refined indirect force estimation methods are proposed with a focus on the super-harmonics. This includes the development of a quasi-linear fluid system model with embedded spectrally varying and amplitude-sensitive parameters. The reverse path spectral method is employed using the measured relative motion and upper chamber pressure in the nonlinear hydraulic mount. The relevant transfer functions (with effective parameters for both rubber and hydraulic paths) are used to estimate the interfacial forces. Up to six harmonics of the fundamental excitation frequency are examined, and the contribution of each path is clarified. The proposed quasi-linear fluid system model including super-harmonics extends prior work on indirect force estimation methods and successfully predicts the interfacial forces in the multi-degree of freedom vibration isolation system. The quasi-linear fluid system model, however, seems to be inadequate in estimating the sub-harmonic responses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Using non-equilibrium Green's function approach, we study electronic transport through a parallel double quantum dot (DQD) system symmetrically coupled to conventional superconducting leads. Andreev bound states (ABS) and corresponding resonant Cooper pair electron transmission through such a DQD-superconductor tunnel junction around the Fermi energy, a manifestation of Josephson effect, occur due to proximity effect as a result of superconducting order parameter. Interdot tunnel coupling in parallel coupled DQD system and Coulomb interactions regulate the Josephson effect in a very significant manner. Further, it is also found that interdot tunnel coupling has reverse effect on ABS and Cooper pair tunneling in the presence and absence of Coulomb interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Binary mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide and acetonitrile used as solvent. [•] Iron(III)-N, N′-ethylenebis(salicylideneiminato)chloride was used as solute. [•] Limiting apparent molar volumes and viscosity B-coefficients of the solute were determined. [•] The sign of values were indicated the structure promoting ability of the solute. [•] Strong (solute+solvent) interactions are present in the ternary systems studied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Metabolomics is one of the emerging areas of functional genomics and provides newer insights in systems biology. The integration of metabolome with transcriptome analysis facilitates our understanding of gene functionality and its regulation in various metabolic pathways. Marine organisms have a variety of unique biological processes and adaptations suitable for their successful propagation. Marine macroalgae, known as 'seaweeds', are one of the economically important renewable resources of the oceans and have characteristic morphological and physiological processes quite different from terrestrial plants. Seaweeds being attached forms in intertidal region undergo periodic diverse chronic stresses arising from variations in desiccation, irradiance, ultraviolet radiation, salinity, tidal currents and others from anthropogenic activities. Despite the advancement in transcriptomics for seaweeds in recent times, the genetic regulations controlling various biochemical pathways are still in its inception and largely remain unexplored. The study of metabolomics provides a snapshot of cell's catalytic and regulatory processes and also deciphers metabolic responses involved in plant and environment interactions. While summarizing the recent advancements made in analytical technology platforms, a comprehensive review of metabolomics was prepared and discussed from the context of functional genomics, systems biology and biotechnology to gain newer insights into various regulatory networks functioning in the seaweeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Iron and zinc deficiencies in human nutrition are widespread in developing Asian and African countries where cereal grains are the staple food. Effects are therefore underway to develop cereal genotypes with grains denser in Fe and Zn by traditional plant breeding or using genetic engineering techniques. This approach requires a long period and adequate funds. However, the products of genetic engineering are not well accepted in many countries. Also, there is a trade-off between yield and grain biofortification. Agronomic biofortification offers to achieve this without sacrificing on yield and with no problem of product acceptance. From the viewpoint of biofortification, foliar application has been reported to be better than the soil application of Fe and Zn, and for this purpose, chelated Fe and Zn fertilizers are better. When soil applied, water soluble sources of Zn are better. Soil application of Fe is not recommended. Agronomic biofortification depends upon management practices (tillage, water management, nutrient interactions), soil factors (amounts present, pH, mechanisms of Zn fixation other than pH), and plant factors (root characteristics, excretion of phytosiderophores and organic acids by roots, Zn utilization at the cellular level, translocation within plant and mechanisms of Zn accumulation in grain). Genetic and agronomic biofortification are complementary to each other. Once the genotypes having denser grains are developed, they will have to be adequately fertilized with Fe and Zn. However, much more research in agronomy, soil science, and plant physiology is needed to understand the complex soil–plant–management interaction under different agroecological conditions under which cereals are grown. The situation is more complex for rice, which is grown under flooded, upland, and intermediate water conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] First report to use FACS for protein expression with viability. [•] HMWCaMBP – a potential biomarker for susceptible cells during ischemia. [•] Calcineurin – a marker for self-repair and survival. