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Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor), a perennial herb stands as a crucial economic crop in northwest China. However, the influence of growth stages on its nutritional profile remains uncertain. Hence, this study aimed to shed light on the physicochemical characteristics of Lanzhou lily bulbs by harvesting them at different growth stages. Collectively, total dietary fiber (TDF) and reducing sugar exhibited the highest levels in the 4th year. Meanwhile, the levels of soluble sugar, phenolic compounds and child essential amino acids (CEAA) demonstrated the highest content in the 5th year. Dry matter (DM), total amino acids (TAA) and starch reached peak concentrations in the 6th year (Y6). Medical amino acids (MAA) constituted a significant portion of TAA (> 80 %) across all growth stages. Starch and sweet amino acids (SAA) exhibited a notably positive correlation (r = 0.87 and 0.89, respectively) with growth stages. Interestingly, soluble dietary fiber (SDF), TDF and soluble sugar displayed a negative correlation (r = −0.69, −0.64 and −0.58, respectively). Starch, soluble sugar, SDF and amino acids (AAs) were particularly sensitive to growth stage effects. Taken together, the results showed that Lanzhou lily bulbs cultivated over a 5-year period emerged as the top-tier choice, elevated levels of CEAA, MAA and phenolic compounds. ● Nutrients of Lanzhou lily bulbs varied significantly across different growth stages. ● Starch, soluble sugars, SDF and AAs were sensitive to growth stage effects. ● Lily bulbs cultivated over a 5-year period emerged as the top-tier choice. ● Lanzhou lily bulbs could be recommended as an excellent source of amino acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme, which causes enzymatic browning, has been repeatedly purified from fruit and vegetables by affinity chromatography. In the present research, Sepharose 4B- l -tyrosine-4-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid, a novel affinity gel for the purification of the PPO enzyme with high efficiency, was synthesized. Additionally, Sepharose 4B- l -tyrosine- p- aminobenzoic acid affinity gel, known in the literature, was also synthesized, and 9.02, 16.57, and 28.13 purification folds were obtained for the PPO enzymes of potato, mushroom, and eggplant by the reference gel. The PPO enzymes of potato, mushroom, and eggplant were purified 41.17, 64.47, and 56.78-fold from the new 4-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid gel. Following their isolation from the new affinity column, the assessment of PPO enzyme purity involved the utilization of SDS-PAGE. According to the results from SDS-PAGE and native PAGE, the molecular weight of each enzyme was 50 kDa. Then, the inhibition effects of naringin, morin hydrate, esculin hydrate, homovanillic acid, vanillic acid, phloridzin dihydrate, and p-coumaric acid phenolic compounds on purified potato, mushroom, and eggplant PPO enzyme were investigated. Among the tested phenolic compounds, morin hydrate was determined to be the most potent inhibitor on the potato (K i : 0.07 ± 0.03 μM), mushroom (K i : 0.7 ± 0.3 μM), and eggplant (K i : 4.8 ± 1.2 μM) PPO enzymes. The studies found that the weakest inhibitor was homovanillic acid for the potato (K i : 1112 ± 324 μM), mushroom (K i : 567 ± 81 μM), and eggplant (K i : 2016.7 ± 805.6 μM) PPO enzymes. Kinetic assays indicated that morin hydrate was a remarkable inhibitor on PPO. • Affinity chromatography is a specific technique used to separate sample components, especially enzymes. • Purification of PPO is important in the food industry. PPO inhibition is remarkable in preventing enzymatic browning. • This study is a contribution to the literature on a novel affinity gel for the purification of PPO enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to extract, protect and increase the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds extracted from the Chilean Tórtola common bean. For obtaining phenolic compounds, two methods were analyzed, focusing on their extraction and their drying. In the method where ultrasound-assisted extraction and spray drying were used, we obtained a yield five times greater than the conventional method. Thereafter, we evaluated an encapsulation system with two material shells, alginate and Eudragit L-100. The protective capacity of the capsules was verified by determining antioxidant capacity, total phenolic compounds content, as well as biomedical capacities of powder-encapsulated extract. Antithrombotic activity was evaluated as biomedical capacity, observing a 30% reduction in platelet aggregation. Additionally, quality characteristics were assessed using FITR, microscopic confocal, TGA, and hygrometry techniques. TGA analyses demonstrated the thermal protection of the capsule, reducing the degradation of encapsulated phenolic compounds by threefold compared to the non-encapsulated extract. Finally, two in vitro digestion models were used to simulate the physiological digestion. In both models, we observed an increase in TPC bioaccessibility even over 100%. These results would benefit biomedical applications and industrial processing of phenolic compounds extracted from common beans. • Use of Tortóla beans as a source of phenolic compounds with biomedical capacity. • Development of an efficient extraction and drying method that significantly increases yield compared to conventional methods. • Development of an encapsulation system using alginate and Eudragit-L100 • Demonstration that encapsulated phenolic compounds show a 60% higher antithrombotic capacity than non-encapsulated ones. • Increase in intestinal bioaccessibility in vitro of phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the development of a highly sensitive amperometric biosensor for the analysis of phenolic compounds such as catechol. The