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[Display omitted] The synthesis of efficient and stable peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalysts by doping naturally degradable and functional group-rich chitosan (CS) with nonmetallic atoms remains challenging. In this study, an environmentally friendly electron-rich S-doped CS ferrocarbon material (Fe-S-CN) was synthesized via the sol–gel method, and the resulting material exhibited excellent catalytic activity (up to 98.6 % diclofenac sodium (DCF) removal in 5 min), wide pH applicability, environmental tolerance and renewability. Moreover, Fe-S-CN synergistically activated PMS via both the radical pathway (superoxide radical (O 2 •−)) and the nonradical pathway (single-linear oxygen (1O 2) and electron transfer processes (ETP)) to efficiently mineralize DCF. O 2 •− originates from the self-decomposition of PMS, whereas 1O 2 is due to the oxidation of PMS and further conversion of O 2 •−. In addition, Fe species, graphitic N and thiophene S are the major active sites in Fe-S-CN. The susceptibility sites of DCF and its possible degradation pathways in the Fe-S-CN/PMS system were inferred in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The present study creates a promising scenario for the synergistic effect of easily overlooked heteroatom doping in chitosan iron–carbon materials in the removal of difficult-to-biodegrade organic matter from water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The synthesis of efficient and stable peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalysts by doping naturally degradable and functional group-rich chitosan (CS) with nonmetallic atoms remains challenging. In this study, an environmentally friendly electron-rich S-doped CS ferrocarbon material (Fe-S-CN) was synthesized via the sol–gel method, and the resulting material exhibited excellent catalytic activity (up to 98.6 % diclofenac sodium (DCF) removal in 5 min), wide pH applicability, environmental tolerance and renewability. Moreover, Fe-S-CN synergistically activated PMS via both the radical pathway (superoxide radical (O 2 •−)) and the nonradical pathway (single-linear oxygen (1O 2) and electron transfer processes (ETP)) to efficiently mineralize DCF. O 2 •− originates from the self-decomposition of PMS, whereas 1O 2 is due to the oxidation of PMS and further conversion of O 2 •−. In addition, Fe species, graphitic N and thiophene S are the major active sites in Fe-S-CN. The susceptibility sites of DCF and its possible degradation pathways in the Fe-S-CN/PMS system were inferred in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The present study creates a promising scenario for the synergistic effect of easily overlooked heteroatom doping in chitosan iron–carbon materials in the removal of difficult-to-biodegrade organic matter from water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This study was conducted to investigate whether Xuebijing injection can rectify the dysfunction of microcirculation in septic shock and assessed the microcirculatory parameters directly via orthogonal polarization spectral and software AVA 3.0. Material and methods Anesthetized and mechanically ventilated beagle dogs were modeled for septic shock via lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intravenous injection. They were divided randomly into four groups, control group accepted operation only for jejunostomy and cystostomy; LPS group accepted operation and LPS intravenous injection; saline group accepted operation, LPS intravenous injection, and saline resuscitation; XBJ group accepted operation, LPS intravenous injection, saline resuscitation, and Xuebijing injection infusion. The MAP was recorded via right femoral artery catheterization, at the same time, the blood gas analysis was taken via that pathway at the set time points. ScvO 2 was obtained via right jugular vein catheterization at the related time points. Microcirculatory parameters were recorded by orthogonal polarization spectral via the jejunum stoma, and the microcirculation image was analyzed via the software AVA 3.0 later. Results Xuebijing injection improved microcirculation of the jejunum villus in canine model of septic shock induced by endotoxin, especially for the proportion of perfused vessels. Conclusions Based on the adequate fluid resuscitation, Xuebijing injection plays a helpful role of improving microcirculation in septic shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Endothelial cells produce nitric oxide (NO) by activation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and transcription of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). We explored the effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a compound derived from chuanxiong, on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced iNOS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and explored the signal pathways involved by using RT-PCR and Western blot. TMP suppressed TNF-α-induced expression of iNOS by inhibiting IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, IκB degradation and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation, which were required for NO gene transcription. Exposure to wortmannin abrogated IKK/IκB/NF-κB-mediated iNOS expression, suggesting activation of such a signal pathway might be phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) dependent. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor piceatannol significantly inhibited NO production. Furthermore, piceatannol obviously suppressed TNF-α-induced IκB phosphorylation and the downstream NF-κB activation, suggesting that Syk is an upstream key regulator in the activation of PI3K/IKK/IκB-mediated signaling. TMP significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of Syk and PI3K. Our data indicate that TMP might repress iNOS expression, at least in part, through its inhibitory effect of Syk-mediated PI3K phosphorylation in TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]