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: RALBP1/RLIP76 is a ubiquitously expressed protein, involved in promotion and regulation of functions initiated by Ral and R-Ras small GTPases. Presence of multiple domains in its structure enables RLIP76 to be involved in a number of physiological processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, mitochondrial fission, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, and transport of exogenous and endogenous toxicants. Previously, we have established that RLIP76 provides protection to ocular tissues against oxidative stress by transporting the glutathione-conjugates of the toxic, electrophilic products of lipid peroxidation generated during oxidative stress. Therefore, we developed lens specific RLIP76 transgenic mice (lensRLIP76 Tg) to elucidate the role of RLIP76 in protection against oxidative stress, but these transgenic mice showed impaired lens development and a phenotype with small eyes similar to that observed in microphthalmia. These findings prompted us to investigate the mechanisms via which RLIP76 affects lens and eye development. In the present study, we report engineering of lensRLIP76 Tg mice, characterization of the associated phenotype, and the possible molecular mechanisms that lead to the impaired development of eye and lens in these mice. The results of microarray array analysis indicate that the genes involved in pathways for G-Protein signaling, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, endocytosis, and apoptosis are affected in these transgenic mice. The expression of transcription factors, Pax6, Hsf1, and Hsf4b known to be involved in lens development is down regulated in the lens of these Tg mice. However, the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps), the downstream targets of Hsfs, is differentially affected in the lens showing down regulation of Hsp27, Hsp40, up regulation of Hsp60, and no effect on Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression. The disruption in the organization of actin cytoskeleton of these Tg mice was associated with the inhibition of the activation of Cdc42 and down regulation of cofilin phosphorylation. These mice may provide useful animal model for elucidating the mechanisms of lens development, and etiology of microphthalmia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Increased proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute importantly to the formation of both atherosclerotic and restenotic lesions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of magnolol on VSMC migration. Methods: The proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) stimulated VSMCs was performed by gelatin zymography. VSMC migration was assessed by wound healing and Boyden chamber methods. Collagen induced VSMC adhesion was determined by spectrofluorimeter and stress fibers formation was evaluated by fluorescence microscope. The expression of signaling molecules involved in stress fibers formation was determined by western blot. The phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC20) was determined by urea-glycerol polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression of β1-integrin and collagen type I in the injured carotid arteries of rats on day 35 after vascular injury. Results: VSMC migration was strongly inhibited by magnolol without affecting MMPs expression. Also, magnolol inhibited β1-integrin expression, FAK phosphorylation and RhoA and Cdc42 activation to inhibit the collagen induced stress fibers formation. Moreover, magnolol inhibited the phosphorylation of MLC20. Our in vivo results showed that magnolol inhibited β1-integrin expression, collagen type I deposition and FAK phosphorylation in injured carotid arteries without affecting MMP-2 activity. Conclusions: Magnolol inhibited VSMC migration via inhibition of cytoskeletal remodeling pathway to attenuate neointima formation. General significance: This study provides a rationale for further evaluation of magnolol for the management of atherosclerosis and restenosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is classified as the third leading cancer globally and one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. The interaction of the immune system with the cancer cells plays a vital role in CRC progression. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a form of T cells, which regulate and suppress unwanted activation of the immune system and play a major role in preventing autoimmune diseases. Tregs exhibit a significant role in immune modulation during CRC progression through accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and suppression of immunity against tumor specific antigens promoting tumor progression. The role of Tregs in CRC progression and its interaction with other immune cells within CRC TME and current clinical trials were reviewed in this paper. [Display omitted] • Discusses the role of Tregs in immune modulation during CRC progression. • Explores the role of Tregs in CRC tumor microenvironment. • Highlights the mechanism of Tregs in CRC growth and metastasis. • Identifies and discusses current clinical trials targeting Tregs in CRC therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]