biosensor architecture is based on the immobilization of tyrosinase (Tyr) on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) modified with nanodiamond particles (ND), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (IL) and poly- l -lysine (PLL). Surface morphologies of the electrodes during the modification process were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of the modified electrodes. Owing to the synergistic effect of the modification materials, the Tyr/PLL/ND−IL/SPE exhibited high sensitivity (328.2 μA mM−1) towards catechol with a wide linear range (5.0 × 10−8 – 1.2 × 10−5 M) and low detection limit (1.1 × 10−8 M). Furthermore, the method demonstrated good reproducibility and stability. The amperometric response of the biosensor towards other phenolic compounds such as bisphenol A, phenol, p -nitrophenol, m -cresol, p -cresol and o -cresol was also investigated. The analytical applicability of the biosensor was tested by the analysis of catechol in tap water. The results of the tap water analysis showed that the Tyr/PLL/ND−IL/SPE can be used as a practical and effective method for catechol determination. [Display omitted] • A novel amperometric catechol biosensor based on tyrosinase was developed. • Tyrosinase was immobilized on nanodiamond, ionic liquid, poly- l -lysine modified screen-printed carbon electrode. • The biosensor showed high sensitivity towards catechol. • The amperometric response of the presented biosensor towards other phenolic compounds was also investigated. • The biosensor was successfully applied for catechol determination in tap water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the natural extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (P. cyrtonema). Employing the combination of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) and auxiliary extraction techniques, we mainly focused on yield, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and enzyme inhibition efficiency. Compared to hot reflux extraction (HRE), the NADES extract using a 1:2 ratio of choline chloride-lactic acid (ChCl-Lac) significantly increased the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and α-glucosidase inhibition (p < 0.05). The HPLC-MS-MS identified the five most abundant phenolic compounds. Quantitative analysis showed that these compounds had the highest leaching rates in the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) combined with lactic acid-based NADES system, followed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), requiring less than 4 min. Notably, rutin exhibited the highest extraction rate of 281.1 μg/g in the UAE-ChCl-Lac system, 9.82 times higher than conventional methods. The extraction mechanism was elucidated from the perspectives of surface charge density distribution and interaction energy. Therefore, ultrasound or microwave-assisted NADES extraction aligns with sustainable development principles, offering a green approach to enrich polyphenolic compounds in P. cyrtonema. [Display omitted] • Lactic acid-based NADES extracts exhibited the highest total phenols, flavonoids, and α-glucosidase inhibition. • Urea-based extracts demonstrated superior antioxidant performance in terms of.•OH and DPPH• scavenging. • Ferulic acid, kaempferol-3 -O- glucoside, and rutin mainly contributed to the antioxidant capacity. • Rutin showed the lowest interaction energy and highest extraction rate with lactic acid-based NADES. • Ultrasonic and microwave-assisted extraction enriched the phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation of vegetable oils is a phenomenon that alters the nutritional value of the oil and produces unpleasant flavors, it is also the main factor limiting the quality of vegetable oils during storage. Synthetic antioxidants (SA) are known for their performance to improve vegetable oil oxidative stability. However, owing to their harmful effects on human health, the edible oil industry is seeking safe and healthy natural antioxidants. Indeed, such natural antioxidants, recovered from different plant matrices, demonstrate a potential effect, even better than SA in some cases, to preserve oils from oxidation and to satisfy consumer demand for natural foods. The enrichment of these oils using antioxidants from natural sources is proposed as a solution. Starting with a literature search using "enrich", "oxidation", "shelf-life", "extract", "antioxidant", and "aromatic and medicinal plant" as keywords, the present paper provides a detailed overview of all extraction techniques for bioactive compounds and possible methods for enriching vegetable oil mentioning the advantages and drawbacks of each one. [Display omitted] • Natural antioxidants are a good alternative to synthetic ones for oil industry. • Natural antioxidants can prevent oils oxidative degradation. • Oil enrichment with natural antioxidants preserves its quality. • Extraction of natural antioxidants using conventional and unconventional techniques. • Various methods can be used for a natural enrichment of vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the impact of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma pretreatment (5,10, and 15 min) on morphological characteristics, chemical structure, color, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of clove. Scanning electron microscopy analysis displayed that cold plasma caused substantial rupturing in the microstructure of the samples, which may facilitate the release of phenolic compounds. FT-IR results showed that cold plasma did not produce new functional groups. 10 min-DBD plasma groups exhibited significantly higher phenolic extraction yields and organic radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) than the untreated sample. The color parameters change after DBD plasma pretreatment is probably related to the oxidation reactions initiated by the reactive species. The results suggest that free radicals and reactive species generated during the plasma process could disrupt the cell wall structure of clove and promote extraction yield. Cold plasma possesses great potential as an effective processing technology for the extraction of bioactive compounds. • DBD plasma pretreatment caused cell wall disintegration of the clove. • FTIR spectra showed no change in the chemical structure of the treated clove samples. • DBD plasma had a significant effect on the antioxidant activities of clove. • The sample pretreated by DBD plasma for 10 min showed higher TPC than the control sample. • Cold plasma is a reliable alternative to conventional extraction methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we demonstrate the facile and general synthesis of alkaline-earth metal manganites, denoted as A(Mg, Ca, Ba)Mn x O y , for efficient degradation of high-concentration phenolic compounds via catalytic ozonation. The representative CaMn x O y oxides show a hierarchical spherical structure constructed by crystalline nanorods and numerous macropores. They possess mixed Mn4+/Mn3+ chemical valences and abundant surface hydroxyl (OH) groups. The ozone (O 3) decomposition rate on the CaMn x O y catalysts is greatly accelerated and follows the first-order law. These catalysts are promising for the degradation of phenolic compounds via catalytic ozonation, exhibiting rapid pseudofirst-order degradation kinetics, a high total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency and an excellent stability. Under optimized conditions (a low O 3 dosage of 1.5 mg/min and a catalyst dosage of 7.5 g/L), for the treatment of concentrated phenol (50–240 mg/L), the CaMn x O y catalysts show 100% degradation and 50–70% mineralization within 1.0 h. The Ca2+ ions are essential to create redox Mn4+/Mn3+ couples and to significantly reduce manganese leaching. High surface ratios of Mn4+/Mn3+ and OH/lattice oxygen (O lat) are beneficial for enhancing the catalytic performance. Superoxide anion free radicals (O 2 –) and singlet oxygen (1O 2) are the predominant reactive species for the oxidation degradation. The O 2 – reaction pathway is proposed. Specifically, the surface OH sites activate O 3 , displaying highly enhanced decomposition rates. The generated O 2 – and 1O 2 play a role in oxidation. The redox Mn4+/Mn3+ and the O lat /oxygen vacancy (O lat /O vac) couples play important roles in electron transfer. The proposed mechanism is supported by active site probing, radical scavenging, spectroscopic studies, and the results in the degradation of substituted phenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation proceeds via competing C O cleavage and H-addition routes. • Rapid, initial H* addition to guaiacol leads to common, partially-saturated reactive intermediate. • Partially-saturated reactive intermediate undergoes kinetically relevant C O cleavage or H-addition. • Selectivity ratio of C O cleavage to H-addition increases linearly with *-to-H* coverage ratio. • Initial H* addition on guaiacol is reversible and leads to H-D exchange on the benzylic ring. Abstract Catalytic pathways of guaiacol and hydrogen (H 2) reactions on dispersed Ru clusters in the aqueous medium and the associated kinetic requirements for C OCH 3 bond cleavage and H-addition steps are established based on kinetic and isotopic investigations. Time-dependent kinetic measurements in a gradientless semi-batch reactor reveal that guaiacol reacts with H 2 via two independent routes of C OCH 3 bond cleavage and H-addition; the former leads to phenol, cyclohexanone, cyclohexanol, and cyclohexane and latter to 2-methoxy-cyclohexanol. During catalysis, an adsorbed guaiacol undergoes a single, quasi-equilibrated H-adatom (H*) addition on its aromatic ring, forming a partially-hydrogenated intermediate, before the sequential kinetically relevant C OCH 3 cleavage or H* addition steps on Ru cluster surfaces nearly saturated with deprotonated guaiacol. Increasing the H* coverage promotes the overall turnovers but decreases the selectivity towards the C OCH 3 bond cleavage, because H* addition event not only activates guaiacol but also promotes H-addition without breaking its C O bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Polygonum cognatum Meissn. (Polygonaceae) is a wild edible plant known locally as "solucanotu, madimak" in Turkey and it has been used for various purposes, such as diuretic and antidiabetic, as well to treat oxyuris and worms internally in humans. The present study was carried out to investigate the anthelmintic activity of various extracts were obtained from the aerial parts of P. cognatum in order to justify its traditional usage in Turkish folk medicine. n -Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were prepared from the aerial parts of the plant, successively. The anthelmintic potentials of these extracts were evaluated on mice naturally infected with Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera. Cellophane perianal tape test and fecal flotation test were used for the activity screening. The results were compared with control and reference groups. In addition to all these experiments, the total amount of phenolic compounds and tannin contents thought to be responsible for the activity were evaluated for all extracts. According to the results, it has been found that the methanolic extract reduced the number of S. obvelata (66.8%) and A. tetraptera (73.4%) eggs. Moreover, the methanolic extract include higher amount of total phenolic compound (48.75 ± 0.82 mg of GA/g of extract) and tannin (30.04 ± 0.22 mg TA/g of extract) than n -Hexane (17.21 ± 0.75 mg of GA/g of extract; 6.82 ± 0.41 mg TA/g of extract) and ethyl acetate (25.06 ± 0.94 mg of GA/g of extract; 10.29 ± 0.34 mg TA/g of extract); therefore the anthelmintic activity could be related to these constituents. The present study explored the anthelmintic potential of P. cognatum. Further studies should be conducted into the mechanism of these compounds' against helminths. This study can be an important step in the discovery of new anthelmintic agents. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • The present study was aimed to investigate anthelmintic activity of P. cognatum. • The methanolic extract showed significant anthelminthic activity against pinworms. • The methanolic extract includes higher amount of total phenolic compound and tannin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, the effect of grape ( Vitis labrusca L.) pomace dried by different methods on the functional properties of yoghurt was examined. Oven- and freeze-dried pomaces were added to the yoghurts at the ratios of 1, 3 and 5%. The freeze-dried pomace had the highest levels of bioactive components, with 34.959 mg GAE/g of total phenolics and 12.586 mg/L DPPH of radical scavenging activity, followed by the pomace oven dried at 80 °C (p < 0.001). At the beginning of the storage period, the yoghurt that contained oven dried, powdered pomace had higher levels of antiradical activity and total phenolics than the yoghurt containing lyophilized pomace (p < 0.05). The total phenolic content, radical scavenging activity, pH, acidity and whey separation decreased, and viscosity increased, during storage for 21 days at 4 °C. Microbiological analysis showed that the amount of lactic acid bacteria did not change significantly (p > 0.05) in yoghurt samples during storage. The sensory analysis done at the end of the storage revealed that the yoghurt samples containing pomace dried in the forced air oven were mostly liked by consumers. This study showed that Isabella grape ( V. labrusca L.) pomace can be used as a functional food ingredient in yoghurt production. Highlights • Yoghurt fortified with lyophilized had lower phenolic and radical activity than the oven dried samples. • Increase in temperature increased phenolic and antiradical activity. • Total phenolic content and the antiradical activity of samples dried above 80 °C decreased. • The study showed that V. labrusca pomace could be used as a functional ingredient in yoghurt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant dietary fibre (DF) and bioactive compounds are considered important factors for nutritional and health-promoting properties of cereal products. Breads fortified with wholegrain cereals and seeds are increasingly demanded, making it necessary to investigate the influence of these ingredients on nutritional value of breads. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of wheat flour fortification on the composition in antioxidant DF, non-glycemic oligosaccharides, polyphenols (PC), and antioxidant activity (AA) of the final bread products. Breadmaking affected bioactive compounds in different way depending on flour composition. Although wholegrain flour was the most sensitive to breadmaking process, both multigrain and wholegrain breads stood out for their level in DF, PC and AA, whereas white bread showed higher fructan content. Results showed that replacing of refined flour with other cereals (rye, oat), fibre (wheat bran, wheat fibre) and seeds (flaxseeds, sunflower, sesame) would improve the potential health benefits of breads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constituents of shea ( Vitellaria paradoxa ; Sapotaceae) kernels are commonly used as functional food and for skin care by indigenous peoples in Africa. Twenty-six MeOH extract samples of defatted shea kernels from seven sub-Saharan countries, i.e. , Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, and Uganda, were investigated in this study. HPLC coupled to an evaporative light-scattering detector and LC-QTOF (time-of-flight)-MS revealed that the extracts contained sugars (25.6–80.2%) as the most predominant constituents, followed by oleanane-type triterpene glycosides (4.9–35.2%), accompanied by minor amounts of cucurbates (1.0–21.0%) and phenolic compounds (0.3–16.0%). Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis classified the twenty-six samples into three groups. Upon evaluation of the melanogenesis-inhibitory activities of all samples in B16 melanoma cells induced by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, it was found that samples S2, S3, and S21 were lower-risk melanogenesis inhibitors (39.4–42.5% melanin content, 78.6–91.6% cell viability) with a small activity-to-cytotoxicity ratio (0.18–0.94), and were superior to reference arbutin at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. These results suggest that the extracts of defatted shea kernels and their constituents can be regarded as skin-whitening agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flux decline due to membrane fouling by surfactant micelles is the major problem limiting the use of micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) for the treatment of wastewater. Understanding of underlying mechanisms of membrane fouling, adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm are very important for the successful application of MEUF studies. In the present study, an unsteady state model considering sequential occurrence of complete pore blocking and gel layer formation was proposed for explaining flux decline behavior during rhamnolipid based MEUF for simultaneous removal of Cd +2 and p-cresol from aqueous solution under batch concentration mode. The model was developed based on the Hermia's complete pore blocking model and resistance-in-series model coupled with gel layer theory incorporating the effects of feed temperature, variation of viscosity and retentate concentration with time, and pressure dependent mass transfer coefficient. A good agreement between the experimental data and model predictions was demonstrated. The effects of operating conditions were found to have a significant effect on the flux decline behavior and onset of gel layer formation. The use of ultrafiltration membrane for the study of adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm was demonstrated. Kinetic studies disclosed that both Cd +2 and p-cresol adsorption was better described by the pseudo-second order model for both single and binary solution. The results of isotherm studies revealed that adsorption of both Cd +2 and p-cresol was spontaneous in nature and equilibrium data was best fitted by Langmuir model with the maximum adsorption capacity of RHL vesicles of 208.33 and 53.27 mg g −1 for Cd +2 and p-cresol, respectively at 299 K. The model parameters of membrane fouling, adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm evaluated in this study could be useful in designing and scale up of RHL based MEUF process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the current work were to study the influence of geographical areas on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in Napirira beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from different bean-growing areas of Malawi, and to evaluate the possibility of establishing a classification based on the geographical areas of the bean-growing regions. The statistical analysis showed significant differences ( p < 0.05) in free and bound phenolic content (0.67–1.70 mg GAE/g and 0.36–0.75 mg GAE/g) as well as the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity (0.51–1.48 mg TE/g and 0.37–0.67 mg TE/g) and ORAC assay (6.20–12.86 μmol TE/g and 2.24–4.47 μmol TE/g) between some of the different sampled farms, showing a significant effect of the bean-producing region on these parameters. Phenolic compounds including protocatechuic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, p -coumaric acid, ferulic acid and sinapinic acid were identified and quantified in free phenolic extracts. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicated that total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and content of individual phenolic acids could serve as parameters to establish a Napirira bean classification according to the geographical area of the bean-growing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various black rice materials (black rice flour, BF; dietary fiber-enriched extract, DE; phenolic-enriched extract, PE) were prepared from black rice, and their effects on in vitro starch digestibility were investigated in a wheat flour gel model. Specifically, the in vitro digestive behavior of the gel samples was continuously monitored from a rheological point of view. BF and DE did not inhibit digestive enzymes; however, PE exhibited IC 50 values of 24.12 mg/mL and 0.03 mg/mL against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. In addition, the predicted glycemic index (pGI) values of the gels with BF, DE, and PE at 20% replacement for wheat flour were as follows: control (wheat flour) ≈ BF > DE > PE. Moreover, a significant decrease in the in vitro viscosities of gels during intestinal digestion was observed in the order of BF, DE, and PE. As a result, PE showed the highest suppression effect on starch hydrolysis by inhibiting digestive enzyme. These results support phenolic compounds as more critical factors compared to dietary fiber for retarding in vitro starch digestibility of starch-based foods prepared with black rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice bran (RB) was treated with different carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Termamyl, Celluclast, AMG, Ultraflo, and Pentopan), and then aqueous alcoholic extracts (50% ethanol) from the treated RB were examined for their phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities (radical scavenging activity and ferrous reducing activity). All the carbohydrases tested induced significant increases in ferric reducing power (1.5–3.3 times). Among the enzymes tested, Pentopan which was active in pentosan hydrolysis appeared to be most effective in increasing the antioxidant activity. Celluclast, Ultraflo, and Pentopan appeared more effective in increasing the total phenolic content (TPC) as well as radical scavenging activity than other enzymes. These enzymes increased the amount of extractable phenolic acids by 2.5–3.0 times, especially for ferulic, p -coumaric, vanillic, and p -hydroxybenzoic acids. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides in RB could be used as an effective procedure for raising the amount of extractable phenolic acids and thus increasing the antioxidant activity of RB extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antimicrobial effect of chestnut inner shell extract (CISE) characterized against Campylobacter jejuni strains by total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), auto-aggregation, hydrophobicity, and application in laboratory medium and chicken meat. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of CISE were 532.96 ± 3.75 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g and 12.28 ± 0.03 mg quercetin equivalents/100 g, respectively. The MIC of CISE was 1–5 mg/mL as C. jejuni strains. CISE reduced auto-aggregation and increased hydrophobicity against C. jejuni , and these characteristics showed the inhibition of adhesion to the intestine. In laboratory media, C. jejuni was completely inhibited at 3 and 5 log CFU/mL of inoculum at 4 and 42 °C in the addition of 1 and 2 mg/mL of CISE. In chicken meat, the addition of 1 and 2 mg/g of CISE decreased the number of 2–8 log CFU/g C. jejuni cells compared to without CISE at 42 °C. Moreover, C. jejuni was not detected at 1 mg/g CISE with 3 log CFU/g of inoculum after 4 days at 4 °C. Therefore, CISE could be used as a natural antimicrobial for the reduction of Campylobacter in the poultry meat supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myofibrillar protein-based films incorporated with grape seed procyanidins (GSPC) and green tea polyphenol (GTP) were prepared and characterized in terms of physical, mechanical, water barrier and thermal properties. Incorporation of GSPC and GTP markedly decreased water solubility, water vapor permeability and elongation at break, whereas increased tensile strength as well as moisture content. Thermal properties of incorporated films were also improved as evidenced by the higher shift of degradation temperature. Loss in protein solubility and decrease in protein pattern suggested the formation of covalent-crosslinking between phenol and protein molecules. Furthermore, GSPC had a slight greater impact on film properties due to its larger molecule size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a prime biological role of longan, antioxidation is reported to be closely related to the richness of phenolic compounds. There is a large variation in total phenolics content and phenolic composition among different sub-cultivars of plants, yet the corresponding data as for longan pulps are still insufficient. For this reason, ten of Chinese longan cultivars were selected in this study for the determination of total phenolics and individual phenolic compounds. Four model assays were used to measure the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Results showed that the free phenolics accounted for the major proportion in total phenolics. 'Dingyuan' had the largest content of phenolics, for the first time being reported higher than other common longan cultivars. Also, 'Dingyuan' exhibited more powerful competence in controlling redox reflected by the value of antioxidant potency composite index (ACI). There was a strong correlation between the abundance of polyphenols and antioxidant activity. In fifteen identified phenolic compounds, epicatechin was the richest present in all samples. Principal component analysis categorized different sources of longan into several groups, which might be a guidance for the layout of breeding programs, and for a proper processing strategy to longan pulp for better utilization of its natural advantages. • Free-form accounted for the main proportion in total phenolics of longan pulp. • Epicatechin was the main monomeric polyphenol in the profile of longan phenolics. • Dingyuan, was proven to exhibit the most intensive antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata ] is an important pulse crop grown in south, east and southeast Asia. Mungbean seed samples harvested from field trials conducted in two environments in Hyderabad, India were utilized to determine genetic variation in the concentrations of minerals Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Na, K and P and to determine the concentrations of phytic acid (PA) and phenolic compounds. Significant variations in Fe (35–87 mg/kg), Ca (1190–1580 mg/kg), Mg (970–1700 mg/kg), Zn (21–62 mg/kg), Cu (7.5–11.9 mg/kg), Mn (9.8–19.6 mg/kg), Se (0.21–0.91 mg/kg), K (8670–14,100 mg/kg) and P (2760–5170 mg/kg) were recorded in mungbean lines commonly grown in South Asia. The effect of the environment on the concentration of minerals in mungbean lines was observed. The Fe concentration of lines CN 9-5 and Harsha doubled when grown in soil with increased availability of Fe. The low PA concentration (2.6–3.8 g/kg) and the presence of phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid (1540–3400 μg/g) in mungbean may lead to increased bioavailability of micronutrients. Nutrient-rich mungbean should be included in diets to combat micronutrient malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus fruits (CFs) were abundant in polyphenols (PPs). This study aimed to assess the effect of mixed lactic acid anaerobic fermentation-based biotransformation on CFs phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity. Citrus PPs were metabolized into small molecular phenolics. Moreover, the total SCFAs, acetic acid and butyric acid were remarkably increased in CFs supernatant (p < 0.05), and the populations of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus acidophilus significantly increased (p < 0.05). Finally, fermented CFs exhibited strong antioxidant activity by reducing ROS fluorescence intensity induced by lipopolysaccharide and increasing mitochondrial membrane potential in Caco-2 cells. These findings indicate that citrus PPs microbial derivatives could act as key active ingredients in functional foods. [Display omitted] • Microbial-derived metabolites were increased in fermented citrus fruits. • The counts of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus acidophilus were significantly increased. • Fermented citrus fruits had higher antioxidant activity due to more active small molecular phenolics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model was employed to investigate the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of m-cresol in the vapor phase over Pt/SiO2, at 300 °C. The model takes into account the competitive adsorption and secondary reactions of all possible reactants and products. Therefore, independent measurements of the conversion of the reaction intermediates 3-methyl-cyclohexanone and 3-methyl-cyclohexanol were done at various levels of conversion and incorporated in the kinetic fitting of the model. The kinetic analysis of these reactions over the Pt/SiO2 catalyst confirms that hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions occur at faster rates than the hydrodeoxygenation steps. The hydrogenation/dehydration followed by dehydrogenation (HYD route) was shown to be a minor deoxygenation pathway. The actual hydrodeoxygenation path is proposed to proceed via a tautomerization route that starts with a fast and reversible tautomerization of m-cresol to an unstable ketone intermediate (3-methyl-3,5-cyclohexadienone) over the catalyst surface. In the case of the Pt/SiO2 catalyst, the CC bonds of the unstable ketone intermediate are fully hydrogenated to the saturated ketone (3-methyl-cyclohexanone). Sequential hydrogenation of this ketone produces a saturated alcohol (3-methyl-cyclohexanol). In the absence of surface acidity, this path only leads to the two ring-saturated products. When the support is acidic enough, dehydration of the alcohol to 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene followed by dehydrogenation leads to toluene. The kinetic analysis conducted here shows that this path is very limited over Pt/SiO2. By contrast, the toluene selectivity can be dramatically enhanced when using TiO2 and ZrO2 as the catalyst supports. This enhancement is not through the hydrogenation/dehydration/dehydrogenation path, but rather through the direct dehydroxylation mentioned above, which is favored by the incorporation of oxophilic sites in the catalysts. The oxophilic sites increase the rate of chemoselective hydrogenation of the carbonyl group of the m-cresol tautomer (3-methyl-3,5-cyclohexadienone) to a very reactive unsaturated alcohol (3-methyl-3,5-cyclohexadienol), which can be easily dehydrated to toluene, even in the absence of any significant catalyst acidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The catalytic conversion of anisole (methoxybenzene), a phenolic model compound representing a thermal conversion product of biomass lignin, to gasoline-range molecules has been investigated over a bifunctional Pt/HBeta catalyst at 400°C and atmospheric pressure. The product distribution obtained on the bifunctional catalyst was compared with those obtained on monofunctional catalysts (HBeta and Pt/SiO2). This comparison indicates that the acidic function (HBeta) catalyzes the methyl transfer reaction (transalkylation) from methoxyl to the phenolic ring, yielding phenol, cresols, and xylenols as the major products. The metal function catalyzes demethylation, hydrodeoxygenation, and hydrogenation in sequence, resulting in phenol, benzene, and cyclohexane. On the bifunctional catalyst, both methyl transfer and hydrodeoxygenation are achieved at significantly higher rates than over the monofunctional catalysts, leading to the formation of benzene, toluene, and xylenes with lower hydrogen consumption and a significant reduction in carbon losses, in comparison with the metal function alone. In addition, on the bifunctional Pt/HBeta, the rate of deactivation and coke deposition are moderately reduced. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The analytical method for the determination of phenolic compounds in rice varieties was developed. The method consisted of extraction of phenolic compounds from rice before analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Reversed phase HPLC equipped with photodiode array detection was used and the separation condition was optimized. Under the optimum condition, twelve phenolic compounds were separated within 24min. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was used to extract free phenolic compounds from rice with the optimum extraction condition of 70% methanol and extraction time of 15min. While, bound phenolic compounds were extracted using alkaline hydrolysis for 15min. Six varieties of Thai rice including pigment and non-pigment rice in their brown and polished forms were investigated. All of 12 phenolic compounds were detected as free phenolic compounds in all samples. Ferulic acid was the most abundant free phenolic compounds in all samples, while ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid were found as bound phenolic compounds in some samples. The content of phenolic compounds, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity detected in pigment rice and brown form were higher than non-pigment rice and polished form. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study was undertaken to evaluate the functional properties of two of the most popular species of edible bamboo shoots in Korea (Phyllostachys pubescens and Phyllostachys nigra). Powdered bamboo shoots were extracted with methanol and an aqueous suspension of the obtained methanol extract was partitioned successively with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol, leaving a residual water extract. All obtained extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity, and ascorbic acid and phenolic compound content. Methanol and water fractions showed a particularly high ascorbic acid contents. The ethyl acetate fraction contained a high concentration of phenolic compounds. Among all extracts, the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed particularly high antioxidant activity. Methanol extract had a significantly higher ACE inhibitory activity than other extracts. None of the extracts inhibited the tested bacteria. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, American cookies with coffee extract residues (blending (BL), Ethiopia Yirgacheffe (EY), or Guatemala strictly hard bean Antigua (GA)) were produced, and their quality properties and bioactivities were compared with cookie without those (CCO). The density and pH of cookie doughs, and proximate composition, spread ratio, loss rate, hardness, and color value of the cookies with coffee extract residues (CERs) were acceptable compared to CCO. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity were higher in the water and ethanol extracts of the cookies with CERs than in those of CCO. The nitrite scavenging activity was also higher in the water extracts of the cookies with CERs than in that of CCO. The lipase inhibitory activities were higher only in the CBL for ethanol extracts relative to the CCO. Conclusively, the cookies with CERs showed no deterioration in the quality properties relative to CCO, whereas the bioactivities were enhanced. Thus, the CERs that are otherwise discarded as food waste may be used in the production of cookies, not only to reduce food waste and protect the environment, but also to produce foods with enhanced functionality and provide an increased variety of foods to consumers. • CCERs: cookie with coffee extract residues, CC: common cookie without CERs. • Quality, including spread ratio and hardness, of CCERs were similar with CC. • Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in CCERs than in CC. • Antioxidant activity were higher in CCERs than in CC. • The nitrite scavenging activity was higher in CCERs than in CC for water extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In higher plants, secondary metabolites are often converted to their glycoconjugates by glycosyltransferases (GTases). We cloned a cDNA encoding GTase (NtGT2) from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli (rNTGT2) showed glucosylation activity against several kinds of phenolic compounds, particularly the 7-hydroxyl group of flavonoids and 3-hydroxycoumarin. The Km values of kaempferol and 3-hydroxycoumarin with rNTGT2 are 6.5 μM and 23.6 μM, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of NTGT2 shows 60–70% identity to that of anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase (A5GT); rNTGT2 did not show activity against the anthocyanins tested. NtGT2 gene expression was induced by treating tobacco cells with plant hormones such as salicylic acid. We consider that NtGT2 gene might have evolved from the same ancestral gene as the A5GT genes to the stress-inducible GTases that react on several phenolic compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Several epidemiological and research studies suggest that a high intake of foods rich in natural antioxidants increases the antioxidant capacity of the plasma and reduces the risk of some kinds of cancers, heart diseases, and stroke. These health benefits are attributed to a variety of constituents, including vitamins, minerals, fiber, and numerous phytochemicals, such as flavonoids. Thus, in addition to measuring the composition of the usual macronutrients and micronutrients, it seems important to also measure the antioxidant capacity of foods. For this purpose, 28 foods including fruits, vegetables and commercially-frozen fruit pulps were analyzed for antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity of the foods varied from 0.73 to 19.8μmol BHT equiv/g. The highest values were observed for wild mulberries (19.8μmol BHT equiv/g), acaí fruit pulp (18.2μmol BHT equiv/g) and watercress (9.6μmol BHT equiv/g). The antioxidant capacities are only indicative of the potential of the bioactive compounds; however, these data are important to explore and understand the role of fruit, vegetables and other foods in health promotion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, we used the aqueous extract of the acai pulp (APE) and seeds (ASE) as sources of phenolic compounds that were biosorbed in residual S. cerevisiae. In order to provide more accurate results, different nonlinear kinetic and isotherm models were applied to elucidate the interaction between bioactive compounds and residual yeast. The theoretical models demonstrated that the biosorption processes using APE and ASE were multilayer and monolayer types, respectively. In both matrices, the enthalpy variation was negative, indicating an energy release resulting from the biosorption, thus inferring in an exothermic process. The acai seeds showed a high concentration of phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids (30% of total phenolic compounds). The biosorption using residual yeast was effective in recovering about 20% of the total phenolic compounds in APE and more than 60% in ASE, resulting in a low cost matrix rich in proteins and bioactive compounds. Image 1 • Acai seeds is a waste with high concentration of phenolic compounds. • More than 60% of compounds were biosorbed in S. cerevisiae. • Thermodynamic parameters showed that biosorption was spontaneous and exothermical • Biosorption enhances the antioxidant bioactive capacity of acai seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) juice was treated with 10 g/L cyclodextrins (CD) or gelatin as potential means to improve the stability of bioactive compounds and to modify the sensory properties. Before and after the treatment acids, sugars, and phenolic compounds (anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins) of the juices were analyzed with chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. Forty-six phenolic compounds were identified or tentatively identified, of which twenty-four were A-type or B-type proanthocyanidins with degree of polymerization of 1–9. Juices treated with β -CD had the highest contents of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids 17.9 mg/100 mL, flavonols 47.5 mg/100 mL, anthocyanins 21.0 mg/100 mL, and proanthocyanidins 114.2 mg/mL), whereas gelatin treatment resulted in significantly lowered content of the compounds (phenolic avids 16.3 mg/100 mL, flavonols 43.50 mg/100 mL, anthocyanins 19.7 mg/100 mL, and proanthocyanidins 81.7 mg/mL). Taste and astringency attributes of the juices were investigated with untrained panelists (n = 40). The lingonberry juices were perceived as notably sour, bitter and astringent. CD or gelatin treatments alone had less effect on the astringency of the juice in comparison to their use in combination. The results suggest that, CDs may be utilized as protectants of the phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins, in lingonberry juices. • Cyclodextrins had little impact on the taste properties of lingonberry juice. • Forty-six phenolic compounds were tentatively identified from the juice. • β -cyclodextrin protected phenolic compounds from degradation. • Gelatin treatment decreased contents of all phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]